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CARBOLIC ACID (PHENOL)

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an aromatic organic compound with the molecular formula C6H5OH.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a white crystalline solid that is volatile.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) consists of a phenyl group (−C6H5) bonded to a hydroxy group.

CAS Number: 108-95-2
EC Number: 203-632-7
IUPAC Name: Benzenol
Chemical Formula: C6H5OH

Other names: 108-95-2, carbolic acid, Hydroxybenzene, Phenic acid, Oxybenzene, Phenylic acid, Phenylic alcohol, Benzenol, Monophenol, Phenyl hydrate, Phenyl hydroxide, PhOH, Monohydroxybenzene, Phenyl alcohol, paoscle, Phenole, Izal, Phenol alcohol, Phenol, liquefied, Acide carbolique, Phenosmolin, Fenolo, Phenol homopolymer, Benzene, hydroxy-, Carbolsaure, Fenosmolin, Fenosmoline, Fenol, Liquid phenol, Carbolic oil, Liquefied phenol, Phenol, pure, Fenolo [Italian], Phenole, Anbesol, Phenic alcohol, Synthetic phenol, 2-allphenol, Phenol, dimer, RCRA waste no. U188, Phenol, liquified, MFCD00002143, UN1671, UN2312, UN2821, AI3-01814, NSC-36808, CHEMBL14060, 339NCG44TV, DTXSID5021124, CHEBI:15882, Phenol, ENT-1814, 27073-41-2, Phenol, solid, Phenol, molten, NCGC00091454-04, Phenol solutions, DSSTox_CID_1124, Phenol, >=99.0%, DSSTox_RID_75955, DSSTox_GSID_21124, 17442-59-0, 61788-41-8, Caswell No. 649, phenylalcohol, hydroxy benzene, Phenol 100 microg/mL in Methanol, Phenol, liquid, Phenol, solid, Baker's p and s, CAS-108-95-2, CCRIS 504, FEMA No. 3223, HSDB 113, (14C)Phenol, Phenol, PHENOL (2,3,4,5,6-D5), EINECS 203-632-7, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 064001, arenols, UNII-339NCG44TV, Benzophenol, Carbolsaeure, Karbolsaeure, Extracts, coal tar oil alk., acide phenique, Hydroxy-benzene, Phenol solution, Phenol liquid, Phenol molten, Phenol solutions, Phenol synthetic, Phenol,liquified, Phenolated water, Pandy's reagent, Cepastat lozenges, Phenol, labeled with carbon-14, Phenol (liquid), 2-phenyl alcohol, Phenol, synthetic, Phenol, ultrapure, Phenol ACS grade, EINECS 262-972-4, Paoscle, Carbolic acid liquid, Phenol polymer-bound, Phenol (Granulated), Phenol, Phenol,(S), Phenol, ACS reagent, Carbolic acid, liqui, 1ai7, 1li2, 4i7l, Liquefied phenol, PHENOL, PHENOL, PHENOL, PHENOL, PHENOL, Phenol, PHENOL, PHENOL, Phenol, detached crystals, PHENOL, PHENOL, Phenol, >=99%, PHENOL [MART.]WLN: QR, Liquefied phenol (JP17), bmse000290, bmse010026, C6H5OH, Fenol, EC 203-632-7, PHENOL, 80% in ethanol, Phenol, LR, >=99%, 63496-48-0, 65996-83-0, MLS001065591, Phenol, for molecular biology, BIDD, PHENOL, Phenol for disinfection, Phenol, natural, 97%, FG, PHENOL, Phenol, AR, >=99.5%, PHENOL,LIQUIFIED, BDBM26187, CHEBI:33853, Phenol for disinfection (JP17), Phenolated water for disinfection, Salicylic acid related compound, 3f39, Phenol 10 microg/mL in Methanol, Phenol solution, 1.0 M in THF, NSC36808, ZINC5133329, Phenol, Glass Distilled Under Argon, Tox21_113463, Tox21_201639, Tox21_300042

Carbolic acid (Phenol) was first extracted from coal tar, but today is produced on a large scale (about 7 billion kg/year) from petroleum-derived feedstocks.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an important industrial commodity as a precursor to many materials and useful compounds.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is primarily used to synthesize plastics and related materials.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) and its chemical derivatives are essential for production of polycarbonates, epoxies, Bakelite, nylon, detergents, herbicides such as phenoxy herbicides, and numerous pharmaceutical drugs.

