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CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is PEG-180-based mold release agent and plasticizer.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 possesses lubricity and humectant properties.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 meets the requirements for use under food additive regulations for indirect use as components of articles intended for use in contact with food.
CAS: 25322-68-3
MF: N/A
EINECS: 500-038-2
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 maintains wet-tack strength and is used in pressure sensitive and thermoplastic adhesives.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is a water-soluble linear polymer formed by the addition reaction of ethylene oxide.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol 8000 is sold as a solid in bags or in fiber drums.
The containers should be kept sealed and should not be stored next to steam lines or other heat
sources that could cause the product to soften or melt.
Recommended storage temperature is below 40°C (105°F).
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is a polyether compound derived from petroleum with many applications, from industrial manufacturing to medicine.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is also known as polyethylene oxide (PEO) or polyoxyethylene (POE), depending on its molecular weight.
The structure of CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is commonly expressed as H−(O−CH2−CH2)n−OH.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 are a family of linear polymers formed by a base-catalyzed condensation reaction with repeating ethylene oxide units being added to ethylene.
The molecular formula is (C2H4O)multH2O where mult denotes the average number of oxyethylene groups.
The molecular weight can range from 200 to several million corresponding to the number of oxyethylene groups.
The higher-molecular-weight materials (100 000 to 5 000 000) are also referred to as polyethylene oxides.
The average molecular weight of any specific CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 product falls within quite narrow limits (°5%).
The number of ethylene oxide units or their approximate molecular weight (e.g., PEG-4 or PEG-200) commonly designates the nomenclature of specific CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 with amolecular weight less than 600 are liquid, whereas those of molecular weight 1000 and above are solid.
These materials are nonvolatile, water-soluble, tasteless, and odorless.
They are miscible with water, alcohols, esters, ketones, aromatic solvents, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, but immiscible with alkanes, paraffins, waxes, and ethers.
Any of several condensa-tion polymers of CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 with thegeneral formula HOCH2(CH2OCH2)nCH2OH orH(OCH2CH2)nOH.
Average molecular weightsrange from 200 to 6000.
Properties vary with molec-ular weight.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 64-66 °C
Boiling point: >250°C
Density: 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: <0.01 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.469
Fp: 270 °C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Form: waxy solid
Color: White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.128
PH: 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
Sensitive : Hygroscopic
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.6
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.3
Merck: 14,7568
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
LogP: -0.698 at 25℃
NIST Chemistry Reference: CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 (25322-68-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 (25322-68-3)
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is a polymer which is hydrolyzed by ethylene oxide.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 has no toxicity and irritation.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is widely used in various pharmaceutical preparations.
The toxicity of low molecular weight CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is relatively large.
In general, the toxicity of diols is very low.
Topical application of CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000, especially mucosal drug, can cause irritant pain.
In topical lotion, CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 can increase the flexibility of the skin, and has a similar moisturizing effect with glycerin.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 can occur in large doses of oral administration.
In injection, the maximum CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 concentration is about 30% (V/V).
Hemolysis could occur when the concentration is more than 40% (V/V).
The USP32–NF27 describes CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 as being an addition polymer of ethylene oxide and water.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 are liquids; grades 1000 and above are solids at ambient temperatures.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000) occur as clear, colorless or slightly yellow-colored, viscous liquids.
They have a slight but characteristic odor and a bitter, slightly burning taste.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 can occur as a solid at ambient temperatures.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 are white or off-white in color, and range in consistency from pastes to waxy flakes.
They have a faint, sweet odor.
Grades of CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 and above are available as freeflowing milled powders.
Uses
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is a binder, coating agent, dispersing agent, flavoring adjuvant, and plasticizing agent that is a clear, colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid resembling paraffin (white, waxy, or flakes), with a ph of 4.0–7.5 in 1:20 concentration.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is soluble in water (mw 1,000) and many organic solvents.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is a binder, solvent, plasticizing agent, and softener widely used for cosmetic cream bases and pharmaceutical ointments.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 are quite humectant up to a molecular weight of 500.
Beyond this weight, their water uptake diminishes.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 used in conjunction with carbon black to form a conductive composite.
Polymer nanospheres of CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 were used for drug delivery.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 molecules of approximately 8000 monomers.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry.
Recent research has shown CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 maintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals.
In rats, CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.
