CARBARYL

Carbaryl is classified as a general use pesticide (GUP). 
Carbaryl is sparingly soluble in water, but soluble in dimethylformamide, dimethyl sulfoxide, acetone, cyclohexanone, isopropanol, and xylene. 
Carbaryl is a wide-spectrum carbamate insecticide, which controls over 100 species of insects on citrus, fruit, cotton, forests, lawns, nuts, ornamentals, shade trees, and other crops, as well as on poultry, livestock, and pets. 

CAS Number: 63-25-2
Molecular Formula: C12H11NO2
Molecular Weight: 201.22
EINECS Number: 200-550

Synonyms: Carbatox, Carbavur, Carylderm, Menaphtam, 1-Naphthyl methylcarbamate, Caprolin, Carpolin, Denapon, Dicarbam, Karbosep, Seffein, Sevimol, Arylam, Atoxan, Monsur, Murvin, Panam, Pomex, Ravyon, Vioxan, Dyna-carbyl, Germain's, Carbomate, Karbaspray, Karbatox, Tricarnam, Hexavin, Oltitox, Septene, Mugan, Suleo, Carbatox-60, 1-Naphthalenol, methylcarbamate, Crag sevin, naphthalen-1-yl N-methylcarbamate, Carbamine, Vetox, Karbatox 75, Bercema NMC50, N-Methyl-1-naphthyl carbamate, Compound 7744, Carbarilo, Carbatox-75, Cekubaryl, Devicarb, Karbaryl, Olititox, Prosevor 85, Crunch, Rylam, Savit, Tercyl, Toxan, Sevin 4, Dicarbament 23,969, Bug master, 1-Naphthol N-methylcarbamate, 1-Naphthalenyl methylcarbamate, OMS-29, Noflo 5 vet, Karbatox zawiesinowy, 1-Naphthyl-N-methylcarbamate, Carbarilum, Derbac, Sewin, Union Carbide 7,744, N-Methyl-alpha-naphthylurethan, Experimental Insecticide 7744, alpha-Naphthyl N-methylcarbamate, Caswell No. 160, ENT-23969, Carbatox 75, NAC (insecticide), NMC 50, Methylcarbamate 1-naphthol, Clinicide, Thinsec, Tornado, N-Methyl-1-naftyl-carbamaat, N-Metil-1-naftil-carbammato, N-Methyl-1-naphthyl-carbamat, Methylcarbamate 1-naphthalenol, Methylcarbamic acid, 1-naphthyl ester, DTXSID9020247, N-Methylcarbamate de 1-naphtyle, UC 7744, alpha-Naphthyl methylcarbamate, OMS 29, N-Methyl-alpha-Naphthylcarbamate, Latka 7744, alpha-Naphthalenyl methylcarbamate, O-(1-Naphthyl)-N-methylcarbamat, N-Methyl naphthylcarbamate, Naphthyl N-methylcarbamate, Naphthalenol, methylcarbamate, ENT 23969, NSC-27311, 1-Naphthyl-N-methyl-karbamat, alpha-Naftyl-N-methylkarbamat, 1-Naphthalenol methylcarbamate, ENT 23,969, Carbamic acid, methyl-, 1-naphthyl ester, R890C8J3N1, 1-Naftylester kyseliny methylkarbaminove, DTXCID10247, CHEBI:3390, GWizz, Joseph Lyddy, Fido's FreeItch, Lyddy, Joseph, Fido's Free Itch, G Wizz, VO 18, Concentrat, DogNet Insecticide Poudre, Dog Net Insecticide Poudre, insecticide Moureau, Poudre, Moureau, Poudre insecticide, insecticide Vetoquinol, Poudre, Vetoquinol, Poudre insecticide, 1-Naphthyl N-Methyl-carbamate, Derbac-c, Suleo-c, alpha-Naphthyl N-methyl-carbamate, RefChem:918018, 200-555-0, Arilate, Tolyspaz, Gamonil, Carbaril [INN], Karbaryl [Polish], 1-Naphthalenol, 1-(N-methylcarbamate), MFCD00021467, CHEMBL46917, .alpha.-Naftyl-N-methylkarbamat, .alpha.-Naphthyl methylcarbamate, N-Methyl-.alpha.-naphthylurethan, .alpha.-Naphthyl N-methylcarbamate, N-Methyl-.alpha.-naphthylcarbamate, .alpha.-Naphthalenyl methylcarbamate, 27636-33-5, NCGC00090680-01, Carbaryl (sevin), N-methylnaphthyloxycarboxamide, Carbaril [Italian], Adios, Carbarilum [INN-Latin], Carbarilo [INN-Spanish], Latka 7744 [Czech], NAC (VAN), CAS-63-25-2, Carbaryl [ANSI:BSI:ISO], CCRIS 850, (14CO)-Carbaryl, HSDB 952, Union Carbide 7744, EINECS 200-555-0, NSC 27311, N-Methyl-1-naftyl-carbamaat [Dutch], alpha-Naftyl-N-methylkarbamat [Czech], EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 056801, 1-Naphthyl-N-methyl-karbamat [German], N-Methyl-1-naphthyl-carbamat [German], N-Metil-1-naftil-carbammato [Italian], BRN 1875862, Laivin, N-Methylcarbamate de 1-naphtyle [French], UNII-R890C8J3N1, AI3-23969, 1-Naphthyl methylcarbamate-14C, Sevin SL, 1-Naftylester kyseliny methylkarbaminove [Czech], Carbaryl (BAN), Carbaryl (Standard), Vetox 85, 3197-92-0, CARBARYL [HSDB], CARBARYL [IARC], CARBARYL [ISO], CARBARYL [MI], Maybridge3_000390, CARBARYL [MART.], CARBARIL [WHO-DD], Carbamic-14C acid, methyl-, 1-naphthyl ester, cid_6129, A1ES9, WLN: L66J BOVM1, SCHEMBL26737, CARBAMIC ACID, METHYL-, NAPHTHALENYL ESTER, MLS000851157, BIDD:ER0592, Methylcarbamate, 1-naphthalenol, orb1224407, orb1310289, 1-naftylesterkyselinymethylkarbaminove;1-naphthalenylmethylcarbamate;1-Naphthol N-methylcarbamate;1-naphtholn-methylcarbamate;1-Naphthyl N-methylcarbamateacid O,O-diethyl ester;1-naphthyl-n-methyl-karbamat;alpha-Naftyl-N-methylkarbamat;alpha-Naphthalenyl methylcarbamate

