Quick Search
Carbofuran is a crystalline carbamate chemical whose physical behavior is strongly influenced by its relatively low volatility and moderate solubility in water.
Carbofuran s water solubility has been reported at around 0.7 g/L, while its vapor pressure remains very low under normal conditions.
Carbofuran is more likely to remain associated with a solid or dissolved phase than to readily enter the atmosphere as a vapor.
CAS Number: 1563-66-2
Molecular Formula: C₁₂H₁₅NO₃
Molecular Weight: 221.25 g/mol
EINECS Number: 216-353-0
Synonyms: carbofuran, 1563-66-2, Furadan, Curaterr, Yaltox, Chinufur, Furadan 3G, Crisfuran, Furacarb, Furadan G, Furadan 4f, Carbofurane, Kenofuran, Pillarfuran, BAY 70143, Karbofuranu, Furodan, Brifur, Niagara 10242, Niagara nia-10242, FMC 10242, NIA 10242, Me f248, Diafuran, Furadane, ENT 27,164, OMS 864, OMS-864, 2,2-Dimethyl-7-coumaranyl N-methylcarbamate, BAY 78537, 2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate, 2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-7-benzofuranyl N-methylcarbamate, DTXSID9020249, 7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-, methylcarbamate, D 1221, Furadan 75 WP, C2292-59A, CHEBI:34611, 2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol methylcarbamate, 2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuranyl-7-N-methylcarbamate, Carbamic acid, methyl-, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl ester, 2,2-Dimethyl-2,2-dihydrobenzofuranyl-7 N-methylcarbamate, 2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate, SKF77S6Y67, Methyl carbamic acid 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl ester, Carbamic acid, methyl-, 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl ester, (2,2-dimethyl-3H-1-benzofuran-7-yl) N-methylcarbamate, 2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate, NSC-167822, DTXCID70249, 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl N-methylcarbamate, N-Metylokarbaminian 2,3-dwuwodoro-2,2-dwumetylobenzofuranylu-7, NIA10242, RefChem:5650, 2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-7-benzofuranyl-N-methylcarbamate, 2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol-N-methylcarbamate, 1-((2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl)oxy)-N-methylmethanimidic acid, 216-353-0, Bayer 70143, Carbodan, Karbofuranu [Polish], Caswell No. 160A, Carbofuran [ANSI:BSI:ISO], NIA-10242, CCRIS 4017, HSDB 1530, EINECS 216-353-0, 2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol N-methylcarbamate, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 090601, NSC 167822, BRN 1428746, AI3-27164, C12H15NO3, Spectrum_001895, SpecPlus_000516, Spectrum2_001871, Spectrum3_000848, Spectrum4_000688, Spectrum5_002012, Oprea1_828936, BSPBio_002435, KBioGR_001155, KBioSS_002425, SPECTRUM330057, DivK1c_006612, SPBio_001742, KBio1_001556, KBio2_002419, KBio2_004987, KBio2_007555, KBio3_001935, 7-Benzofuranol, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-, 7-(N-methylcarbamate), 5-17-04-00048 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), N-Metylokarbaminian 2,3-dwuwodoro-2,2-dwumetylobenzofuranylu-7 [Polish], NSC167822, NCGC00094541-01, NCGC00094541-02, WLN: T56 BOT&J C1 C1 IOVM1, C14291, 2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzoduranyl-7-N-methylcarbamate, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl N-methylcarbamate, 7-Benzofurano, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl, methylcarbamate, Sunfuran, Terafuran, Brifer, Furadan F, Carbofuran [ISO], NEX, CAS-1563-66-2, UNII-SKF77S6Y67, Tripart nex, Carbofuran, 98%, Niagaral 242, LS-900, Furathiocarb metabolite, Sipcam UK carbosip 5G, CARBOFURAN [MI], CARBOFURAN [HSDB], SCHEMBL21656, BIDD:ER0379, (2,2-dimethyl-3H-benzofuran-7-yl) N-methylcarbamate, 426008_ALDRICH, 45370_RIEDEL, CHEMBL416081, SCHEMBL21722098, MSK20271, Tox21_201955, Tox21_300623, BDBM50064619, CCG-39409, ZINC00056963, AKOS015907855, Carbofuran 100 microg/mL in Methanol, EBC-605197, FC19714, NA 2757, Carbofuran 1000 microg/mL in Methanol, NCGC00094541-03, NCGC00094541-04, NCGC00094541-05, NCGC00254481-01, NCGC00259504-01, AC-10588, SBI-0052542.P002, 2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate, DB-043313, 2,2-dihydrobenzofuranyl-7 N-methylcarbamate, 2,2-dimethylbenzofuranyl-7-N-methylcarbamate, NS00010602, Carbofuran, PESTANAL(R), analytical standard, Q423136, 2,2-DIMETHYL-7-BENZOFURANOL, METHYLCARBAMATE, BRD-K53570330-001-01-2, 