In organic chemistry, Carbolic acid (Phenol)s, sometimes called Carbolic acid (Phenol)ics, are a class of chemical compounds consisting of one or more hydroxyl groups (—OH) bonded directly to an aromatic hydrocarbon group.
The simplest is Carbolic acid (Phenol), C6H5OH.
Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are classified as simple Carbolic acid (Phenol)s or polyCarbolic acid (Phenol)s based on the number of Carbolic acid (Phenol) units in the molecule.

Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are oxidized to hydroquinones in the persulfate oxidation.
Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are both synthesized industrially and produced by plants and microorganisms.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is both a manufactured chemical and a natural substance.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a colorless-to-white solid when pure.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a liquid.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) has a distinct odor that is sickeningly sweet and tarry.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) evaporates more slowly than water, and a moderate amount can form a solution with water.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) can catch fire. Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used primarily in the production of Carbolic acid (Phenol)ic resins and in the manufacture of nylon and other synthetic fibers.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used in slimicides (chemicals that kill bacteria and fungi in slimes), as a disinfectant and antiseptic, and in medicinal preparations such as mouthwash and sore throat lozenges.
Carbolic acid (Phenol), liquid appears as a colorless liquid when pure, otherwise pink or red.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is combustible.
Its Flash point is 175 °F.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) must be heated before ignition may occur easily.
Vapors are heavier than air.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) does not react with water. Stable in normal transportation.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) reactive with various chemicals and may be corrosive to lead, aluminum and its alloys, certain plastics, and rubber.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is hydroxybenzene.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used as a germicidal agent and as an intermediate in chemical synthesis.

Density: 1.07 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Explosion limit: 1.3 - 9.5 %(V)
Flash point: 81 °C
Ignition temperature: 595 °C

Melting Point: 38 - 43 °C
pH value: 5 (50 g/l, H₂O, 20 °C)
Vapor pressure: 0.2 hPa (20 °C)
Density: 620 kg/m3

Molecular Weight: 94.11
XLogP3: 1.5
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 1

Exact Mass: 94.041864811
Monoisotopic Mass: 94.041864811
Topological Polar Surface Area: 20.2 Å²
Heavy Atom Count: 7

Complexity: 46.1
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is highly toxic; corrosive to the skin.
Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are similar to alcohols but form stronger hydrogen bonds.
Thus, they are more soluble in water than are alcohols and have higher boiling points.
Carbolic acid (Phenol)s occur either as colourless liquids or white solids at room temperature and may be highly toxic and caustic.
Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are widely used in household products and as intermediates for industrial synthesis.

In industry, Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used as a starting material to make plastics, explosives such as picric acid, and drugs such as aspirin.
The common Carbolic acid (Phenol) hydroquinone is the component of photographic developer that reduces exposed silver bromide crystals to black metallic silver.
Other substituted Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are used in the dye industry to make intensely coloured azo dyes.
Mixtures of Carbolic acid (Phenol)s (especially the cresols) are used as components in wood preservatives such as creosote.
Many of the more complex Carbolic acid (Phenol)s used as flavourings and aromas are obtained from essential oils of plants.

For example, vanillin, the principal flavouring in vanilla, is isolated from vanilla beans, and methyl salicylate, which has a characteristic minty taste and odour, is isolated from wintergreen.
Other Carbolic acid (Phenol)s obtained from plants include thymol, isolated from thyme, and eugenol, isolated from cloves.
Many Carbolic acid (Phenol)ic compounds were discovered and used long before chemists were able to determine their structures.
Therefore, trivial names are often used for the most common Carbolic acid (Phenol)ic compounds.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a colorless to light-pink, crystalline solid with a sweet, acrid odor.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a type of organic compound.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an aromatic hydrocarbon compound composed of a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used as a raw material to make Carbolic acid (Phenol)ic resins, bisCarbolic acid (Phenol) A for epoxy resins, and various pharmaceuticals.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used as a general disinfectant, as a reagent in chemical analysis and for the manufacture of artificial resins, medical and industrial organic compounds and dyes.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used in the manufacture of fertilisers, explosives, paints and paint removers, drugs, pharmaceuticals, textiles and coke.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is produced in large volume, mostly as an intermediate in the production of other chemicals.

