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CAS NUMBER: 1306-23-6
EC NUMBER: 215-147-8
MOLECULAR FORMULA: CdS
MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 144.48
IUPAC NAME: cadmium;sulfite
Cadmium Sulfide is a cadmium molecular entity.
Generally produced by treating cadmium solution with a soluble sulfide
Cadmium Sulfide is a bright yellow pigment known as cadmium yellow, which is used in high-grade paints and artist’s pigments because of its colour stability and resistance to sulfur and oxidation.
Cadmium Sulfide is the inorganic compound with the formula CdS.
Cadmium Sulfide is a yellow solid.
Cadmium Sulfide occurs in nature with two different crystal structures as the rare minerals greenockite and hawleyite
But Cadmium Sulfide is more prevalent as an impurity substituent in the similarly structured zinc ores sphalerite and wurtzite, which are the major economic sources of cadmium.
As a compound that is easy to isolate and purify, it is the principal source of cadmium for all commercial applications.
Cadmium Sulfides vivid yellow color led to its adoption as a pigment for the yellow paint "cadmium yellow" in the 18th century.
PRODUCTION OF CADMIUM SULFITE:
Cadmium Sulfide can be prepared by the precipitation from soluble cadmium(II) salts with sulfide ion.
This reaction has been used for gravimetric analysis and qualitative inorganic analysis.
The preparative route and the subsequent treatment of the product, affects the polymorphic form that is produced (i.e., cubic vs hexagonal).
Cadmium Sulfide has been asserted that chemical precipitation methods result in the cubic zincblende form.
Pigment production usually involves the precipitation of CdS, the washing of the solid precipitate to remove soluble cadmium salts followed by calcination (roasting) to convert it to the hexagonal form followed by milling to produce a powder.
When Cadmium Sulfide selenides are required the CdSe is co-precipitated with CdS and the cadmium sulfoselenide is created during the calcination step.
Cadmium Sulfide is sometimes associated with sulfate reducing bacteria.
Routes to Thin Films of Cadmium Sulfide:
Special methods are used to produce films of CdS as components in some photoresistors and solar cells.
In the chemical bath deposition method, thin films of CdS have been prepared using thiourea as the source of sulfide anions and an ammonium buffer solution to control pH:
Cd2+ + H2O + (NH2)2CS + 2 NH3 → CdS + (NH2)2CO + 2 NH4+
Cadmium Sulfide can be produced using metalorganic vapour phase epitaxy and MOCVD techniques by the reaction of dimethylcadmium with diethyl sulfide:
Cd(CH3)2 + Et2S → CdS + CH3CH3 + C4H10
Other methods to produce films of Cadmium Sulfide include
-Sol–gel techniques
-Sputtering
-Electrochemical deposition
-Spraying with precursor cadmium salt, sulfur compound and dopant
-Screen printing using a slurry containing dispersed CdS
REACTIONS OF CADMIUM SULFITE:
Cadmium Sulfide can be dissolved in acids.
CdS + 2 HCl → CdCl2 + H2S
When solutions of sulfide containing dispersed CdS particles are irradiated with light, hydrogen gas is generated:
H2S → H2 + S ΔHf = +9.4 kcal/mol
The proposed mechanism involves the electron/hole pairs created when incident light is absorbed by the cadmium sulfide followed by these reacting with water and sulfide:
Production of an electron–hole pair:
CdS + hν → e− + hole+
Reaction of electron:
2e− + 2H2O → H2 + 2OH−
Reaction of hole:
2hole+ + S2− → S
Structure and Physical Properties of Cadmium Sulfite:
Cadmium Sulfide has, like zinc sulfide, two crystal forms.
The more stable hexagonal wurtzite structure (found in the mineral Greenockite) and the cubic zinc blende structure (found in the mineral Hawleyite).
In both of these forms the cadmium and sulfur atoms are four coordinate.
There is also a high pressure form with the NaCl rock salt structure.
Cadmium Sulfide is a direct band gap semiconductor (gap 2.42 eV).
The proximity of its band gap to visible light wavelengths gives it a coloured appearance.
As well as this obvious property other properties result:
-the conductivity increases when irradiated,[19] (leading to uses as a photoresistor)
-when combined with a p-type semiconductor it forms the core component of a photovoltaic (solar) cell and a CdS/Cu2S solar cell was one of the first efficient cells to be reported
-when doped with for example Cu+ ("activator") and Al3+ ("coactivator") CdS luminesces under electron beam excitation (cathodoluminescence) and is used as phosphor
-both polymorphs are piezoelectric and the hexagonal is also pyroelectric
-electroluminescence
-Cadmium Sulfide crystals can act as a gain medium in solid state laser
-In thin-film form, Cadmium Sulfide can be combined with other layers for use in certain types of solar cells.