7-Benzofuranol,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-, methylcarbamate, 2, 3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate, 2, 3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuranyl-7-N-methylcarbamate, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl benzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-benzofurane-7-yl methyl-carbamate, 2,3-dihydro-2,2-dimethylbenzofuran-7-yl N-methyl-carbamate, 2,2-Dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-1-benzofuran-7-yl methylcarbamate #, 2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranyl methylcarbamate, 9CI, Carbamic acid, 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydrobenzofuran-7-yl ester, 2,3-DIHYDRO-2,2-DIMETHYL-7-BENZOFURANOL, METHYLCARBAMATE, Benzofuran-7-ol, 2,3-dihydro, 2,2-dimethyl, N-methylcarbamate, Carbamic acid, methyl-, 2,2-dimethyl-2,3-dihydro-7-benzofuranyl ester, 2,3-Dihydro-2,2-dimethyl-7-benzofuranol N-Methylcarbamate; Bay 70143; NIA-10242; Furadan;, InChI=1/C12H15NO3/c1-12(2)7-8-5-4-6-9(10(8)16-12)15-11(14)13-3/h4-6H,7H2,1-3H3,(H,13,14)
Carbofuran behaves in soil can change considerably from one soil type to another.
Carbofuran generally shows relatively high mobility because it does not bind strongly to soil organic matter, although clay and organic-carbon content can reduce its movement.
For this reason, soil composition, moisture, and local environmental conditions are important when evaluating the behavior of carbofuran after application.
Carbofuran can move through soil with water, particularly in soils where there is limited adsorption to organic matter or clay.
Reported Koc values range from about 7.3 to 123, which reflects the variation observed between different soils and experimental conditions.
The lower sorption tendency is one of the reasons carbofuran has historically been investigated in relation to movement into groundwater.
The stability of carbofuran in water is closely related to pH, and this is one of the more important characteristics when considering its chemical behavior.
Under neutral conditions, hydrolysis can be relatively slow, whereas alkaline conditions greatly accelerate the breakdown of the molecule.
For example, reported hydrolysis half-lives at 25 °C were approximately 690 weeks at pH 6, 8.2 weeks at pH 7, and 1 week at pH 8.
The difference becomes even more pronounced under strongly alkaline conditions.
Carbofuran, one study reported a hydrolysis half-life of approximately 5.1 weeks at pH 7 but only about 1.2 hours at pH 10.
Carbofuran large change shows why pH should always be considered when discussing the stability of carbofuran in an aqueous system.
Sunlight can also contribute to the breakdown of carbofuran, particularly when the chemical is present in water or exposed to light in the environment.
The molecule absorbs strongly in the ultraviolet region around 295–305 nm, making direct photochemical transformation possible under suitable conditions.
Studies have reported much faster disappearance under sunlight than in darkness in some natural-water systems.
The degradation of carbofuran is not limited to one reaction pathway, and different environments can produce different transformation products.
Products reported during degradation include 3-hydroxycarbofuran, 3-ketocarbofuran, carbofuran phenol, and 3-ketocarbofuran phenol.
The proportions of these products depend on whether the transformation occurs through hydrolysis, microbial activity, oxidation, or photochemical reactions.
Microorganisms can play an important role in the disappearance of carbofuran from soil.
Laboratory studies have shown considerably faster degradation in non-sterile soils than in sterilized samples, indicating that microbial activity contributes substantially to the transformation process.
Previous exposure of soil to carbofuran can also increase the rate at which subsequently applied carbofuran is degraded, suggesting adaptation of the soil microbial community.
The moisture content of soil can affect how quickly carbofuran is broken down.
Experimental work has shown that degradation can proceed rapidly when sufficient moisture is available, while much drier conditions can significantly reduce microbial mineralization.
This means that the persistence of carbofuran cannot be estimated from chemical structure alone because the physical condition of the soil also influences its disappearance.
Temperature can similarly change the rate at which carbofuran disappears from environmental matrices.