Carbaryl is a colourless to light tan or white or grey solid crystal depending on the purity of the compound. 
The crystals are essentially odourless and stable to heat, light, and acids but are not stable under alkaline conditions. 
Carbaryl is non-corrosive to metals, packaging materials, and application equipment. 

Carbaryl is also used as a molluscicide and an acaricide. 
Carbaryl works whether it is ingested into the stomach of the pest or absorbed through direct contact. 
Carbaryl is available as bait, dusts, wettable powders, granules, dispersions, and suspensions.

Carbaryl is a synthetic carbamate insecticide that has been used to control a wide variety of insect pests.
Carbaryl is one of the best-known compounds in the carbamate pesticide group and has been used in agriculture, horticulture, forestry, and other pest-control applications.
The chemical is also known by names such as 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate and Sevin, although product names and permitted uses vary by country.

Carbaryl has the molecular formula C12H11NO2 and a molecular weight of approximately 201.22 g/mol.
Carbaryls CAS Registry Number is 63-25-2.
The molecule contains a naphthalene ring connected to a methylcarbamate functional group, which is responsible for much of its insecticidal activity.

Carbaryl is usually encountered as a white crystalline solid in its pure form.
Carbaryl has relatively low vapor pressure compared with many more volatile organic pesticides.
The technical material is formulated in different ways depending on the intended application.

The chemical belongs to the carbamate class of insecticides.
Carbamates act primarily by interfering with acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that is important for normal nerve signaling.
This mechanism allows carbaryl to affect insects relatively quickly after exposure.

Carbaryl works mainly by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase.
When this enzyme is inhibited, acetylcholine can accumulate at nerve junctions.
The resulting disruption of nerve transmission can cause uncontrolled movement, paralysis, and eventually death in susceptible insects.

Its insecticidal activity is not limited to one particular insect species.
Carbaryl has historically been used against many chewing and sucking insects affecting crops and plants.
This broad spectrum of activity contributed to its popularity as a general-purpose insecticide.

Carbaryl can act through contact, ingestion, and some residual exposure.
An insect can be exposed when the chemical comes into contact with its body or when treated plant material is consumed.
The relative importance of these routes depends on the insect species and application conditions.

The compound has historically been used on fruit and vegetable crops.
Carbaryl has been applied against insect pests that damage leaves, stems, flowers, and developing fruit.
Specific permitted crops and application rates depend on local pesticide regulations.

Carbaryl has also been used in orchard pest management.
Fruit-growing operations historically used the insecticide against a range of insects that could reduce crop quality or yield.
Its broad activity made it useful when several pest species were present at the same time.

Another historical application was ornamental plant and garden pest control.
Carbaryl-containing products were once widely available for controlling insects on flowers, shrubs, trees, and garden plants.
Many of these uses have since been restricted or discontinued in different regions.

Carbaryl has also been used in forestry and landscape management.
Carbaryl can affect insects that feed on foliage or other plant tissues.
These applications demonstrate the broad range of environments in which carbaryl has historically been used.

Carbaryl has been used against insects such as beetles, caterpillars, aphids, leafhoppers, and certain moth larvae.
Carbaryls effectiveness against both chewing and some sucking pests contributed to its wide application.
The actual effectiveness varies according to the pest species and exposure conditions.

Carbaryl has also been used for pest control in turf and outdoor areas.
Historically, formulations containing carbaryl were used against insects that damaged grass and ornamental vegetation.
Current availability and permitted uses depend heavily on regional regulations.

Carbaryl is chemically related to other carbamate insecticides but has a distinct molecular structure.
The naphthalene portion gives the molecule a relatively large aromatic framework compared with simpler carbamates.
The carbamate group provides the reactive functionality associated with acetylcholinesterase inhibition.

The naphthalene ring also influences the compound's hydrophobic character.
This affects how carbaryl interacts with organic matter, biological tissues, and environmental compartments.
Carbaryls environmental behavior is therefore different from highly water-soluble pesticide molecules.

Carbaryl has limited water solubility, although it is not completely insoluble.
Carbaryls solubility can vary with temperature and environmental conditions.
This property affects its movement in soil and water after application.

Once released into soil, carbaryl can undergo chemical and biological degradation.
Microorganisms can contribute to its breakdown, while environmental conditions such as temperature, moisture, and pH influence the degradation rate.
The resulting transformation products can have properties different from the parent compound.

Carbaryl can also be degraded by hydrolysis.
The carbamate linkage can break down under suitable environmental conditions, particularly when chemical conditions favor hydrolysis.
This process contributes to the decline of carbaryl concentrations over time.

Sunlight can contribute to the transformation of carbaryl through photodegradation.
This can be relevant when residues are present on exposed plant surfaces or in shallow environmental compartments.
The importance of photodegradation depends on light intensity, surface conditions, and other environmental factors.

Carbaryl has been investigated extensively in environmental chemistry.
Researchers have studied its movement through soil, degradation pathways, residues on crops, and possible transport into water.
These studies help determine how long carbaryl may remain in different environmental compartments.