The largest single use of Carbolic acid (Phenol) is as an intermediate in the production of Carbolic acid (Phenol)ic resins, which are low-cost, versatile, thermoset resins used in the plywood adhesive, construction, automotive, and appliance industries.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used as an intermediate in the production of caprolactam, which is used to make nylon and other synthetic fibres, and bisCarbolic acid (Phenol) A, which is used to make epoxy and other resins.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an aromatic organic molecule having the chemical formula C6H5OH, also known as carbolic acid.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a volatile white crystalline substance.

A phenyl group and a hydroxyl group are joined to form the molecule.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is mildly acidic and should be handled carefully because it can result in chemical burns.
Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are compounds that possess a hydroxyl group directly attached to an aromatic carbocyclic nucleus.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is the trivial name for monohydroxybenzene.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is so cheap it attracts plenty of small-scale applications.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a part of industrial paint strippers used for the removal of epoxy, polyurethane, and other chemically resistant coatings in the aviation industry.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) derivatives can be used in cosmetics preparation, including sunscreens, hair colouring, skin lightening preparations, and skin toners/exfoliators.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a colorless or light yellow-rosy crystalline mass with a strong characteristic odor.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used to manufacture Carbolic acid (Phenol)ic resins. Only for industrial use.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is not intended to cosmetic applications.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) (also known as carbolic acid, benzenol, hydroxybenzene, and phenic acid, amongst others) is an organic compound with the formula C6H5OH.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a naturally occurring substance that is found in organic matter and animal wastes but is now manufactured for commercial use.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a colourless-to-white crystal which can darken on exposure to light, however the commercial product is a colourless, mobile liquid.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is moderately soluble in water and has a distinctive, sweet, carbolic odour.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is utilised primarily, as a chemical intermediate and is employed in a range of processes.

One major derivative of Carbolic acid (Phenol) is Carbolic acid (Phenol)ic resin.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) can be used in the moulding of heat resistant components for household appliances, in counter-top and flooring laminates, and in brake linings.

The resins can also be used as a binding agent for sand moulds and foundry castings in the industrial sector, and are found in the construction sector where they are employed as wood-binding adhesives.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) can also be condensed with acetone to produce bisCarbolic acid (Phenol) A (BPA) which is a precursor to both polycarbonate resins and epoxy resins.
Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are used in the electrical and engineering industries, and in optical media.

Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are employed in high performance coatings, adhesives, flooring and paving applications, and in composites.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also employed in the production of caprolactam which is then itself used in the production of Nylon 6 and other synthetic fibres.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is relatively inexpensive to produce so it is also used in a smaller scale, across a range of industries.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) derivatives may be used in the preparation of cosmetics, for example; sunscreens, hair dyes, and skin-lightening preparations.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) can also be employed as a disinfectant and antiseptic and thus can be found in medicinal products such as throat lozenges and mouthwash.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used in slimicides, which are chemicals that kill bacteria and fungi in slimes.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also a valuable intermediate in the production of detergents, agricultural chemicals, medicines (e.g. aspirin), and hydraulic fluids.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a white crystalline (at room temperature), odorous and toxic chemical compound, which is used widely as a raw material in the manufacture of other chemical products.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used in the purification of nucleic acids.
In a mixture of Carbolic acid (Phenol) and buffered aqueous solution, proteins are denatured and collect at the interphase while most nucleic acids remain in the aqueous phase.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) contains no preservatives.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is redistilled and packaged under a dry inert gas in shatter-resistant, plastic-coated amber bottles.
Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are chemicals most commonly used in the production of resins which are used in the construction, automotive and appliance industries.

Carbolic acid (Phenol)s can also act as a disinfectant such as in household cleaning products, which can contribute these chemicals to municipal wastewater treatment facilities through household drains.
Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are released to the atmosphere from combustion industries (such as coal-fired power production) and to water bodies as waste discharges from industrial facilities.