Field and laboratory studies have reported substantially different degradation periods depending on temperature, moisture, soil characteristics, and previous pesticide exposure.
Consequently, reported half-lives should be regarded as condition-dependent values rather than as a single fixed property of the substance.
Carbofuran can also behave differently depending on whether it is present as the technical active substance or in a formulated product.
Historical data indicate that granular formulations can persist longer in soil than technical carbofuran under some test conditions, reflecting differences in how the active ingredient is released.
This distinction is useful when comparing environmental measurements or technical data from different formulations.
Carbofuran has relatively little tendency to evaporate from water because its Henry's law constant is very low.
Carbofuran means that loss from water is generally more strongly influenced by degradation processes such as hydrolysis and biodegradation than by simple transfer of the dissolved chemical into the atmosphere.
The same property helps explain why water chemistry can have a greater influence on its persistence than atmospheric volatilization.
In the atmosphere, carbofuran can exist partly in the vapor phase and partly associated with airborne particles.
The vapor-phase material can react with hydroxyl radicals produced through atmospheric photochemistry, while particulate material can be removed through wet or dry deposition.
The estimated atmospheric lifetime therefore depends on the physical form of the chemical and the environmental conditions present at the time of release.
Carbofuran has been detected in environmental monitoring studies involving groundwater and drinking-water sources, particularly in areas where soil conditions favor movement of dissolved chemicals.
Historical monitoring reported concentrations in private wells in locations with sandy soils and shallow water-table aquifers.
Carbofuran behavior is consistent with the relatively weak soil sorption and measurable water solubility reported for the substance.
The interaction of carbofuran with soil is influenced strongly by the amount and type of organic matter present.
Soils containing more clay or organic material can retain the chemical more effectively than coarse, low-organic soils, reducing its mobility through the soil profile.
Carbofuran is why environmental assessments normally consider the properties of the actual soil rather than applying one mobility value to every agricultural location.
Carbofuran has also been studied in rice-paddy water, where its concentration can decrease relatively quickly under certain field conditions.
One reported study estimated a dissipation half-life of about three days in paddy water, with hydrolysis and biodegradation both contributing to the loss of the parent compound.
The corresponding disappearance from paddy soil was slower, illustrating how the same chemical can behave differently in water and soil within one agricultural system.
Carbofuran's behavior in water treatment systems can also vary according to the treatment process and water chemistry.
Experimental investigations have examined its degradation during treatment with oxidants, ozone, chlorine-based systems, and ultraviolet processes, with the extent of removal differing between methods.
This is another example of why carbofuran concentration alone does not provide enough information to predict its persistence in a particular water system.
Carbofuran can be analyzed in complex samples by combining extraction, chromatographic separation, and selective detection, allowing relatively small quantities to be distinguished from other chemicals in soil, water, and biological matrices.
Because several transformation products can occur alongside the parent substance, analytical methods may need to distinguish carbofuran from compounds such as 3-hydroxycarbofuran and carbofuran phenol.
This is particularly important when the objective is to understand degradation rather than simply determine whether the original compound is present.
The physical properties of carbofuran also make it possible to distinguish the pure material from many formulated products.
Pure carbofuran is described as a white crystalline solid with a melting point around 153–154 °C, whereas commercial formulations may appear as granules, wettable powders, or flowable preparations.
The form supplied to a customer should therefore always be considered when discussing density, solubility, appearance, and handling characteristics.
Carbofuran belongs to the group of N-methyl carbamate compounds, with its chemical structure built around a substituted benzofuran ring and a carbamate functional group.
The benzofuran portion contains the fused aromatic ring system, while the carbamate part contributes the nitrogen and oxygen functionality that distinguishes carbofuran from many other benzofuran derivatives.
This combination gives the molecule a defined structure that can be readily differentiated from related carbamate chemicals through chromatographic and spectrometric analysis.
In its pure form, carbofuran is normally encountered as a white to colorless crystalline solid, rather than as a liquid.
Descriptions from chemical and occupational references generally agree on its crystalline appearance and very low odor, although the appearance of a commercial product can change when the active substance is incorporated into a carrier or formulation.
This distinction is useful when comparing a laboratory-grade material with older commercial preparations.
The melting behavior of carbofuran is another useful characteristic when identifying the material.
The reported melting point is generally around 150–154 °C, with values near 153 °C commonly given for the pure substance.
A melting range can be particularly useful during laboratory identification because impurities or differences in material composition may broaden or shift the observed transition.