Cadmium Sulfide was also one of the first semiconductor materials to be used for thin-film transistors (TFTs).
However interest in compound semiconductors for TFTs largely waned after the emergence of amorphous silicon technology in the late 1970s.
-Thin films of Cadmium Sulfide can be piezoelectric and have been used as transducers which can operate at frequencies in the GHz region.
-Nanoribbons of Cadmium Sulfide show a net cooling due annihilation of phonons, during anti-Stokes luminescence at ~510 nm.
As a result, a maximum temperature drop of 40 and 15 K has been demonstrated when the nanoribbons are pumped with a 514 or 532 nm laser
APPLICATIONS OF CADMIUM SULFITE:
Pigment: Cadmium Sulfide is used as:
-pigment in plastics
-showing good thermal stability
-light and weather fastness
-chemical resistance and high opacity.
As a pigment, Cadmium Sulfide is known as cadmium yellow (CI pigment yellow 37).
About 2000 tons are produced annually as of 1982, representing about 25% of the cadmium processed commercially.
Historical use in art:
The general commercial availability of cadmium sulfide from the 1840s led to its adoption by artists, notably Van Gogh, Monet (in his London series and other works) and Matisse (Bathers by a River 1916–1919).
The presence of cadmium in paints has been used to detect forgeries in paintings alleged to have been produced prior to the 19th century.
CdS-CdSe solutions:
CdS and CdSe form solid solutions with each other.
Increasing amounts of cadmium selenide, gives pigments verging toward red, for example CI pigment orange 20 and CI pigment red 108.
Such solid solutions are components of photoresistors (light dependent resistors) sensitive to visible and near infrared light.
Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) can be prepared in pure form and is an excellent insulator
when impurities are added to cadmium sulfide, it becomes an interesting semiconductor.
At room temperature, cadmium sulfide may crystallize either in the zinc blende or wurtzite structure.
Alumina also has two possible structures at room temperature, α-alumina (corundum) and β-alumina.
Soluble in concentrated or warm dilute mineral acids with evolution of H2S
readily decomposes or dissolved by moderately dilute HNO3
Forms a colloid in hot water
Cadmium Sulfide Can be polished like a metal.
Cadmium Sulfide is an n-type semiconductor.
beta-Cadmium sulfide can be transformed to alpha-cadmium sulfide by heating at 750 °C in a sulfur atmosphere.
Use and Manufacturing:
The hydrated bromide is prepared by dissolution of:
-cadmium carbonate
-oxide
-sulfide
-or hydroxide in hydrobromic acid
Uses:
-Fluorescent screens
-scintillation counters
-rectifiers
-photoconductor in xerography
-transistors
-photovoltaic cells
-catalyst in photodecomposition of hydrogen sulfide
The main use of cadmium sulfide is as a pigment, particularly in the glass and plastics industry.
Cadmium Sulfide colorants find use in:
-plastics
-paints
-soaps
-rubber
-paper
-glass
-printing inks
-ceramic glazes
-textiles
-fireworks
Other uses of cadmium sulfide take advantage of:
-its semiconducting properties
-including solar cells
-photoconductors
-phosphors
-photomultipliers
-radiation detectors
-thin-film transistors
-diodes and rectifiers
-electon-beam pumped lasers
-smoke detectors
Methods of Manufacturing:
Cadmium Sulfide can be prepared by the reaction between hydrogen sulfide and cadmium vapor at 800 °C
Or by heating a mixture of cadmium or cadmium oxide with sulfur.
Usually, the sulfides are precipitated from aqueous solutions of cadmium salts by adding hydrogen sulfide or a soluble sulfide such as sodium sulfide.
A simple method involves treatment of an acidic or neutral cadmium ion solution with H2S or Na2S and collection of the dense yellow precipitate
At room temperature one obtains yellow solids whereas from boiling solutions one obtains yellow solids at neutral pH but reddish solids at low pH.
By passing hydrogen sulfide gas into a solution of a cadmium salt acidified with hydrochloric acid.
The precipitate is filtered and dried.
Cadmium Sulfide is the inorganic compoundwith the formula CdS.
Cadmium Sulfide is a yellow solid.
Cadmium Sulfide occurs in nature with two different crystal structures as the rare minerals greenockite and hawleyite
but is more prevalent as an impurity substituent in the similarly structured zinc ores sphaleriteand wurtzite, which are the major economic sources of cadmium.