Carbaryl can enter surface water through runoff from treated areas.
Rainfall shortly after application can transport pesticide residues from soil and plant surfaces into nearby water bodies.
Proper application practices can help reduce this type of environmental movement.

Because carbaryl is biologically active against insects, environmental exposure can affect non-target organisms.
Pollinators and aquatic organisms can be particularly important considerations when assessing pesticide exposure.
This is one reason application restrictions and environmental precautions are used.

Carbaryl has historically been used around orchards and flowering plants, where exposure of bees can become an important consideration.
Direct exposure during application can be particularly problematic for pollinating insects.
Application timing and local restrictions can therefore be important in areas where pollinators are active.

Carbaryl has also been studied for its effects on aquatic organisms.
Runoff carrying carbaryl into streams, ponds, or other water bodies can expose aquatic species.
Carbaryl environmental pathway is considered when evaluating pesticide use and ecological risk.

Carbaryl is relevant to pesticide residue analysis.
Laboratories can measure carbaryl in agricultural products, soil, water, and other environmental samples.
Chromatographic techniques are commonly used to separate and quantify the compound.

Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography can both be used in pesticide analysis depending on the sample and analytical method.
Mass spectrometry can provide additional selectivity and sensitivity when detecting low concentrations.
Analytical procedures are selected according to the matrix and required detection limits.

Carbaryl has also been investigated using spectroscopic techniques.
Methods such as infrared spectroscopy can provide information about the carbamate functional group and other structural features.
NMR spectroscopy can be used for structural confirmation and purity assessment.

Carbaryl has been important in agricultural chemistry research because it provides a well-studied example of a carbamate insecticide.
Researchers have investigated its mode of action, environmental fate, degradation, toxicity, and resistance development.
Carbaryls long history of use has generated a substantial body of scientific information.

Insects can develop resistance to carbaryl after repeated exposure.
Resistance can result from changes in insect enzymes, increased detoxification, reduced sensitivity of biological targets, or other mechanisms.
This is one reason integrated pest-management strategies often avoid relying continuously on a single insecticide.

Carbaryl has therefore been included in studies of insecticide resistance management.
Researchers compare the sensitivity of different pest populations and investigate mechanisms that allow insects to survive exposure.
These studies can help inform decisions about rotating or combining pest-control strategies.

Carbaryl can also be used in laboratory toxicology studies involving insects.
Controlled exposure experiments can determine how different concentrations affect survival, behavior, and enzyme activity.
These experiments provide information about the biological mechanism of carbaryl toxicity.

Carbaryl's acetylcholinesterase inhibition has also made it useful in research concerning cholinergic signaling.
Scientists can examine how disruption of acetylcholine breakdown affects nervous-system function.
This research is relevant to pesticide toxicology and neurobiology.

Carbaryl has been investigated in mammalian toxicology as well.
Researchers have studied acute exposure, repeated exposure, metabolism, and effects on the nervous system.
These studies have contributed to the safety evaluation and regulatory treatment of carbaryl.

Carbaryl is metabolized in biological systems through several pathways.
Enzymatic reactions can transform the parent compound into metabolites that may have different biological activities.
Understanding these metabolic pathways is important when assessing exposure.

Carbaryl can enter the body through ingestion, inhalation, or skin exposure.
The importance of each route depends on the formulation and circumstances of exposure.
Occupational handling of concentrated material can present greater exposure potential than incidental environmental contact.

Carbaryl can affect the nervous system because of its ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase.
High exposure can produce symptoms associated with excessive cholinergic activity.
For this reason, exposure prevention is important when handling concentrated pesticide formulations.

The toxicological effects of carbaryl are closely related to its dose and route of exposure.
A distinction should be made between the hazards of the pure active ingredient and the risks associated with a particular formulated product.
The product label and current Safety Data Sheet provide the appropriate information for actual handling.

Carbaryl has historically been used in integrated pest management, although its role has changed as newer pest-control approaches have developed.
Integrated programs may combine biological control, cultural practices, monitoring, and selective chemical treatments.
This approach can reduce dependence on broad-spectrum insecticides.

Carbaryl has also been used as a research reference insecticide.
Because its mechanism is well established, it can be included in experiments comparing different insecticide classes.
Researchers can evaluate differences in enzyme inhibition, insect sensitivity, and resistance.

Carbaryl is an example of a pesticide that has undergone significant regulatory review over time.
Some countries have restricted or withdrawn particular uses because of concerns involving human health and environmental exposure.
Carbaryls current legal status therefore depends on the country and specific application.

Carbaryl's long history means that it can still be relevant when investigating historical pesticide contamination.
Soils and water near old agricultural or horticultural sites may be examined for residues or degradation products.
Historical application records can help determine whether carbaryl should be included in environmental testing.

Carbaryl is also relevant to food-safety monitoring where its use is permitted.
Agricultural products can be tested for pesticide residues to ensure that concentrations remain within applicable regulatory limits.
These limits and testing requirements differ between jurisdictions.

The chemical can be used as a reference in studies of pesticide degradation on crops.
Researchers can monitor how quickly residues decrease under sunlight, rainfall, plant metabolism, and other environmental conditions.
This information contributes to decisions concerning application intervals and residue behavior.

Carbaryl is also important in research on pesticide formulations.
The active ingredient can be incorporated into different formulation types designed to control application, dispersion, or stability.
Formulation characteristics can influence exposure and environmental behavior.

Carbaryl is a well-known carbamate insecticide with the chemical identity 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate and CAS No. 63-25-2.
Its historical importance comes from its broad-spectrum control of agricultural, horticultural, forestry, and other insect pests, while its scientific importance comes from its well-characterized acetylcholinesterase inhibition and extensive environmental and toxicological research.
Carbaryls use is restricted or prohibited in many locations, but carbaryl remains relevant to pesticide residue analysis, environmental monitoring, toxicology, insecticide-resistance research, and studies of historical pesticide use.