Carbofuran has a molecular weight of approximately 221.25 g/mol, which places it in a relatively low molecular-weight range for an aromatic carbamate.
Its molecular formula is C12H15NO3, and the structure contains one nitrogen atom and three oxygen atoms.
The oxygen-containing groups account for a significant part of the molecule's polarity while the benzofuran ring contributes to its interaction with organic phases.
The molecule contains a single hydrogen-bond donor and three hydrogen-bond acceptors, characteristics that influence how it interacts with solvents and other chemical species.
Its calculated topological polar surface area is about 47.6 Ų, which is consistent with the presence of the carbamate and ether-type oxygen atoms.
These properties help explain why carbofuran is neither extremely hydrophilic nor strongly nonpolar.
Carbofuran has a calculated XlogP value of approximately 2.3, indicating a moderate preference for organic environments compared with water.
This value fits reasonably well with its measured water solubility and observed behavior during solvent extraction.
In practical analytical work, the choice of extraction solvent can therefore have a noticeable effect on how efficiently carbofuran is recovered from a sample.
Carbofuran's low vapor pressure means that it does not readily behave like a volatile organic liquid at ordinary temperatures.
Reported values are in the range of a few millionths of a millimetre of mercury at room temperature, although the exact value depends on the temperature and measurement source.
For this reason, physical transfer through water, soil, dust, or formulated material is generally more relevant to its distribution than rapid evaporation.
Carbofuran has measurable solubility in water, but its behavior is not the same as that of highly water-soluble organic chemicals.
Reported solubility values are commonly around 0.7 g/L at 25 °C, while considerably higher solubility can be obtained in a number of organic solvents.
Carbofuran difference is useful when developing laboratory solutions or selecting an extraction system for carbofuran-containing samples.
Carbofuran's solubility can also change with the chemical environment of the solution, particularly when degradation begins to occur.
Under alkaline conditions, carbofuran can break down considerably faster than it does in mildly acidic or neutral water.
As a result, preparing or storing aqueous solutions requires attention to pH when the original compound needs to remain chemically unchanged.
The carbamate portion of carbofuran is susceptible to hydrolytic cleavage, producing products that no longer have the same molecular structure as the parent material.
One important product formed during this type of transformation is carbofuran phenol, which results from cleavage of the carbamate linkage.
This reaction is especially relevant in alkaline solutions where hydrolysis becomes much faster.
Oxidative transformation provides another route by which carbofuran can change chemically.
Products such as 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran have been identified during degradation studies, showing that modification can occur at the carbon framework of the benzofuran portion.
Carbofurans are important when analytical methods are designed to distinguish the original substance from its transformation products.
Carbofuran can also be affected by microbial activity in soil, and the rate of disappearance can increase when microorganisms capable of degrading the molecule are present.
Repeated exposure of soil to the chemical has been reported to influence subsequent degradation rates, a phenomenon commonly associated with adaptation of the microbial population.
This means that the same soil can behave differently after previous exposure compared with a soil that has never encountered Carbofuran.
Moisture is another factor that can change the rate at which carbofuran disappears from soil.
When enough water is available, microorganisms and chemical reactions can interact more effectively with Carbofuran, while dry conditions may slow some degradation pathways.
For environmental measurements, soil moisture therefore needs to be considered alongside temperature, pH, organic matter, and microbial activity.
Carbofuran does not bind equally strongly to every soil type, and soil organic carbon and clay content can influence its movement.
Coarse soils with relatively little organic matter generally provide fewer sites for adsorption, allowing a larger fraction of dissolved carbofuran to remain mobile.
Soils with greater adsorption capacity can retain more of the chemical and reduce its movement with percolating water.
This mobility is particularly relevant to studies of groundwater contamination, because carbofuran can move downward when water passes through susceptible soils.
The extent of movement depends on rainfall or irrigation, soil texture, organic-carbon content, groundwater depth, and the rate at which degradation occurs.
Consequently, groundwater behavior cannot be predicted accurately from water solubility alone.
Carbofuran can occur in several physical forms depending on how it is supplied.
Historical commercial materials included granular preparations, wettable powders, and liquid or flowable formulations in which the active substance was combined with other ingredients.
Carbofuran can be identified using a combination of gas or liquid chromatographic separation and selective detection, depending on the sample matrix and analytical objective.
Mass spectrometry provides an additional level of confirmation by allowing the molecular ion and characteristic fragments to be examined rather than relying only on chromatographic retention.
