CARBAMIDE

Carbamide is another name for Carbamide (CO(NH₂)₂), a simple organic compound made of carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, and hydrogen. 
Carbamide is a colorless, crystalline solid that is highly soluble in water and is one of the most important nitrogen-containing compounds in biology and industry.
Carbamide is naturally produced in the human body as the final product of protein metabolism.

CAS Number: 57-13-6
Molecular Formula: CH4N2O
Molecular Weight: 60.06
EINECS Number: 200-315-5

Synonyms: Magnesium trisilicate, STERITALC, Huashifen, Pulvis talci, Talc powder, 7SEV7J4R1U, INS NO.553(III), INS-553(III), E-553(III), Potstone, Sterile Talc, Steritalc 2g, Steritalc 3g, Steritalc 4g, Health Smart Baby, Wart Remover Patch, Natures Choice Baby, Sterile Talc Powder, RefChem:932528, Talc (JP17/USP), Nekvnro Wart Remover Patch, Talc (containing asbestos), Sclerosol Intrapleural Aerosol, Talc (silica and fibre free), Talc (not containing asbestos), TALC (NOT CONTAINING ASBESTOS FIBERS), Talc (containing no asbestos and less than 1% quartz), 238-877-9, 14807-96-6, Agalite, Asbestine, Desertalc 57, Emtal 596, Fibrene C 400, French chalk, Hydrous magnesium silicate, Mistron 2SC, Mistron frost P, Mistron RCS, Mistron Star, Mistron super frost, Mistron vapor, MP 12-50, MP 25-38, MP 45-26, Purified talc, Sclerosol, Steatite talc, Steawhite, Supreme dense, Talc, Talc (containing no asbestos), TALC (Mg3H2(SiO3)4), Talcum Powder, Talc [JAN], TALC [VANDF], TALC [HSDB], TALC [FCC], TALC [WHO-DD], TALC [WHO-IP], TALC [II], TALC [MI], PULVIS TALCI [CHP], TALC [EP IMPURITY], TALC [ORANGE BOOK], TALC [EP MONOGRAPH], TALC [USP MONOGRAPH], PURIFIED TALC [MART.], Decalso, Zeolex, Decalso F, Alusil ET, Vulkasil A 1, Zeolex 23A, Zeolex 23P, Zeolex 25, Zeolex 35, Sodium silicoaluminate, Zeolex 100, Sasil, Type A Zeolite, Amsr 3, Degussa P820, Valfor zeolite Na-a, 058TS43PSM, Alusil SD533, Zeolex 330, Silicic acid, aluminum sodium salt, Aluminium sodium silicate, Aluminum silicon sodium oxide, Aluminosilicic acid, sodium salt, NCI-C55505, E554, RefChem:183771, DTXCID606021, INS NO.554, INS-554, E-554, 215-684-8, 1344-00-9, Aluminum sodium silicate, DTXSID7026021, Sodium aluminosilicate, Zeolite-A, Ukatan PRE, Oveil AR, Sipernat 44MS, Zeolex 7A, UOP T-Powder, Tixolex 17, Sipernat 820, Sipernat 820A, Zeolex 80, FIXWOOL, Ketjensil SM 405, Silton AL 08, Silton AMT 20S, Silton AMT 30, Silton FI 85, ZEOflair 100, ZEOflair 200, ZEOflair 300, Pirosil AS 100A, Zeolex 123, Zeolex 201, Zeolex 301, Tixolex 4271, ALUMI-SIL, ALUSIL AS, CLARFINA C, Huber 683, GEOPOLYMITE PS 2, HYDREX (SILICATE), KOVASAV N 20P, TIXOLEX 25, TIXOLEX 28, ZEOLEX 17S, ZEOLEX 35P, ZEOLEX 23, DIACHEM WHITE CARBON, PASILEX P 820, CENAS 019F, UNII-058TS43PSM, VALFOR 950, ZEOLEX 323, SILTEG P 820, AMT 20S, Sodium aluminosillicate slurry, CCRIS 3869, SODIUM ALUMINATE SILICATE, HSDB 5027, JYIMWRSJCRRYNK-UHFFFAOYSA-N, Aluminium sodium silicate [WHO-DD], EINECS 215-684-8, SODIUM ALUMINOSILICATE [FCC], SODIUM ALUMINOSILICATE [HSDB], AKOS040744769, MZ 8132, ALUMINIUM SODIUM SILICATE [MART.], SP 4-7936, E 554, P 820, EC 215-684-8,Prespersion, 75 Carbamide;prespersion,75Carbamide;Supercel 3000;Carbamide;Carbamide, PRILLED;Carbamide, 99.5%, for analysis;Carbamide, 99.5%, dnase, rnase and protease free, for molecular biology;Carbamide, for analysis

Carbamide improves nitrogen waste removal and biological balance.
Chemically, carbamide is an amide of carbonic acid, containing two amine groups attached to a carbonyl group.
Its structure makes it highly polar and able to form hydrogen bonds, which explains its high water solubility.