Melting point: -75 to -66 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 198-199 °C (lit.)
Density: 0.967 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor density: 5.45 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 10 mm Hg at 79.5 °C
Refractive index: n20/D 1.413 (lit.)
Flash point: 190 °F
Storage temp.: Store below +30 °C
Solubility: Soluble in alcohol with decomposition (lit.)
Form: Liquid
Color: Clear colorless to light yellow
Odor: Butter
Biological source: Synthetic
Explosive limit: 1.1% at 104 °F
Water solubility: Decomposes
Specific heat capacity: Cp(liquid): 1.79 J/(g·K) at 25 °C
Sensitive: Moisture sensitive
Merck: 14,1594
BRN: 1099474
Dielectric constant: 12.0 (Ambient)
InChI: InChI=1S/C8H14O3/c1-3-5-7(9)11-8(10)6-4-2/h3-6H2,1-2H3
InChIKey: YHASWHZGWUONAO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: CCCC(=O)OC(=O)CCC
LogP: 1.390

Carbaryl ester obtained by the formal condensation of 1-naphthol with methylcarbamic acid.
Carbaryl is a colorless to light tan or white or gray, solid crystals depending on the purity of the compound. 
The crystals are essentially odorless, and stable to heat, light, and acids, but are not stable under alkaline conditions. 

Carbaryl is non-corrosive to metals, packaging materials, and application equipment. Carbaryl is classifi ed as a GUP. 
Carbaryl is sparingly soluble in water, but soluble in dimethylformamide, DMSO, acetone, cyclohexanone, isopropanol, and xylene. 
Carbaryl is a wide-spectrum carbamate insecticide that controls over 100 species of insects on citrus, fruit, cotton, forests, lawns, nuts, ornamentals, shade trees, and other crops, as well as on poultry, livestock, and pets. 

Carbaryl is also used as a molluscicide and an acaricide. 
Carbaryl works whether it is ingested into the stomach of the pest or absorbed through direct contact. 
Carbaryl is available as bait, dusts, wettable powders, granules, dispersions, and suspensions.

Carbaryl is a carbamate ester. Carbamates are chemically similar to, but more reactive than amides. 
Like amides they form polymers such as polyurethane resins. 
Carbaryl are incompatible with strong acids and bases, and especially incompatible with strong reducing agents such as hydrides. 

Flammable gaseous hydrogen is produced by the combination of active metals or nitrides with carbamates. 
Strongly oxidizing acids, peroxides, and hydroperoxides are incompatible with carbamates. 
Carbaryl is unstable in an alkaline media. 

Carbaryl is incompatible with the following: Strong oxidizers, strongly alkaline pesticides .
Carbaryl undergoes hydrolysis and ring oxidation in soils. 
The major metabolite in a number of studies was 1-naphthol. 

Metabolites also included 4-hydroxycarbaryl and 5-hydroxycarbaryl. 
In mammals, the major metabolite is 1-naphthol. 
Carbaryl is eliminated in urine and feces, together with the glucuronic acid conjugate. 

Aromatic ring hydroxylation at the 3-, 4-, 5-, or 6- positions also occurs as does hydroxylation at the N-methyl group.
Carbaryl is a 1-naphthyl methylcarbamate and is one of the classic examples of a carbamate insecticide.

Carbaryls insecticidal activity comes from the combination of a naphthalene ring and a carbamate group within the same molecule.
This structure allows carbaryl to interact with enzymes involved in nerve signaling in insects.

Carbaryl was introduced as an agricultural insecticide in the 1950s and became widely used because it could control many different insect pests.
Carbaryl was particularly attractive to growers because one active ingredient could be effective against several pest groups.
Its broad-spectrum activity, however, also meant that beneficial and non-target insects could be exposed.

Carbaryl is sometimes identified in older agricultural records under the trade name Sevin.
This name refers to commercial products rather than the chemical itself.
Different formulations sold under this name have contained carbaryl at different concentrations or with different inactive ingredients.

Carbaryl is a relatively stable crystalline material under normal storage conditions.
The pure active ingredient is generally described as white or colorless to pale crystalline material.
Commercial formulations can look very different because they may contain carriers, solvents, surfactants, or other formulation ingredients.

The molecule has an aromatic naphthalene structure, which gives carbaryl a relatively rigid and hydrophobic portion.
Attached to this ring is the methylcarbamate group responsible for its characteristic chemical reactivity.
This combination influences both its biological activity and environmental behavior.

Carbaryl does not need to be converted into another compound before it can inhibit its primary biological target.
Carbaryl can directly interact with acetylcholinesterase after entering an insect's nervous system.
This is different from some pesticides that require metabolic activation before becoming biologically active.

The inhibition of acetylcholinesterase causes acetylcholine to remain available at nerve junctions for longer than normal.
As a result, nerve signals can become excessive and uncoordinated.
At sufficiently high exposure, this can lead to tremors, paralysis, and death in susceptible insects.

Carbaryl's mode of action makes it part of the IRAC Group 1A insecticides.
This group includes carbamate compounds that inhibit acetylcholinesterase.
Grouping insecticides according to their mode of action is important when planning resistance-management programs.

Repeated use of carbaryl can select for resistant insect populations.
Some insects can increase the activity of enzymes that detoxify the pesticide before it reaches its target.
Other resistance mechanisms can involve changes in acetylcholinesterase itself.

Resistance is particularly important in agricultural systems where the same chemical is applied repeatedly.
A pest population does not need to become completely resistant for control effectiveness to decline.
Even partial resistance can make standard application programs less effective.