This is especially useful when carbofuran must be measured in samples containing other pesticides or structurally related compounds.
Analytical determination can become more complicated when the sample contains degradation products alongside the parent compound.
A method designed only to detect carbofuran may not provide information about 3-hydroxycarbofuran, carbofuran phenol, or other transformation products unless those compounds are included in the analytical scope.
For environmental or residue studies, separating these compounds can provide a much clearer picture of what has happened to the original material.
Carbofuran also has a well-defined crystalline structure that has been examined through single-crystal structural studies.
The reported crystal structure provides detailed information about the molecular arrangement in the solid state and supports the structural assignment of Carbofuran.
This type of information is useful when comparing the physical form of carbofuran with related benzofuran-based chemicals.
The molecule has no defined stereocenters, so carbofuran is not normally described as a mixture of optical isomers.
This simplifies its chemical identity compared with compounds for which different stereoisomers have different physical or biological properties.
For routine purchasing and analytical work, the chemical structure itself therefore provides the primary basis for distinguishing the material from related substances.
Uses Of Carbofuran:
Carbofuran has historically been used as a broad-spectrum agricultural insecticide and nematicide, particularly where growers needed control of pests living in or feeding on plants.
Carbofurans activity covered a range of insects as well as nematodes, allowing one active ingredient to address both soil-dwelling and above-ground pest problems.
This broad pest spectrum was one of the main reasons carbofuran became an important agricultural pesticide after its introduction.
One of the important characteristics behind its agricultural use was its systemic action in plants.
When applied to soil, carbofuran could be taken up by plant roots and transported into the plant, providing control against certain pests feeding on treated vegetation.
This made soil application useful not only for pests already present in the soil but also for some insects that attacked the developing plant after emergence.
Carbofuran was used for the control of corn rootworms, which were among the economically important agricultural pests targeted by Carbofuran.
Carbofurans soil activity made it particularly suitable for situations where the target pest developed around plant roots and could be difficult to reach with a conventional foliar treatment.
Historical technical assessments described carbofuran as particularly effective against certain corn rootworm populations, including strains showing resistance to other insecticides.
Rice production was another significant historical application area for carbofuran.
Carbofuran was used in rice-growing systems for controlling insect and nematode pests, and older use assessments identified rice as one of the crops accounting for a substantial proportion of overall carbofuran consumption.
Carbofurans use in paddy agriculture also led to extensive studies of how the active ingredient behaves in flooded soil and paddy water.
Alfalfa represented another major agricultural use for carbofuran, particularly for controlling pests such as alfalfa weevil and aphids.
Historical records describe both foliar and soil-related applications, depending on the formulation and pest being targeted.
Alfalfa and rice together accounted for a large share of historical use in the United States according to older government assessments.
Carbofuran was also used on potatoes, where applications were directed toward pests such as Colorado potato beetle and potato tuberworm.
Depending on the registered product, carbofuran could be supplied in granular or flowable form and applied using different agricultural equipment.
This allowed the material to be incorporated into pest-management programs at different stages of crop development.
Cotton was another crop for which carbofuran formulations were historically registered.
Carbofuran was used against soil and foliar pests, with historical labels describing soil treatments as well as other application methods depending on the product.
Its use in cotton illustrates the wider role carbofuran once had in field-crop pest management rather than being restricted to a single agricultural commodity.
Historical registrations also covered sugar beet and sugarcane, where carbofuran was used against insect and soil-pest problems.
These applications were particularly relevant to crop protection programs in which soil-inhabiting pests could affect plant establishment or root development.
Carbofuran was also evaluated in residue studies involving these crops, reflecting its previous agricultural use and the need to monitor residues following treatment.
Carbofuran was used on a range of vegetable crops, including cucumbers, melons, squash, peppers, and other crops covered by historical registrations.
Depending on the crop and product, treatment could involve soil application, foliar spraying, or other directed methods intended to place the active ingredient where the target pest was most likely to encounter it.
The precise permitted application depended on the individual product label and the agricultural jurisdiction in which it was registered.
Fruit production also formed part of the historical use profile of carbofuran.
Older registrations and residue studies include crops such as grapes, bananas, coffee, and plantains among the agricultural commodities associated with carbofuran applications.
These records show that Carbofuran was used across both annual field crops and longer-lived fruit-producing plants.
Carbofuran was also used for controlling nematodes, particularly soil-dwelling species that can interfere with plant roots.
This nematicidal activity gave carbofuran a role beyond conventional insect control and was one reason it was often described as an insecticide-nematicide in agricultural documentation.