Carbolic acid (Phenol)s can occur in small amounts from natural processes (the decomposition of plant matter, for example), but pollution from Carbolic acid (Phenol)s occurs from man-made sources.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an aromatic organic chemical that is mildly acidic.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) has the chemical formula C6H5OH and is also known as hydroxybenzene, benzenol, phenic acid, carbolic acid, phenyl alcohol and phenyl hydroxide.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is toxic, corrosive and a hazard to health.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is only mildly soluble in water.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used as an intermediate chemical in the production of Carbolic acid (Phenol)ic resins, the manufacture of nylon, plastics and synthetic fibres.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) has disinfectant and antiseptic properties so is used in household and industrial cleaning products, as a slimicide and is also used in mouthwashes and throat lozenges.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) burn treatment is used in the preparation of explosives, dyes, pest control products, and pharmaceutical drugs.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is the simplest member of a class of organic compounds possessing a hydroxyl group attached to a benzene ring or to a more complex aromatic ring system.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a colorless to white crystalline material of sweet odor, having the composition C6H5OH, obtained from the distillation of coal tar and as a by-product of coke ovens.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) has broad biocidal properties, and dilute aqueous solutions have long been used as an antiseptic.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) causes severe skin burns.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a violent systemic poison.

henol is a valuable chemical raw material for the production of plastics, dyes, pharmaceuticals, syntans, and other products.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) melts at about 43°C and boils at 183°C.
The pure grades have melting point of 39°C, 39.5°C, and 40°C.
The technical grades contain 82%-84% and 90%-92% Carbolic acid (Phenol).
The crystallization point is given as 40.41°C. The specific gravity is 1.066.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) dissolves in most organic solvents.
By melting the crystals and adding water, liquid Carbolic acid (Phenol) is produced, which remains liquid at ordinary temperatures.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) has the unusual property of penetrating living tissues and forming a valuable antiseptic.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used industrially in cutting oils and compounds and in tanneries.
The value of other disinfectants and antiseptics is usually measured by comparison with Carbolic acid (Phenol).

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an important organic chemical raw material, widely used in the production of Carbolic acid (Phenol)ic resin and bisCarbolic acid (Phenol) A, in which bisCarbolic acid (Phenol) A is important raw material for polycarbonate, epoxy resin, polysulfone resin and other plastics.
In some cases the Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used to produce iso-octylCarbolic acid (Phenol), isononylCarbolic acid (Phenol), or isododecylCarbolic acid (Phenol) through addition reaction with long-chain olefins such as diisobutylene, tripropylene, tetra-polypropylene and the like, which are used in production of nonionic surfactants.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) can also be used as an important raw material for caprolactam, adipic acid, dyes, medicines, pesticides and plastic additives and rubber auxiliaries.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a stable chemical substance and appear as colourless/white crystals with a characteristic, distinct aromatic/acrid odour.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is reactive and incompatible with strong oxidising agents, strong bases, strong acids, alkalis, and calcium hypochlorite.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is flammable and may discolour in light.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used in the manufacture or production of explosives, fertiliser, coke, illuminating gas, lampblack, paints, paint removers, rubber, perfumes, asbestos goods, wood preservatives, synthetic resins, textiles, drugs, and pharmaceutical preparations.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also extensively used as a disinfectant in the petroleum, leather, paper, soap, toy, tanning, dye, and agricultural industries.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) has a strong odor that is sickeningly sweet and irritating.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) has powerful disinfectant and sanitizing qualities.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) has been used as a topical anesthetic and antiseptic preservative, reagent and chemical reactant.
Its use for direct addition to food is limited to a role as a flavoring ingredient in a few foods at a maximum level below 10 ppm.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a colorless or white crystalline solid that is slightly soluble in water.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is the simplest of the large group of organic chemicals known as Carbolic acid (Phenol)s, which consist of compounds where a carbon in the phenyl aromatic group (C6H5) is directly bonded to hydroxyl, OH.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used mainly as an antimicrobial preservative in parenteral pharmaceutical products.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) has also been used in topical pharmaceutical formulations and cosmetics;
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is widely used as an antiseptic, disinfectant, and therapeutic agent, although it should not be used to preserve preparations that are to be freeze-dried.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is the simplest member of a class oforganic compounds possessing a hydroxylgroup attached to a benzene ring or to a morecomplex aromatic ring system.
Also known as carbolic acid or monohydroxybenzene,Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a colorless to whitecrystalline material of sweet odor, having thecomposition C6H5OH, obtained from the distillationof coal tar and as a by-product ofcoke ovens.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) has broad biocidal properties, anddilute aqueous solutions have long been usedas an antiseptic.
At higher concentrations itcauses severe skin burns; it is a violent systemicpoison.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a valuable chemical raw materialfor the production of plastics, dyes, pharmaceuticals,syntans, and other products.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is one of the most versatile industrialorganic chemicals.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is the starting point formany diverse products used in the home andindustry.
A partial list includes nylon, epoxyresins, surface active agents, synthetic detergents,plasticizers, antioxidants, lube oil additives,Carbolic acid (Phenol)ic resins (with formaldehyde, furfural,and so on), cyclohexanol, adipic acid,polyurethanes, aspirin, dyes, wood preservatives,herbicides, drugs, fungicides, gasolineadditives, inhibitors, explosives, and pesticides.