Carbaryl has historically been used against foliar-feeding insects.
These insects damage leaves and can reduce the plant's ability to photosynthesize and develop normally.
Treating foliage with an insecticide can therefore protect plants from direct feeding damage.

The compound has also been used against insects that attack developing fruits.
Fruit-feeding pests can cause both direct crop losses and cosmetic damage that reduces market value.
This was one reason carbaryl became important in orchard pest management.

Carbaryl has been used against various beetles and beetle larvae.
Carbaryls activity against chewing insects made it useful for protecting leaves, flowers, and fruit from feeding damage.
The exact level of control depends on the pest species and exposure.

Carbaryl has also been used against certain caterpillars and moth larvae.
These insects can consume substantial amounts of plant tissue during their larval stages.
Carbaryl can affect them through ingestion of treated plant material and direct contact.

Some aphids, leafhoppers, and related insects can also be affected by carbaryl.
These insects feed by piercing plant tissues and extracting plant fluids.
Although carbaryl is broad-spectrum, its effectiveness varies between species and life stages.

Carbaryl has been used on vegetable crops including crops where chewing insect damage is a major concern.
Historical labels covered a range of agricultural applications.
Current permitted uses should always be checked against local pesticide regulations because many uses have changed.

Carbaryl has also had a long history in fruit production.
Orchards used it to manage several insect pests that could affect fruit quality.
Its broad activity made it convenient in situations where multiple pests occurred during the growing season.

Another historical application involved nut crops.
Insect pests can damage developing nuts, leaves, and branches, reducing yield and quality.
Carbaryl was used in some crop-protection programs to reduce this damage.

The compound has also been associated with ornamental horticulture.
Gardeners and professional landscapers historically used carbaryl products against insects damaging ornamental plants.
Because the compound is not highly selective, such applications could also expose beneficial insects.

Carbaryl has been used in forestry for managing certain insect pests.
Forest insects can damage foliage or attack trees, potentially affecting tree growth and commercial timber production.
Its historical use in forestry demonstrates the broad range of environments in which the pesticide was applied.

Another area of historical use was turf management.
Certain insect pests can damage grass roots or foliage, creating patches of weakened or dead turf.
Carbaryl-containing products were previously used to control some of these pests.

Carbaryl has also been studied for household and structural pest control applications.
Its broad insecticidal activity made it attractive for controlling certain insects outside agricultural fields.
However, regulations concerning these uses have changed substantially over time.

One important characteristic of carbaryl is that it is not highly volatile.
This means that exposure is generally more closely associated with contact with the material, treated surfaces, dust, or spray droplets than with rapid evaporation into the air.
This does not eliminate inhalation exposure, particularly when aerosols or dust are generated.

Carbaryl can attach to soil particles and organic matter after entering the environment.
The extent of this interaction depends on soil composition and environmental conditions.
This affects how much of the chemical remains available for movement or degradation.

Carbaryl can undergo degradation in soil through microbial activity and chemical hydrolysis.
Microorganisms can contribute to its transformation, while pH and temperature can influence chemical breakdown.
Consequently, its persistence can vary considerably between environmental conditions.

Alkaline conditions generally favor faster hydrolysis of carbaryl.
This is related to the chemical instability of the carbamate linkage under suitable conditions.
Environmental pH can therefore influence how long residues remain detectable.

Carbaryl can form 1-naphthol as an important degradation product.
This transformation is significant because 1-naphthol has its own chemical and toxicological properties.
Environmental studies therefore sometimes measure both carbaryl and its degradation products.

The formation of 1-naphthol is also useful in analytical chemistry.
Researchers can monitor the appearance of this metabolite while measuring the disappearance of carbaryl.
This provides information about degradation pathways.

Sunlight can contribute to the breakdown of carbaryl on exposed surfaces.
Photochemical reactions can reduce residues on plant leaves and other surfaces exposed to sunlight.
The rate of this process depends on environmental conditions and the characteristics of the treated surface.

Rain can remove carbaryl residues from plant surfaces.
Some of the material may be washed into soil or nearby water rather than simply disappearing.
This creates an important connection between crop treatment and environmental transport.

Carbaryl can reach surface waters through agricultural runoff.
Rainfall following application can carry residues away from treated fields.
The amount transported depends on application timing, rainfall intensity, soil characteristics, and vegetation cover.

Aquatic organisms can be sensitive to carbaryl exposure.
This is particularly relevant when pesticide residues enter ponds, streams, or other water bodies.
Preventing runoff and avoiding inappropriate applications near water can reduce environmental exposure.

Carbaryl is also important because of its effects on beneficial insects.
Pollinators and natural predators of agricultural pests can be exposed when broad-spectrum insecticides are applied.
This can reduce some of the biological control services provided by these organisms.

Honey bees are an important example of a non-target organism considered in carbaryl risk assessments.
Direct exposure to carbaryl during treatment can be harmful to bees.
Application timing and restrictions around flowering crops can therefore be important.

Carbaryl can also affect predatory insects that naturally control pest populations.
If these beneficial species are reduced, pest populations may sometimes recover more rapidly.
This is one reason modern integrated pest-management programs often emphasize monitoring and selective control.

Carbaryl has been studied extensively in ecotoxicology.
Researchers have examined its effects on insects, aquatic organisms, soil organisms, and other non-target species.
These studies provide information used in environmental risk assessments.

Carbaryl has a long history of toxicological research in mammals.
Studies have examined acute toxicity, metabolism, nervous-system effects, and repeated exposure.
Because its primary mechanism involves acetylcholinesterase inhibition, neurological effects are an important part of its safety assessment.

The body can metabolize carbaryl through enzymatic pathways.
Metabolic reactions can produce compounds that are subsequently eliminated from the body.
The speed and extent of metabolism influence the duration of exposure to the parent pesticide.