The same product could therefore provide control of different pest groups within a crop protection program.
Carbofuran has also been described as having acaricidal or miticidal activity, meaning that historical use records include control of certain mites in addition to insects and nematodes.
The international pesticide-residue literature classifies carbofuran among compounds used as an acaricide, miticide, insecticide, and nematicide.
This wider activity contributed to its reputation as a broad-spectrum crop-protection chemical.
Carbofuran was available in both granular and flowable formulations, allowing the same active ingredient to be delivered through different agricultural application systems.
Granular products were particularly suited to soil-directed treatment, while flowable formulations could be used in spray applications where the product label permitted foliar or soil treatment.
Historical records also describe aerial application, groundboom spraying, chemigation, airblast equipment, and tractor-drawn spreaders for particular registered products.
Seed and planting-stage treatments were another part of the historical use pattern for carbofuran.
International pesticide evaluations describe seed treatment and at-plant soil application among the ways Carbofuran was used to protect developing crops from early pest pressure.
Placing the active ingredient near the seed or root zone was particularly relevant when the main target was a soil-inhabiting insect or nematode.
Carbofuran was also investigated for use against pests affecting ornamental plants and trees, although these applications were much smaller than its agricultural use.
Historical regulatory records include ornamental herbaceous plants, woody shrubs, vines, shade trees, and certain pine seedling treatments among non-food use categories.
These applications demonstrate that its historical market was not limited exclusively to food-producing crops.
Pine seedlings were among the non-food applications documented for carbofuran, with historical information describing treatment of seedlings using a clay-slurry type preparation.
The purpose was to protect young plants from pest damage during an especially vulnerable stage of development.
Such forestry-related use represented a comparatively small part of the overall carbofuran market when compared with agricultural crop protection.
Carbofuran has also been used historically in turf and grass-related pest control, although this represents an older use profile and should not be interpreted as evidence that such applications remain legally permitted today.
Government fact sheets identified turf among the uses that accounted for part of carbofuran consumption after its introduction.
The distinction between historical use and currently authorized use is particularly important for carbofuran because its regulatory status has changed substantially over time.
From a formulation perspective, carbofuran was incorporated into products designed to provide either soil-active or foliar pest control, depending on the formulation and label.
A soil-applied treatment could place the active ingredient close to roots and soil pests, while foliar applications targeted insects feeding directly on the plant.
This flexibility helped explain why carbofuran appeared in registrations covering many different crops and pest groups.
Carbofuran has also been used as a research and analytical reference compound in studies of pesticide residues, environmental transport, degradation, and biological transformation.
Researchers have examined its behavior in soil, water, plants, animals, and food commodities, while analytical laboratories have used Carbofuran as a target analyte when developing residue-detection methods.
These research applications are distinct from commercial pesticide use because the chemical is used to measure, identify, or study its behavior rather than to control pests.
Its analytical importance is particularly clear in food and agricultural residue testing, where carbofuran and its transformation products have been investigated in crops such as rice, maize, potatoes, grapes, coffee, sugar beet, sugarcane, vegetables, and oilseed crops.
Residue studies have also considered compounds such as 3-hydroxycarbofuran and 3-ketocarbofuran because these products can occur alongside the parent compound.
This makes carbofuran relevant to laboratories working on pesticide-residue analysis and food-monitoring programs even where direct agricultural use is no longer permitted.
The use of carbofuran has been subject to substantial regulatory restrictions, and its historical applications should not be confused with current legal availability.
For example, the United States Environmental Protection Agency cancelled all domestic uses of carbofuran in 2009, so historical U.S. crop registrations should be treated as historical information rather than current application recommendations.
Current permitted uses, if any, depend on the legislation and registration status of the specific country or market.
For technical buyers, this distinction is important when carbofuran is being considered for analytical, research, reference-standard, or historical formulation purposes.
A historical pesticide application does not by itself establish that the substance can legally be supplied or used for that purpose today.
Before commercial supply or practical use, the intended application should therefore be checked against the current regulatory requirements and the documentation applicable to the destination market.
In terms of its historical industrial profile, carbofuran was primarily an agricultural crop-protection active ingredient rather than a general-purpose industrial chemical.
Its commercial applications centered on insect, nematode, and mite control in field, fruit, vegetable, and other crop systems, with smaller historical uses in turf and forestry.
This makes agricultural pest management the central context in which carbofuran should be described, while laboratory and analytical applications represent separate specialist uses.