As a compound that is easy to isolate and purify, it is the principal source of cadmium for all commercial applications.
Cadmium Sulfides vivid yellow color led to its adoption as a pigment for the yellow paint "cadmium yellow" in the 18th century
Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is an inorganic material most famous for being the central part of quantum dots.
They’re light-emitting (with the color determined by what you react it with), so there’s a lot of interest in using them as LEDs or dyes.
Why is cadmium sulfide yellow even though cadmium isn't a transition metal?
Because colors can be caused by far more collective things than the localized electronic states of individual atoms.
CdS is a semiconductor with pretty broad energy bands;
i.e. the wave functions in the solid are quite strongly delocalized.
The filled valence band is mostly made up of the sulfur p-states.
The empty conduction band has mostly cadmium-s character, but there is enough covalent mixing to make both pretty broad.
The energy gap between them is direct and 2.42 eV wide.
That means that blue photons will get absorbed rather strongly.
The result is a yellow color.
Cadmium Sulfide is used as a pigment in the chemical industry;
for manufacturing of photoresistors, optical-electronic pairs, photodiodes, solar batteries and phosphors.
Single crystals of cadmium sulfide are used for the preparation of optical devices operating in the infrared regaion of spectrum.
Cadmium Sulfide is a direct band gap semiconductor with a band gap band from 2.42 to 2.57 eV.
Cadmium Sulfide (CdS) exists in two natural forms: greenockite and hawleyite, which differ in their crystal structure.
Greenockite forms hexagonal crystals with the wurtzite structure, hawleyite has the sphalerite (zinc blende) structure.
Cadmium Sulfide is a direct band gap semiconductor with Eg = 2.42 eV at room temperature. CdS is used in optoelectronics (photosensitive and photovoltaic devices). One simple use is as a photoresistor whose electrical resistance changes with incident light levels. Mixed with zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide acts as a phosphor with long afterglow.
Cadmium Sulfide was used as a pigment in paints as far back as 1819.
Synthetic cadmium sulfide pigments are valued for their good thermal stability in many polymers, for example in engineering plastics.
By adding selenium it is possible to obtain colors ranging from a greenish yellow to red violet.
What are the Structural and Electronic Properties of Cadmium Sulfide Clusters?
Crystalline Cadmium Sulfide is a semiconductor for which the wurtzite and zinc blende structures are energetically almost degenerate.
Due to quantum-confinement effects, it is possible to tune the optical properties of finite cadmium sulfide clusters by varying their size.
Here, we report results of a theoretical study devoted to the properties of stoichiometric CdnSn clusters as a function of their size n.
We have optimized the structure, whereby our initial structures are spherical parts of either of the two crystal structures, and we have studied systems with up to almost 200 atoms.
The calculations were performed by using a simplified LCAO-DFT-LDA scheme.
The results include the structure, electronic energy levels (in particular the frontier orbitals HOMO and LUMO), and stability as a function of size.
The results allow for a unique definition of a surface region.
The Mulliken populations indicate that the bonds within this region are more ionic than in the bulk.
Furthermore, whereas the HOMO is delocalized over major parts of the nanoparticle, the LUMO is a surface state, which confirms recent experimental findings.
Finally, the relative stability of the zinc blende and wurtzite structures is strongly dependent on the size of the system, and there is a close connection between the HOMO-LUMO energy gap and stability.
Cadmium Sulfide uniform fine particles have been synthesized in soft conditions, at room temperature, using cadmium complex compounds and thioacetamide.
The microstructure and morphology of Cadmium Sulfide were characterized by X - ray Diffraction, Transmission Electron Microscopy, High Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy, and Selected Area Electron Diffraction.
The optical properties of the samples were examined by UV – Visible spectroscopy.
Cadmium Sulfide and cadmium sulfoselenide are intense colorants ranging in color from bright yellow to deep red.
Cadmium Sulfide was first synthesized in Germany in 1817 and later marketed as an artist pigment in the mid 19th century.
Cadmium Sulfides use was not widespread, however, until about 1917.
The finely divided, stable, light resistant particles are deeply colored.
Early preparations of cadmium pigments had widely varying particles sizes from 0.1 to 7 micrometers, while recently manufactured pigments contain only submicrometer particles.
Since the pure pigment was expensive, cadmium pigments were also sold in diluted lithopone mixtures called cadmopones starting in 1927.
Currently, cadmium pigments are primarily used in plastics, ceramics, metal enamel coatings, and as glass colorants.