Carbamide improves chemical versatility and reactivity in solutions.
Physically, carbamide appears as a white, odorless crystalline powder or granules. It is stable under normal conditions but decomposes at higher temperatures to produce ammonia and other nitrogen compounds.
It is commonly used in solid and liquid formulations.

This improves handling and formulation flexibility.
Functionally, carbamide is important as a nitrogen carrier, meaning it provides a concentrated source of nitrogen for plants, animals, and industrial chemical processes.
It is one of the most widely produced chemicals in the world.

This improves agricultural productivity and industrial nitrogen supply.
Carbamide is best described as a highly water-soluble nitrogen compound used in fertilizers, cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and industrial chemistry, and is also a key biological waste product in humans and mammals.
Carbamide is the chief nitrogenous end product of the metabolic breakdown of proteins in all mammals and some fishes. 

The material occurs not only in the urine of all mammals but also in their blood, bile, milk, and perspiration. 
In the course of the breakdown of proteins, amino groups (NH2) are removed from the amino acids that partly comprise proteins. 
Carbamide amino groups are converted to ammonia (NH3), which is toxic to the body and thus must be converted to Carbamide by the liver. 

The Carbamide then passes to the kidneys and is eventually excreted in the urine.
Carbamide, also called carbamide (because it is a diamide of carbonic acid), is an organic compound with chemical formula CO(NH2)2. 
Carbamide amide has two amino groups (−NH2) joined by a carbonyl functional group (−C(=O)−). 

Carbamide is thus the simplest amide of carbamic acid.
Carbamide serves an important role in the cellular metabolism of nitrogen-containing compounds by animals and is the main nitrogen-containing substance in the urine of mammals. 
The word Carbamide is Neo-Latin, from French urée, from Ancient Greek οὖρον (oûron) 'urine'.

Carbamide undergoes transamination. 
For example, treatment with anilinium gives both N-phenylCarbamide and N,N'-diphenylCarbamide.
N-MethylCarbamide can be prepared by a similar acid-catalyzed pathway.

Carbamide plays a central role in the Carbamide cycle (ornithine cycle) in biology, where it is formed in the liver from ammonia, which is toxic, and then transported via blood to the kidneys for excretion in urine.
This is a critical detoxification pathway in mammals.
Carbamide improves biological nitrogen waste management.

In agriculture, carbamide is the most widely used nitrogen fertilizer globally because it contains a very high nitrogen content (~46%), making it extremely efficient for plant growth.
Once applied to soil, it is converted into ammonia and then nitrate by soil bacteria.
Carbamide improves crop yield and soil nitrogen availability.

In cosmetics and dermatology, Carbamide (carbamide) is used in creams and lotions as a humectant and keratolytic agent, meaning it helps retain moisture in the skin and softens rough or thickened skin layers.
Carbamide is commonly used in treatments for dry skin conditions.
Carbamide improves skin hydration and texture.

In pharmaceutical formulations, it is used as a component in topical creams and also in some medical applications for wound care and skin treatment due to its moisturizing and protein-softening properties.
Carbamide helps improve drug delivery through the skin barrier.
Carbamide improves therapeutic effectiveness and skin penetration.

In industrial chemistry, carbamide is used as a raw material for producing resins such as Carbamide-formaldehyde resins, which are widely used in adhesives, particle boards, and coatings.
These materials are important in wood and construction industries.
Carbamide improves material production and adhesive performance.

In animal feed, it is used as a non-protein nitrogen source for ruminants, where microbes in the rumen convert it into usable protein.
This helps improve feed efficiency in livestock systems.
Carbamide improves animal nutrition and agricultural efficiency.