PROPERTIES OF Carbolic acid (Phenol):
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an organic compound appreciably soluble in water, with about 84.2 g dissolving in 1000 mL (0.895 M).
Homogeneous mixtures of Carbolic acid (Phenol) and water at Carbolic acid (Phenol) to water mass ratios of ~2.6 and higher are possible.
The sodium salt of Carbolic acid (Phenol), sodium phenoxide, is far more water-soluble.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is more acidic than aliphatic alcohols.
The differing pKa is attributed to resonance stabilization of the phenoxide anion.
In this way, the negative charge on oxygen is delocalized on to the ortho and para carbon atoms through the pi system.

Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are susceptible to Electrophilic aromatic substitutions.
Condensation with formaldehyde gives resinous materials, famously Bakelite.
Another industrial-scale electrophilic aromatic substitution is the production of bisCarbolic acid (Phenol) A, which is produced by the condensation with acetone.
Carbolic acid (Phenol)s undergo esterification.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) esters are active esters, being prone to hydrolysis.
Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are reactive species toward oxidation.

Acidity:
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a weak acid.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is in equilibrium with the Carbolic acid (Phenol)ate anion C6H5O− (also called phenoxide).

Hydrogen bonding:
In carbon tetrachloride and alkane solvents Carbolic acid (Phenol) hydrogen bonds with a wide range of Lewis bases such as pyridine, diethyl ether, and diethyl sulfide.
The enthalpies of adduct formation and the −OH IR frequency shifts accompanying adduct formation have been studied.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is classified as a hard acid which is compatible with the C/E ratio of the ECW model with EA = 2.27 and CA = 1.07.
The relative acceptor strength of Carbolic acid (Phenol) toward a series of bases, versus other Lewis acids, can be illustrated by C-B plots.

Phenoxide anion:
The phenoxide anion is a strong nucleophile with a nucleophilicity comparable to the one of carbanions or tertiary amines.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) can react at both its oxygen or carbon sites as an ambident nucleophile.
Generally, oxygen attack of phenoxide anions is kinetically favored, while carbon-attack is thermodynamically preferred.

Mixed oxygen/carbon attack and by this a loss of selectivity is usually observed if the reaction rate reaches diffusion control.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) exhibits keto-enol tautomerism with its unstable keto tautomer cyclohexadienone, but only a tiny fraction of Carbolic acid (Phenol) exists as the keto form.

The small amount of stabilisation gained by exchanging a C=C bond for a C=O bond is more than offset by the large destabilisation resulting from the loss of aromaticity.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) therefore exists essentially entirely in the enol form.
4, 4' Substituted cyclohexadienone can undergo a dienone–Carbolic acid (Phenol) rearrangement in acid conditions and form stable 3,4‐disubstituted Carbolic acid (Phenol).

Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are enolates stabilised by aromaticity.
Under normal circumstances, phenoxide is more reactive at the oxygen position, but the oxygen position is a "hard" nucleophile whereas the alpha-carbon positions tend to be "soft".