They are permanent and have good hiding power.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CADMIUM SULFIDE:
-Molecular Weight: 144.48
-Exact Mass: 145.875436
-Monoisotopic Mass: 145.875436
-Topological Polar Surface Area: 32.1 Ų
-Color: Yellow-orange
-Form: hexagonal crystals
-Melting Point: approximately 1480 °C
-Solubility: Soluble in acid
-Solubility in water: insoluble
-Density: 4.826 g/cm³
-INDEX OF REFRACTION: 2.506
-log Ksp: -14.36
-Melting point: 1,750 °C
-Boiling point: 980 °C
Cadmium sulfide is a chemical compound that has the formula CdS.
Cadmium Sulfide is yellow in color and is a semiconductor of electricity.
Cadmium Sulfide exists as two different polymorphs, hexagonal greenockite and cubic hawleyite.
Cadmium sulfide is an inorganic compound with the chemical formula CdS.
Cadmium Sulfide is a yellow solid and a semiconductor of electricity.
Cadmium Sulfide occurs in nature with two different polymorphs, cubic hawleyite, and hexagonal greenockite.
However, Cadmium Sulfide is more common as an impurity substituent in the similarly structured ores of zinc, wurtzite, and sphalerite, which are the major sources of cadmium.
Cadmium sulfide itself has some stability problems in unvarnished paintings, as it can react with air and water in the presence of ultraviolet light to produce the colourless cadmium sulfate, but care has to be taken to ensure that the varnish itself won’t cause problems
Cadmium sulfide is a bandgap semiconductor, meaning that its semiconducting properties are intrinsic to the compound
Cadmium Sulfide is a crystalline solid used as a semiconductor and in photo optic applications.
Cadmium Sulfide is a yellow-brown poisonous salt that used especially in electronic parts, in photoelectric cells, and in medicine
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF CADMIUM SULFIDE:
-Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 0
-Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1
-Rotatable Bond Count: 0
-Heavy Atom Count: 2
-Formal Charge: 0
-Complexity: 2
-Isotope Atom Count: 0
-Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
-Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
-Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
-Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
-Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
-Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
-Band gap: 2.42 eV
-Magnetic susceptibility (χ): -50.0·10−6 cm3/mol
-Refractive index (nD): 2.529
STORAGE OF CADMIUM SULFIDE:
Cadmium Sulfide Should be stored separately from strong oxidizers.
Cadmium Sulfide should be kept away from strong acids.
Cadmium Sulfide should be stored separately from food and feedstuffs.
Cadmium Sulfide should be stored in an area without drainage or sewer access.
Cadmium Sulfide is Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Cadmium Sulfide should be stored separately as it is not compatible with oxidizing agents.
Since Cadmium Sulfide is not compatible with acids, it should be kept separate from acids.
Cadmium Sulfide should be kept in a different place from strong reagents.
Cadmium Sulfide should be stored in a dry place.
Cadmium Sulfide should be stored in a moisture-free environment.
Cadmium Sulfide should be kept in a ventilated and clean environment.
Cadmium Sulfide should be stored under constant atmosphere.
Cadmium Sulfide should be stored in closed, dry containers.
Cadmium Sulfide should be stored where there are no sudden temperature changes.
SYNONYMS:
Cadmium sulphide
sulfanylidenecadmium
Cadmium sulfide (CdS)
C.I. Pigment Yellow 37
cadmium(II) sulfide
Cadmium sulfide, powder
Cadmium Yellow
Capsebon
Orange cadmium
Cadmopur Yellow
Jaune Brilliant
Aurora Yellow
Cadmium Orange
Ferro Yellow
Cadmium sulfuratum
Cadmium monosulfide
Ferro Lemon Yellow
Ferro Orange Yellow
Primrose 1466
Cadmium golden 366
Cadmium Sulfide Yellow
Cadmium primrose 819
Cadmium Yellow OZ Dark
Cadmopur Golden Yellow N
Cadmium Yellow 10G Conc
C.P. Golden Yellow 55
Cadmium lemon Yellow 527
Cadmium Yellow Primrose 47-4100
Cadmiumsulfid
Kadmiumsulfid
cadmium(2+) sulfide
Cadmium sulfide [Cadmium and cadmium compounds]
Cadmium sulfide, powder, 99.995% trace metals basis
Lumidot(TM) CdS, core-type quantum dots, 5 mg/mL in toluene
Lumidot(TM) CdS, 380, core-type quantum dots, 5 mg/mL in toluene
Lumidot(TM) CdS, 440, core-type quantum dots, 5 mg/mL in toluene
1-Butyl-1-methylpyrrolidinium 1,1,2,2-tetrafluoroethanesulfonate