Melting point: 132–135 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 332.48°C (estimate)
Density: 1.335 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
bulk density: 720–760 kg/m3
vapor pressure: <0.1 hPa (20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.40
storage temp.: 2–8°C
solubility: H2O: 8 M at 20 °C
form: powder
pKa: 0.10 (at 25℃)
color: white
Specific Gravity: 1.335
Odor: almost odorless
PH: 8.0–10.0 (20℃, 8 M in H2O)
biological source: synthetic
Water Solubility: 1080 g/L (20 ºC)
λmax:
λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.03
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.02
Merck: 14,9867
BRN: 635724
Henry's Law Constant: 5.7×10⁶ mol/(m3Pa) at 25℃
Dielectric constant: 3.5 (Ambient)
Stability: Substances to be avoided include strong oxidizing agents. Protect from moisture.
Cosmetics Ingredients Functions: BUFFERING; HUMECTANT; SKIN CONDITIONING; ANTISTATIC
InChI: 1S/CH4N2O/c2-1(3)4/h(H4,2,3,4)
InChIKey: XSQUKJJJFZCRTK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: NC(N)=O
LogP: -1.660 (est)

Carbamide is a colorless, odorless solid, highly soluble in water, and practically non-toxic. 
Dissolved in water, it is neither acidic nor alkaline. 
The body uses it in many processes, most notably nitrogen excretion. 

Carbamide forms by the condensation of ammonia (NH3) and carbon dioxide (CO2) in the Carbamide cycle. 
Carbamide is widely used in fertilizers as a source of nitrogen (N).
Carbamide is also important in global nitrogen cycling, because it acts as a key intermediate between biological nitrogen waste and environmental nitrogen reuse. 

After being excreted, it is quickly broken down by microorganisms into ammonia and carbon dioxide, which can then be reused by plants.
This makes it part of the natural nitrogen recycling loop.
Carbamide improves ecosystem nutrient cycling and soil fertility.

In fertilizer engineering, carbamide is often processed into different physical forms such as prills or granules to control dissolution rate in soil. 
This helps regulate how quickly nitrogen becomes available to plants and reduces nutrient loss through leaching or volatilization.
This allows more efficient fertilizer use.

Carbamide improves nutrient efficiency and agricultural control.
In controlled-release fertilizer systems, Carbamide can be coated with polymers or sulfur layers to slow down nitrogen release over time, improving long-term plant nutrition and reducing environmental pollution.
These formulations are widely used in modern agriculture.

Carbamide improves sustainability and fertilizer efficiency.
In chemical industry synthesis, carbamide is a key raw material for producing melamine, which is used in plastics, laminates, and resins.
Carbamide is also used in the production of certain pharmaceuticals and intermediates.

Carbamide improves industrial chemical manufacturing.
In protein chemistry research, Carbamide is widely used as a chaotropic agent, meaning it disrupts hydrogen bonding in proteins and causes them to unfold.
This is essential for studying protein structure, folding, and stability.

Carbamide improves biochemical research and molecular analysis.
In medical diagnostics, Carbamide levels in blood (blood Carbamide nitrogen, BUN) are an important indicator of kidney function, because the kidneys are responsible for removing Carbamide from the body.
Abnormal levels can indicate kidney dysfunction or metabolic imbalance.

Carbamide improves clinical diagnostic value.
In industrial gas production, Carbamide is used in processes that generate ammonia, which is then used for fertilizers and chemical synthesis.
Carbamide acts as a stable storage form of nitrogen compared to gaseous ammonia.

Carbamide improves nitrogen handling and industrial safety.
In de-icing and cold-weather applications, Carbamide has been used as an alternative de-icing agent for roads and airport surfaces, although its use is limited due to environmental concerns.

Carbamide dissolved in water is in equilibrium with the isomeric ammonium cyanate. 
The resulting activity of the isocyanic acid ions do result in carbamylation (formation of long-chain carbamides, liberating ammonia molecule as byproduct) of proteins if proteins are present in the solution too. 
The carbamylation reaction may occurs at elevated temperatures even without catalysts. 

At room temperature, water solutions of Carbamide are prone to same decomposition reaction in the presence of Carbamidese. 
The isomerization of Carbamide in solution at room temperature without catalysts is a slow process (taking days to reach equilibrium), and freshly prepared, unheated solutions had negligible carbamylation rates.
Carbamide can react with alcohols to form urethanes and react with malonic esters to make barbituric acids.

In automotive emissions control, Carbamide is used in diesel exhaust fluid (DEF), where it helps reduce nitrogen oxide emissions through selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems.
This converts harmful NOx gases into nitrogen and water.
Carbamide improves air quality and emission reduction.