Carbaryl residues can be investigated using chromatographic techniques.
Gas chromatography and liquid chromatography can separate carbaryl from other compounds in environmental or food samples.
Mass spectrometry can then provide sensitive and selective detection.

High-performance liquid chromatography is particularly useful for analyzing carbaryl in water, soil extracts, plant material, and food matrices.
The analytical method can be adjusted depending on the complexity of the sample.
Quality-control procedures are used to ensure reliable measurements.

Carbaryl can also be detected using UV-based analytical methods because its aromatic structure absorbs ultraviolet radiation.
This provides a relatively straightforward approach for some laboratory measurements.
More selective methods are preferred when samples contain many potentially interfering compounds.

The compound's aromatic structure makes spectroscopic characterization relatively straightforward.
NMR can provide information about the naphthalene and methylcarbamate portions of the molecule.
FTIR can help identify the carbamate functional group.

Carbaryl is an interesting compound for studying pesticide degradation kinetics.
Researchers can measure concentration over time and calculate degradation rates under controlled conditions.
These experiments can be performed in soil, water, plant tissues, or laboratory solutions.

Temperature can influence the rate at which carbaryl degrades.
Higher temperatures often accelerate chemical and biological processes, although the exact relationship depends on the environmental system.
This is one reason degradation rates measured in laboratories cannot always be transferred directly to every field condition.

Soil moisture also influences carbaryl degradation.
Microbial activity and chemical reactions can change substantially as water availability changes.
Dry and wet soil environments may therefore show different residue behavior.

Carbaryl has also been included in pesticide-residue monitoring programs.
Agricultural products can be tested to determine whether residues remain after treatment.
Regulatory limits vary depending on the crop, country, and intended use.

Carbaryl is relevant to pre-harvest interval studies.
Researchers can monitor how quickly residues decline after application.
The resulting information can help establish appropriate intervals between pesticide treatment and harvest where the use is permitted.

Carbaryl has also been used in studies of environmental exposure modeling.
Researchers can combine application rates, degradation rates, transport properties, and environmental conditions to estimate potential concentrations.
Such models can support ecological and human-health risk assessments.

Historical carbaryl contamination can be investigated at agricultural properties and storage areas.
Soil sampling can determine whether residues remain at locations where pesticide products were previously handled or applied.
Historical records are often useful for identifying possible sources.

Carbaryl is also relevant to pesticide formulation research.
Different formulations can change how the active ingredient is dispersed, deposited, and retained on plant surfaces.
Formulation characteristics can therefore influence both effectiveness and exposure.

Another interesting aspect is the difference between active ingredient and formulated product.
A commercial pesticide product may contain carbaryl together with carriers and other ingredients.
The hazards and handling requirements of the complete product should therefore be assessed using its own label and Safety Data Sheet.

Carbaryl has played an important role in the development of modern pesticide science.
Its broad-spectrum activity, established biochemical target, environmental behavior, and toxicological profile have provided researchers with extensive data for studying insecticides.
Carbaryl is frequently discussed alongside other historical organophosphate and carbamate pesticides.

Carbaryls history also illustrates the changing approach to pest management.
Older programs often depended heavily on broad-spectrum chemicals, while modern programs increasingly combine monitoring, biological control, crop management, and more selective pesticides.
This change aims to maintain pest control while reducing impacts on beneficial organisms and the environment.

Carbaryl remains relevant when studying historical pesticide use and contamination even where it is no longer permitted for the same applications.
Old agricultural records, environmental samples, and pesticide-storage sites can contain information about its former use.
This makes the compound relevant to environmental assessment as well as agricultural chemistry.

Carbaryl is a well-studied carbamate insecticide whose importance extends beyond its original agricultural applications.
Carbaryls chemistry, acetylcholinesterase inhibition, degradation to products such as 1-naphthol, effects on beneficial organisms, environmental mobility, and extensive toxicological history have made it an important subject in pesticide science.
Although many uses have been restricted or withdrawn, carbaryl continues to be encountered in environmental monitoring, residue analysis, toxicology, degradation studies, resistance research, and investigations of historical pesticide contamination.

Uses:
Contact insecticide used to control most insects on fruits, vegetables and ornamentals
Carbaryl is one of the most widely used insecticides in agriculture, professional turf management and ornamental production, as well as in residential pet, lawn, and garden markets. 
It controls over 100 species of insects that infect citrus, cotton, nuts, and forest and ornaments trees, as well as poultry and livestock. Carbaryl also is used as a mosquito adulticide. 

Carbaryl is available in a variety of formulations bait, dust, wettable powders, granules, dispersions and suspensions. 
Washington State, for example, has a Special Local Needs registration to control burrowing shrimp in oyster beds. 

Carbaryl is primarily used as a broad-spectrum insecticide for controlling insects that damage agricultural and horticultural plants.
Its effectiveness against many different insect species made it a widely used pesticide after its introduction.
Carbaryl acts mainly by inhibiting acetylcholinesterase in the nervous system of susceptible insects.

One of the main historical uses of carbaryl was crop protection.
Carbaryl was applied to crops when insect feeding threatened plant growth, crop yield, or product quality.
Its broad activity allowed growers to target several pest species with the same active ingredient.

Carbaryl has been used extensively in fruit production.
Orchards have historically used it against insects that feed on leaves, flowers, and developing fruit.
This helped reduce insect damage and maintain the commercial quality of harvested fruit.

Carbaryl has also been used on vegetable crops.
Carbaryl has historically been applied against chewing insects and other pests that can damage leaves and developing vegetables.
The specific crops and permitted applications have varied according to local pesticide regulations.

Carbaryl has had applications in nut production as well.
Insect pests can attack leaves, flowers, developing nuts, and other plant tissues.
Historical carbaryl treatments were used to reduce these types of insect damage.