Carbofuran description of carbofuran should make the historical nature of many of these applications clear rather than presenting an old pesticide label as a current recommendation.
For customers working with the substance as an analytical reference, research material, or for regulated technical purposes, the relevant specification and legal status should be confirmed before supply.
This approach provides a more accurate description of carbofuran while still covering the crop, formulation, analytical, and research contexts in which the chemical has been documented.
Carbofuran was historically selected in crop protection when early-season pest pressure could threaten plant establishment.
Applying the material close to the planting zone allowed the active ingredient to be present around developing roots during the period when young plants were particularly vulnerable to soil insects and nematodes.
This approach was especially relevant for crops where damage below ground could remain unnoticed until plant growth had already been affected.
Another reason carbofuran was used in agriculture was its ability to provide both contact and systemic insecticidal activity.
The systemic component allowed plants to take up the active ingredient after soil treatment, while direct exposure could affect pests present on treated plant surfaces or in the immediate treatment zone.
Having these different modes of exposure available in one pesticide helped make the material useful across several pest-management situations.
Carbofuran was historically used where root-feeding insects were a significant concern, because placement in the soil brought the active ingredient closer to the area where these pests were feeding.
This was particularly relevant for crops in which root injury could reduce water and nutrient uptake or weaken the plant before visible symptoms appeared above ground.
Soil-directed treatment therefore represented a practical way of targeting pests that were difficult to reach with a conventional surface spray.
Carbofuran was also used in situations where growers needed protection against insects with different feeding habits within the same crop.
Depending on the crop and registered application, carbofuran could act against chewing insects as well as certain insects feeding on plant tissues or extracting plant sap.
Its broad activity allowed it to occupy a wider role in historical pest-control programs than products developed for only one narrow pest group.
Carbofuran was included in some crop-protection programs as an alternative where other insecticides had become less effective because of resistance.
Historical regulatory documents specifically noted its effectiveness against certain pest populations that had developed resistance to other insecticide classes.
This characteristic increased its practical value at a time when resistance management was becoming an increasingly important consideration in agricultural production.
The material also had a role in integrated pest-management research, where its performance could be compared with other chemical and non-chemical control measures.
Field studies examined factors such as application timing, placement, pest population density, crop response, and residual activity when assessing carbofuran treatments.
These studies helped establish how Carbofuran behaved under different agricultural conditions rather than treating its effectiveness as independent of the application method.
Carbofuran has been used as a subject of research into soil-applied pesticide performance, particularly because the amount reaching the root zone can depend on soil characteristics and application practices.
Researchers have examined how incorporation depth, soil moisture, texture, organic matter, and temperature influence the distribution and persistence of the chemical.
This type of work is useful for understanding why the same nominal application rate can produce different results under different field conditions.
Carbofuran was also studied in relation to crop tolerance and phytotoxicity, since the effectiveness of a soil-applied pesticide must be balanced against the possibility of injury to the crop itself.
Research considered factors such as crop variety, soil type, application rate, and timing when evaluating whether treatments could be used without unacceptable effects on plant development.
Such information was incorporated into historical product recommendations and application restrictions.
Carbofuran has been used in research examining pesticide movement within plants, taking advantage of its systemic behavior to follow the distribution of the active ingredient after uptake.
Measurements of residues in roots, stems, leaves, and other plant tissues provided information about how the chemical moved after soil or foliar treatment.
These studies also contributed to the development of residue-monitoring procedures for agricultural commodities.
Carbofuran has therefore been important in plant-residue research, where scientists have investigated not only the amount of carbofuran remaining after treatment but also the formation of metabolites.
Compounds such as 3-hydroxycarbofuran have received particular attention because transformation inside plants can change the chemical profile of treated material.
This type of research is useful when establishing residue definitions and analytical methods for agricultural monitoring.
Carbofuran has also been investigated in environmental monitoring programs as a target compound in agricultural areas.
Water, soil, sediment, and biological samples can be analyzed to determine whether the chemical or its transformation products are present after historical or permitted use.
The availability of sensitive analytical techniques has made it possible to study carbofuran at concentrations well below those associated with its original agricultural application.
Another established area of research involves pesticide degradation in flooded agricultural systems.
Carbofuran has been studied in rice-growing environments to determine how quickly Carbofuran disappears from paddy water and soil and which transformation processes contribute to that decline.
These investigations are particularly useful because flooded fields behave differently from ordinary dry agricultural soils in terms of oxygen availability, water movement, and microbial activity.