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF Carbolic acid (Phenol):
Similar to alcohols, Carbolic acid (Phenol)s have hydroxyl groups that can participate in intermolecular hydrogen bonding; in fact, Carbolic acid (Phenol)s tend to form stronger hydrogen bonds than alcohol.
Hydrogen bonding results in higher melting points and much higher boiling points for Carbolic acid (Phenol)s than for hydrocarbons with similar molecular weights.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) has a boiling point more than 70 degrees higher than that of toluene (C6H5CH3; MW 92, bp 111 °C).

The ability of Carbolic acid (Phenol)s to form strong hydrogen bonds also enhances their solubility in water.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) dissolves to give a 9.3 percent solution in water, compared with a 3.6 percent solution for cyclohexanol in water.
The association between water and Carbolic acid (Phenol) is unusually strong; when crystalline Carbolic acid (Phenol) is left out in a humid environment, it picks up enough water from the air to form liquid droplets.

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF Carbolic acid (Phenol):
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is highly soluble in water. Very soluble in alcohol, chloroform, ether, glycerol, carbon disulphide, petrolatum, volatile and fixed oils, aqueous alkali hydroxides.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a colorless or white solid when it is pure.
However, it is usually sold and used as a liquid.
The odor threshold for Carbolic acid (Phenol) is 0.04 parts per million (ppm), with a strong very sweet odor reported.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is very soluble in water and is quite flammable.
The chemical formula for Carbolic acid (Phenol) is C6H6O and the molecular weight is 94.1 g/mol. (8,9)

CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF Carbolic acid (Phenol):
The molecular formula of Carbolic acid (Phenol) is C2H5OH and molecular mass 94.113 g mol-1
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a transparent crystalline solid with a sweet and tarry odour.
The density is 1.07 grams per centimetre cube, melting point is 40.5 °C and boiling point is 181.7 °C
Approximately 84.2 g of Carbolic acid (Phenol) dissolve in 1000 mL of water, making it a notable organic chemical that is water soluble (0.895 M).

REACTION OF Carbolic acid (Phenol):
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is highly reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution.
The enhance nucleophilicity is attributed to donation pi electron density from O into the ring.
Many groups can be attached to the ring, via halogenation, acylation, sulfonation, and related processes.

Carbolic acid (Phenol)'s ring is so strongly activated that bromination and chlorination lead readily to polysubstitution.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) reacts with dilute nitric acid at room temperature to give a mixture of 2-nitroCarbolic acid (Phenol) and 4-nitroCarbolic acid (Phenol) while with concentrated nitric acid, additional nitro groups are introduced, e.g. to give 2,4,6-trinitroCarbolic acid (Phenol).
Aqueous solutions of Carbolic acid (Phenol) are weakly acidic and turn blue litmus slightly to red.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is neutralized by sodium hydroxide forming sodium phenate or Carbolic acid (Phenol)ate, but being weaker than carbonic acid, it cannot be neutralized by sodium bicarbonate or sodium carbonate to liberate carbon dioxide.
Much of the chemistry of Carbolic acid (Phenol)s is like that of alcohols.
For example, Carbolic acid (Phenol)s react with acids to give esters, and phenoxide ions (ArO−) can be good nucleophiles in Williamson ether synthesis.
Although Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are often considered simply as aromatic alcohols, they do have somewhat different properties.

The most obvious difference is the enhanced acidity of Carbolic acid (Phenol)s.
Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are not as acidic as carboxylic acids, but they are much more acidic than aliphatic alcohols, and they are more acidic than water.
Unlike simple alcohols, most Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are completely deprotonated by sodium hydroxide (NaOH).
Carbolic acid (Phenol)s are highly reactive toward electrophilic aromatic substitution, because the nonbonding electrons on oxygen stabilize the intermediate cation.