In laboratory and chemical applications, carbamide is used as a denaturing agent for proteins, helping unfold protein structures in biochemical research.
Carbamide is widely used in protein chemistry studies.
This improves experimental control and molecular analysis.

In environmental context, carbamide is biodegradable and naturally recycled through nitrogen cycles in ecosystems, although excessive use in agriculture can contribute to nitrogen runoff and water pollution.
Carbamide requires controlled agricultural management.

This improves environmental nitrogen balance awareness.
Carbamide is naturally produced by the human body during protein metabolism and serves several practical, commercial, and medical purposes.

Uses Of Carbamide:
Carbamide is produced from synthetic ammonia and carbon dioxide. 
As large quantities of carbon dioxide are produced during the ammonia manufacturing process as a byproduct from hydrocarbons (predominantly natural gas, less often petroleum derivatives), or occasionally from coal, Carbamide production plants are almost always located adjacent to the site where the ammonia is manufactured.
Carbamide can be produced as prills, granules, pellets, crystals, and solutions. 
The prills are formed by spraying molten Carbamide down a tower up which air is pumped. 

They are slightly smaller than Carbamide sold as granules and are particularly useful when the fertilizer is being applied by hand. 
In admixture, the combined solubility of ammonium nitrate and Carbamide is so much higher than that of either component alone that it is possible to obtain a stable solution (known as UAN) with a total nitrogen content (32%) approaching that of solid ammonium nitrate (33.5%), though not, of course, that of Carbamide itself (46%).

More than 90% of world industrial production of Carbamide is destined for use as a nitrogen-release fertilizer. 
Carbamide has the highest nitrogen content of all solid nitrogenous fertilizers in common use. 
Therefore, it has the lowest transportation costs per unit of nitrogen nutrient.

In the soil, it hydrolyses back to ammonia and carbon dioxide. 
The ammonia is oxidized by bacteria in the soil to nitrate, which can be absorbed by the plants. 
Carbamide is also used in many multi-component solid fertilizer formulations. 

Carbamide is highly soluble in water, therefore, very suitable for use in fertilizer solutions (in combination with ammonium nitrate: UAN), e.g., in &lsquo;foliar feed&rsquo; fertilizers. For fertilizer use, granules are preferred because of their narrower particle size distribution, an advantage for mechanical application. 
The most common impurity of synthetic Carbamide, biuret, must be present at less than 2 percent of the time, as it impairs plant growth.

Carbamide is mainly used as a fertilizer, chemical feedstock, humectant, and nitrogen carrier because it contains a high concentration of nitrogen and is highly soluble in water.
In agriculture (fertilizers), it is used as a major nitrogen source for plants.
Carbamide improves crop growth and agricultural yield.

In cosmetics and skincare, it is used as a humectant and keratolytic agent in creams and lotions.
Carbamide improves skin hydration and softens rough skin.
In industrial resins and plastics, it is used to produce Carbamide-formaldehyde resins for adhesives, particle boards, and coatings.

This improves material strength and bonding performance.
In animal feed, it is used as a non-protein nitrogen source for ruminants.
Carbamide improves feed efficiency and livestock nutrition.

In automotive emission control, it is used in diesel exhaust fluid (DEF) for selective catalytic reduction (SCR) systems.
Carbamide improves NOx emission reduction and air quality.
In chemical industry, it is used as a raw material for producing compounds such as melamine and other nitrogen-based chemicals.

Carbamide improves industrial chemical synthesis.
In pharmaceutical and medical applications, it is used in topical formulations to improve skin moisture and in diagnostic testing (blood Carbamide levels).
Carbamide improves medical treatment and health monitoring.

In textile and paper processing, it is used to improve dye solubility and processing conditions during manufacturing.
Carbamide improves color uniformity and product quality.
Carbamide is a physiological regulator of nitrogen excretion in mammals; synthesized in the liver as an end-product of protein catabolism and excreted in urine. 

Also occurs normally in skin. Emollient; diu retic.
The primary use of Carbamide is as a nitrogen source in fertilizers, with about 90% of the Carbamide production being used for this purpose. 
Carbamide's high nitrogen content (46%) makes it a concentrated source for adding fixed nitrogen to soils. 