Carbofuran has also served as a model compound in studies of pesticide transport from agricultural land into water resources.
Researchers have used field measurements and laboratory experiments to investigate how rainfall, irrigation, soil properties, and degradation influence movement away from treated areas.
Such work has contributed to the broader understanding of how moderately soluble pesticides behave after soil application.
Carbofuran has been included in water-treatment research, where different treatment technologies have been tested for their ability to remove or transform pesticide residues.
Processes involving oxidation, ozonation, chlorination, and ultraviolet treatment have been investigated under controlled conditions.
These studies are useful for evaluating how pesticide-contaminated water may respond to different treatment processes rather than assuming that all conventional treatment methods provide the same degree of removal.
Carbofuran has also been used as a target analyte when validating residue-detection methods.
Laboratories have evaluated extraction efficiency, chromatographic separation, detector response, recovery, precision, and detection limits to establish reliable procedures for measuring Carbofuran in complex samples.
These analytical applications are particularly relevant when carbofuran needs to be distinguished from other carbamate pesticides occurring in the same sample.
Carbofurans chemical behavior has made carbofuran useful in studies comparing different pesticide extraction techniques.
Researchers can evaluate solvent selection, sample cleanup, solid-phase extraction, and chromatographic conditions when working with soil, water, food, or biological matrices containing Carbofuran.
Such work has helped improve the reliability of pesticide-residue measurements where very low concentrations must be detected.
Carbofuran has also appeared in studies of pesticide persistence under controlled laboratory conditions, where researchers can vary one environmental factor at a time.
Experiments have examined the effects of pH, temperature, moisture, microorganisms, light, and soil composition on the rate at which the parent compound disappears.
Because these variables can be controlled separately, carbofuran has provided useful data for comparing individual degradation pathways.
Research into carbofuran has extended to metabolite identification, particularly when the disappearance of the parent compound does not necessarily mean complete mineralization.
Scientists have followed the formation of intermediate products to determine whether the original molecule is being converted into simpler compounds or into structurally related metabolites.
This distinction is important in environmental chemistry because measuring only the parent substance can underestimate the extent of chemical transformation.
Carbofuran has also been examined in pesticide-residue reference studies, where known quantities of carbofuran are introduced into controlled samples and then recovered through an analytical procedure.
Such experiments allow laboratories to evaluate whether an analytical method can accurately measure the chemical in the presence of soil particles, plant material, fats, pigments, or other matrix components.
Safety Profile Of Carbofuran:
Carbofuran is a highly toxic carbamate pesticide, and exposure can affect the nervous system because the substance inhibits cholinesterase activity.
The effects can develop after relatively short exposure and may include sweating, nausea, dizziness, blurred vision, muscle weakness, excessive salivation, abdominal discomfort, and breathing difficulties.
At sufficiently high exposure levels, poisoning can progress to convulsions, loss of consciousness, respiratory depression, and potentially death.
Inhalation is an important exposure route when carbofuran is present as dust, spray mist, or airborne particles.
The pure solid has very low vapor pressure, so significant exposure is more likely during operations that generate airborne particles or aerosols than through evaporation at room temperature.
Particular care is therefore required during spraying, powder handling, transfer, cleaning, and any operation that can disperse the material into workplace air.
Swallowing carbofuran can result in acute cholinesterase inhibition and systemic poisoning.
Reported symptoms following significant oral exposure include headache, nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps, excessive salivation, blurred vision, weakness, and dizziness.
More severe poisoning can affect breathing and consciousness, making accidental ingestion a medical emergency requiring immediate professional treatment.
Skin exposure should also be prevented because carbofuran can enter the body through dermal contact, with the potential for systemic toxic effects depending on the exposure conditions.
Protective gloves, suitable work clothing, and procedures that minimize splashing or contamination should be used when handling the material.
Contaminated clothing should be removed promptly and the affected skin washed thoroughly with soap and water.
Eye exposure should be avoided during handling because contact with the chemical or contaminated material can create an additional route of exposure.
Safety glasses or chemical splash protection are appropriate where there is a possibility of splashing, while operations producing airborne material may require additional respiratory protection.
Carbofuran Procurement and Technical Support:
Ataman Kimya supports customers looking for Carbofuran with dependable supply solutions and relevant technical information for industrial and formulation requirements.
Additional support can be provided regarding product specifications, available documentation, and the evaluation of suitable product options based on the intended application.