Another important area is ornamental horticulture.
Carbaryl-containing products were historically used to control insects on ornamental trees, shrubs, flowers, and other garden plants.
These applications have become more restricted in many regions because of concerns about exposure to non-target organisms.

Carbaryl has also been used in home gardening.
It was historically available in products intended to control insects affecting vegetables, fruit plants, flowers, and ornamental vegetation.
The availability of these products has changed significantly as pesticide regulations have become stricter.

Carbaryl has been used against beetles and beetle larvae.
Many beetle species feed directly on plant leaves, stems, roots, or fruits and can cause substantial crop damage.
Carbaryl's contact and ingestion activity made it useful against several of these pests.

Carbaryl has also been used to control caterpillars and moth larvae.
These insects can consume large amounts of plant material during their larval stages.
Treatment of affected vegetation can reduce feeding damage when the pesticide is effective against the particular species.

Another historical target group includes aphids and leafhoppers.
These insects feed on plant tissues and can weaken plants or contribute to disease transmission.
Carbaryl's broad insecticidal activity allowed it to be included in some pest-control programs targeting these insects.

Carbaryl has also been used against grasshoppers and related foliage-feeding insects.
Large populations of these insects can cause rapid loss of plant material.
Carbaryl was historically used in some agricultural and non-crop settings for this type of pest problem.

Carbaryl has had applications in turf management.
Certain insects can damage grass foliage or roots and create areas of weakened turf.
Historical carbaryl products were used to control some of these insects in lawns and managed turf.

Another historical application was forestry and tree protection.
Carbaryl has been investigated and used against certain insects that feed on forest vegetation or trees.
Controlling these pests can help reduce damage to foliage and maintain tree health.

Carbaryl has also been used for landscape pest management.
Professional landscape managers historically used insecticides such as carbaryl when insect infestations affected ornamental trees, shrubs, or managed vegetation.
Its broad-spectrum activity made it useful where several types of insects were present.

Carbaryl has been used in non-crop vegetation management in some historical applications.
Areas around infrastructure sometimes required control of insects affecting vegetation or surrounding plants.
Such uses are now subject to much greater regulatory control than in the past.

Carbaryl has also been investigated for structural and general pest-control applications.
Its insecticidal properties made it suitable for research into controlling insects outside agricultural fields.
However, the legality and availability of these applications depend on the specific country and product registration.

One important use of carbaryl is as a research compound in insect toxicology.
Scientists use controlled concentrations to study how acetylcholinesterase inhibition affects insects.
These experiments help researchers understand the relationship between pesticide exposure and nervous-system function.

Carbaryl is widely used in laboratory studies of acetylcholinesterase inhibition.
Because its mode of action is well established, it provides a useful example of how carbamate insecticides interfere with nerve signaling.
Researchers can measure enzyme activity before and after exposure to evaluate the biological response.

Carbaryl is also used in insecticide resistance research.
Scientists expose different insect populations to carbaryl and compare their sensitivity.
This can help identify populations that have developed resistance after repeated pesticide exposure.

Carbaryl can be used to investigate resistance mechanisms in insects.
Researchers can study changes in acetylcholinesterase, detoxification enzymes, and other biological processes that allow insects to survive exposure.
This information can contribute to resistance-management strategies.

Another research application is comparative insecticide testing.
Carbaryl can be compared with organophosphate, pyrethroid, neonicotinoid, and other insecticide classes.
Researchers can evaluate differences in potency, mode of action, persistence, and effects on non-target organisms.

Carbaryl is also used in environmental fate studies.
Researchers investigate how the compound behaves after it enters soil, water, or plant material.
These studies examine degradation, transport, persistence, and transformation products.

Carbaryl is useful in research on pesticide degradation in soil.
Scientists can monitor carbaryl concentrations over time and determine how environmental conditions affect its breakdown.
Factors such as pH, temperature, moisture, and microbial activity can influence the results.

Carbaryl is also included in studies of hydrolysis and photodegradation.
Researchers can determine how quickly the pesticide breaks down under different water and light conditions.
These experiments help explain its environmental fate after application.

Another use is environmental monitoring.
Laboratories can analyze soil, water, sediment, and plant samples to determine whether carbaryl residues are present.
This can be particularly important near agricultural areas or locations with historical pesticide use.

Carbaryl is used as a target compound in pesticide residue analysis.
Food and agricultural samples can be tested to determine the concentration of carbaryl remaining after treatment.
Such analysis is important where carbaryl use is legally permitted and residue limits apply.

Carbaryl can be analyzed using high-performance liquid chromatography.
HPLC methods can separate carbaryl from other substances present in complex samples.
Detection can be combined with UV or mass-spectrometric techniques depending on the required sensitivity.

Gas chromatography has also been used for carbaryl residue analysis, particularly with appropriate sample preparation or derivatization.
Modern analytical laboratories often select the technique according to the sample matrix and detection requirements.
Mass spectrometry can provide additional confirmation of compound identity.

Carbaryl is also used in analytical method development.
Researchers can develop extraction and detection procedures for measuring low concentrations in food, soil, water, and biological samples.
Validated methods can then be used for routine monitoring.

Another application is the study of pesticide residues on crops.
Researchers can follow the concentration of carbaryl on plant surfaces after application.
The data can be used to understand how residues decline through weathering, plant metabolism, and environmental degradation.

Carbaryl has been used in studies of pre-harvest intervals where its use is permitted.
Researchers monitor residue levels over time after treatment to determine how quickly concentrations decline.
This information can support agricultural practices and regulatory decisions.

Carbaryl is also useful in food-safety research.
Analytical laboratories can investigate whether pesticide residues in agricultural products remain below applicable maximum residue limits.
The limits and legal requirements differ between countries and commodities.