USES OF Carbolic acid (Phenol):
The major uses of Carbolic acid (Phenol), consuming two thirds of its production, involve its conversion to precursors for plastics.
Partial hydrogenation of Carbolic acid (Phenol) gives cyclohexanone, a precursor to nylon.
Nonionic detergents are produced by alkylation of Carbolic acid (Phenol) to give the alkylCarbolic acid (Phenol)s, e.g., nonylCarbolic acid (Phenol), which are then subjected to ethoxylation.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also a versatile precursor to a large collection of drugs, most notably aspirin but also many herbicides and pharmaceutical drugs.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a component in liquid–liquid Carbolic acid (Phenol)–chloroform extraction technique used in molecular biology for obtaining nucleic acids from tissues or cell culture samples.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is most frequently used to produce plastic precursors, accounting for two-thirds of its total production.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also a useful precursor to a wide range of medications like aspirin, including several herbicides and pharmaceutical drugs.
In molecular biology, Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a component of the liquid-liquid Carbolic acid (Phenol)-chloroform extraction method used to extract nucleic acids from tissue or cell culture samples.

Many people use Carbolic acid (Phenol) as an antiseptic. Joseph Lister was the first to use it.
For otology treatments, concentrated liquid Carbolic acid (Phenol) can be applied topically as a local anaesthetic.
Due to its low cost, Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used for numerous small-scale purposes.

In order to remove epoxy, polyurethane, and other chemically resistant coatings, it is a component of industrial paint strippers used in the aviation sector.
The formulation of cosmetics has utilised Carbolic acid (Phenol) derivatives.
The primary use of Carbolic acid (Phenol) is in the production of Carbolic acid (Phenol)ic resins, which are used in the plywood, construction, automotive, and appliance industries.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used in the production of caprolactam and bisCarbolic acid (Phenol) A, which are intermediates in the manufacture of nylon and epoxy resins, respectively.
Other uses of Carbolic acid (Phenol) include as a slimicide, as a disinfectant, and in medicinal products such as ear and nose drops, throat lozenges, and mouthwashes

Medical:
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is widely used as an antiseptic.
From the early 1900s to the 1970s it was used in the production of carbolic soap.
Concentrated Carbolic acid (Phenol) liquids are commonly used for permanent treatment of ingrown toe and finger nails, a procedure known as a chemical matrixectomy.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) spray, usually at 1.4% Carbolic acid (Phenol) as an active ingredient, is used medically to treat sore throat.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is the active ingredient in some oral analgesics.

Niche uses:
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is so inexpensive that it attracts many small-scale uses.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a component of industrial paint strippers used in the aviation industry for the removal of epoxy, polyurethane and other chemically resistant coatings.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) derivatives have been used in the preparation of cosmetics including sunscreens, hair colorings, and skin lightening preparations.

SYNTHESIS OF Carbolic acid (Phenol):
Many Carbolic acid (Phenol)s of commercial interest are prepared by elaboration of Carbolic acid (Phenol) or cresols.
They are typically produced by the alkylation of benzene/toluene with propylene to form cumene then O2 is added with H2SO4 to form Carbolic acid (Phenol) (Hock process). ,

In addition to the reactions above, many other more specialized reactions produce Carbolic acid (Phenol)s:
rearrangement of esters in the Fries rearrangement
rearrangement of N-phenylhydroxylamines in the Bamberger rearrangement
dealkylation of Carbolic acid (Phenol)ic ethers
reduction of quinones

replacement of an aromatic amine by an hydroxyl group with water and sodium bisulfide in the Bucherer reaction
thermal decomposition of aryl diazonium salts, the salts are converted to Carbolic acid (Phenol)
by the oxidation of aryl silanes—an aromatic variation of the Fleming-Tamao oxidation
catalytic synthesis from aryl bromides and iodides using nitrous oxide

CHARACTERISTICS OF Carbolic acid (Phenol):
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is an aromatic hydrocarbon compound composed of a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is a solid and has a characteristic chemical smell.

APPLICATIONS OF Carbolic acid (Phenol):
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used as a raw material to make Carbolic acid (Phenol)ic resins and bisCarbolic acid (Phenol) A which in turn is a raw material for epoxy resins.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is also used as a raw material for a variety of dyes, surfactants, disinfectants, agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and intermediate chemicals.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used as a precursor in drugs.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used as an antiseptic.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used in the production of nylon.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used to preserve vaccines.

Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used in oral analgesics.
Derivatives of Carbolic acid (Phenol) are used in beauty products like hair colour and sunscreen.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used in the synthesis of plastics.
Carbolic acid (Phenol) is used to produce detergents and carbonates.