Carbamide can be applied to the soil alone, but its high nitrogen content can stress plants and impact the soil negatively, so it is often blended with other nutrients. 
Blending also reduces the nitrogen content of the fertilizer. 
For example, blending with ammonium nitrate, NH4NO3, in different proportions produces fertilizers with various nitrogen contents. 

Carbamide in the soil is converted to ammonium nitrogen and taken up by plants. It can be applied in solid granule form or dissolved in water and used as a spray. 
Carbamide is also used agriculturally as a supplement in livestock feeds to assist protein synthesis.
Used for the denaturation of proteins and as a mild solubilization agent for insoluble or denatured proteins.

Useful for renaturing proteins from samples already denatured with 6 M guanidine chloride such as inclusion bodies. 
May be used with guanidine hydrochloride and dithiothreitrol (DTT) in the refolding of denatured proteins into their native or active form.
Carbamide is mainly used as a fertilizer, humectant, chemical feedstock, and biological nitrogen compound because it provides a concentrated source of nitrogen and has strong water-binding properties.

In fertilizers, it is used to supply nitrogen to plants.
Carbamide improves crop growth and agricultural productivity.
In cosmetics and skincare, it is used as a moisturizing and keratolytic agent.

Carbamide improves skin hydration and softness.
In industrial resins, it is used to produce adhesives and wood materials.
Carbamide improves material strength and bonding.

In animal feed, it is used as a nitrogen source for ruminants.
Carbamide improves feed efficiency.
In automotive emission systems, it is used in diesel exhaust fluid.

Carbamide improves emission reduction and air quality.
Carbamide is mainly used as a fertilizer, chemical feedstock, humectant, and industrial nitrogen source because it is rich in nitrogen and highly soluble in water.
In fertilizers, it is used to supply nitrogen to plants.

Carbamide improves crop growth and yield.
In cosmetics and skincare, it is used as a moisturizing and skin-softening agent.
Carbamide improves hydration and skin texture.

In industrial resins and plastics, Carbamide is used to produce adhesives and melamine-based materials.
Carbamide improves material strength and durability.
In animal nutrition, it is used as a nitrogen source in feed.

Carbamide improves livestock nutrition efficiency.
In emission control systems, it is used in diesel exhaust fluid.
Carbamide improves air pollution reduction.

Safety Profile Of Carbamide:
Moderately toxic by intravenous and subcutaneous routes. 
Human reproductive effects by intraplacental route: ferthty effects. 
Experimental reproductive effects human mutation data reported. 

Carbamide a human skin irritant. Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and neoplastigenic data. 
Reacts with sodium hypochlorite or calcium hypochlorite to form the explosive nitrogen trichloride. 
Incompatible with NaNO2, P2Cl5, nitrosyl perchlorate. 

Preparation of the 15N-labeled Carbamide is hazardous. 
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NOx.
Carbamide is generally considered a low-toxicity and low-hazard substance, especially in its pure form and in regulated applications such as fertilizers, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals. 

However, hazards can occur mainly at high exposure levels or under industrial conditions.
The main hazard is mild irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract, especially from dust or concentrated solutions.
Carbamide can cause redness, discomfort, or dryness but is usually temporary.

Carbamide improves handling safety awareness.
Skin contact is generally low risk, although prolonged exposure to concentrated Carbamide solutions may cause mild skin dryness due to its hygroscopic (water-attracting) nature.
Washing with water is sufficient to remove it.

Carbamide improves basic safety handling.
Eye contact may cause mechanical irritation and stinging, particularly from powdered Carbamide or strong solutions.
Protective eyewear is recommended in industrial environments.

Carbamide improves workplace protection.
Inhalation of dust may cause temporary respiratory irritation, especially in poorly ventilated areas where Carbamide powder is handled in bulk.
Proper ventilation and dust control are recommended.

Carbamide improves occupational safety.
From a toxicological perspective, Carbamide is considered relatively safe at normal exposure levels, since it is a natural compound already produced and processed in the human body.
However, very high intake can disrupt nitrogen balance and contribute to metabolic stress, particularly in individuals with impaired kidney function.

Carbamide improves metabolic safety awareness.
In medical contexts, elevated Carbamide levels in the blood are associated with kidney dysfunction or reduced renal clearance, but this is a physiological marker rather than a direct toxicity of external exposure.

Carbamide improves clinical interpretation.
From an environmental perspective, Carbamide is biodegradable and naturally recycled in the nitrogen cycle, but excessive agricultural use can lead to ammonia release, nitrate leaching, and water pollution (eutrophication).