Carbaryl can be used in ecotoxicological research to study its effects on organisms other than target pests.
Researchers may examine responses in bees, aquatic organisms, soil organisms, and other species.
These studies help determine the environmental consequences of pesticide exposure.

Research involving carbaryl and pollinators is particularly important.
Because the compound is broad-spectrum, exposure can affect beneficial insects as well as agricultural pests.
Scientists can use controlled experiments to evaluate exposure levels and biological responses.

Carbaryl is also used in studies of aquatic toxicity.
Researchers can expose aquatic organisms to controlled concentrations to determine potential effects.
These data are useful when assessing the consequences of pesticide runoff into surface waters.

Another application is environmental risk assessment.
Scientists combine information about toxicity, application patterns, environmental degradation, and exposure pathways to estimate potential risks.
This information can contribute to decisions about pesticide restrictions and protective measures.

Carbaryl can also be included in historical contamination investigations.
Environmental scientists may test soil and water at locations where the pesticide was used many years ago.
This can help determine whether residues or degradation products remain at the site.

Carbaryl is useful in research on pesticide transport.
Scientists can investigate how carbaryl moves from treated vegetation into soil, surface water, and other environmental compartments.
Understanding these pathways helps identify potential exposure routes.

Carbaryl has also been studied in integrated pest management.
Researchers can evaluate when chemical treatment is actually necessary by combining pest monitoring with biological and cultural control methods.
This can reduce unnecessary pesticide applications and limit impacts on beneficial organisms.

Carbaryl can serve as a reference insecticide when testing new pest-control compounds.
New chemicals can be compared with carbaryl to evaluate relative insecticidal activity.
This provides a useful benchmark because carbaryl's mode of action and performance have been extensively studied.

Carbaryl is also relevant to formulation research.
Researchers can study how different formulations influence application, stability, adhesion to plant surfaces, and insect exposure.
The formulation can significantly influence how the active ingredient behaves after application.

Another use is in pesticide efficacy studies.
Researchers can compare carbaryl treatments at different concentrations and against different insect species.
The resulting data can show how pest susceptibility changes with dose and exposure conditions.

Carbaryl has also been used in studies involving plant–insect interactions.
Researchers can investigate how insect feeding changes when plants are treated with the insecticide.
Such experiments can provide information about pest behavior and chemical exposure.

Carbaryl can be useful in toxicokinetic studies examining how pesticides are absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated.
These studies can be performed in insects or other experimental systems.
The results help explain how long carbaryl remains biologically active after exposure.

Carbaryl has also been used to study pesticide metabolism.
Researchers can identify metabolites produced when organisms or environmental systems transform the compound.
Understanding these pathways is important for evaluating both the parent pesticide and its transformation products.

Another area is occupational exposure research.
Scientists can measure carbaryl concentrations in workplaces where pesticide products are handled or applied.
These measurements can be used to evaluate exposure-control practices.

Carbaryl can also be used in environmental analytical standards.
Certified or characterized carbaryl materials may be used to calibrate analytical instruments and validate laboratory methods.
This helps laboratories obtain reliable quantitative measurements.

Carbaryl has historically been used mainly for agricultural, horticultural, forestry, turf, and general insect control, particularly against beetles, caterpillars, grasshoppers, aphids, and other plant-feeding insects.
Carbaryls additional uses in research include acetylcholinesterase studies, insecticide-resistance research, pesticide degradation studies, residue analysis, environmental monitoring, ecotoxicology, formulation development, and risk assessment.
Because many carbaryl applications have been restricted or withdrawn in different countries, its current use should always be checked against the pesticide regulations and registered product information applicable to the specific region.

Safety Profile:
Poison by ingestion, intravenous, intraperitoneal, and possibly other routes. 
Human systemic effects by ingestion: sensory change involving peripheral nerves and muscle weakness. Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects. 
Questionable carcinogen with experimental carcinogenic and tumorigenic data. 

Human mutation data reported. 
Carbaryl an eye and severe skin irritant. 
Absorbed by all routes, although skin absorption is slow. 

Symptoms include blurred vision, headache, stomachache, vomiting. 
Symptoms sirmlar to but less severe than those due to parathion. 
Carbaryl a reversible cholinesterase inhibitor.

Carbaryl is a carbamate insecticide that can be harmful to humans and other organisms when exposure is sufficiently high.
Carbaryls main toxicological concern comes from its ability to inhibit acetylcholinesterase, an enzyme that is essential for normal nerve signaling.
For this reason, unnecessary exposure should be avoided during handling, storage, and application.

Carbaryl can be harmful if it is swallowed, inhaled, or absorbed through the skin, particularly when exposure involves concentrated material.
The actual level of risk depends on the concentration, formulation, route of exposure, and duration.
People working directly with the technical material or concentrated formulations generally require stronger exposure controls.

The nervous system is the primary biological system affected by carbaryl toxicity.
Inhibition of acetylcholinesterase causes acetylcholine to accumulate at nerve endings.
This can lead to excessive stimulation of the nervous system when exposure is high enough.

Symptoms of significant carbaryl exposure can include headache, dizziness, weakness, sweating, nausea, vomiting, abdominal discomfort, blurred vision, and excessive salivation.
More severe poisoning can result in muscle twitching, difficulty breathing, loss of coordination, or other serious neurological effects.
Anyone with significant suspected exposure should receive appropriate medical evaluation.

Carbaryl can cause eye irritation after direct contact.
Dust, concentrated material, or pesticide formulations can enter the eyes during handling or application.
Protective eyewear is therefore appropriate when there is a risk of splashing or airborne particles.

Supply Of Carbaryl: 
For further information about Carbaryl, including available product grades, technical specifications, application suitability and supply options, please contact Ataman Kimya.