Use in Biomedicine
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is also known as polyoxirane (PEO).
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is a linear polyether obtained by ring opening polymerization of ethylene oxide.
The main uses in the field of biomedicine are as follows:
Contact lens liquid.
The viscosity of CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 solution is sensitive to the shear rate and it is not easy for bacteria to grow on polyethylene glycol.
Synthetic lubricants.
The condensation polymer of ethylene oxide and water.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is a cream matrix for preparing water-soluble drugs.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 can also be used as a solvent for acetylsalicylic acid and caffeine, which is difficult to dissolve in water.
Drug sustained-release and immobilized enzyme carrier.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 solution is applied to the outer layer of the pill to control the diffusion of drugs in the pill so as to improve the efficacy.
Surface modification of medical polymer materials.
The biocompatibility of medical polymer materials in contact with blood can be improved by adsorption, interception and grafting of two amphiphilic copolymers containing CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 on the surface of medical polymers.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 can make the membrane of the alkanol contraceptive pill.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 can make hydrophilic anticoagulant polyurethane.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000is an osmotic laxative.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 can increase osmotic pressure and absorb moisture in the intestinal cavity, which makes the stool soften and increase in volume, resulting in bowel movement and defecation.
Denture fixing agent.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 nontoxic and gelatinous nature can be used as a component of denture fixer.
PEG 4000 and PEG 6000 are commonly used to promote cell fusion or protoplast fusion and help organisms (such as yeasts) to take DNA in transformation.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 absorbs water from the solution, so it is also used to concentrate the solution.
Industrial Uses
A nitrate ester-plasticized polyethylene glycol (NEPE-75) is used in Trident II submarine-launched ballistic missile solid rocket fuel.
Dimethyl ethers of CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 are the key ingredient of Selexol, a solvent used by coal-burning, integrated gasification combined cycle (IGCC) power plants to remove carbon dioxide and hydrogen sulfide from the syngas stream.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 has been used as the gate insulator in an electric double-layer transistor to induce superconductivity in an insulator.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000is also used as a polymer host for solid polymer electrolytes.
Although not yet in commercial production, many groups around the globe are engaged in research on solid polymer electrolytes involving CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000, with the aim of improving their properties, and in permitting their use in batteries, electro-chromic display systems, and other products in the future.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is injected into industrial processes to reduce foaming in separation equipment.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is used as a binder in the preparation of technical ceramics.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 was used as an additive to silver halide photographic emulsions.
Pharmaceutical Uses
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 are widely used in a variety of pharmaceutical formulations, including parenteral, topical, ophthalmic, oral, and rectal preparations.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 has been used experimentally in biodegradable polymeric matrices used in controlled-release systems.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 are stable, hydrophilic substances that are essentially nonirritant to the skin;They do not readily penetrate the skin, although the polyethylene glycols are water-soluble and are easily removed from the skin by washing, making them useful as ointment bases.
Solid grades are generally employed in topical ointments, with the consistency of the base being adjusted by the addition of liquid grades of CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000.
Mixtures of CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 can be used as suppository bases,for which they have many advantages over fats.
For example, the melting point of the suppository can be made higher to withstand exposure to warmer climates; release of the drug is not dependent upon melting point; the physical stability on storage is better; and suppositories are readily miscible with rectal fluids.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 have the following disadvantages: they are chemically more reactive than fats; greater care is needed in processing to avoid inelegant contraction holes in the suppositories; the rate of release of water-soluble medications decreases with the increasing molecular weight of the CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000; and polyethylene glycols tend to be more irritating to mucous membranes than fats.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 can be used either as suspending agents or to adjust the viscosity and consistency of other suspending vehicles.
When used in conjunction with other emulsifiers, CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 can act as emulsion stabilizers.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 are used as water-miscible solvents for the contents of soft gelatin capsules.
However, they may cause hardening of the capsule shell by preferential absorption of moisture from gelatin in the shell.
In concentrations up to approximately 30% v/v, PEG 300 and PEG 400 have been used as the vehicle for parenteral dosage forms.
In solid-dosage formulations, higher-molecular-weight CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 can enhance the effectiveness of tablet binders and impart plasticity to granules.
However, they have only limited binding action when used alone, and can prolong disintegration if present in concentrations greater than 5% w/w.
When used for thermoplastic granulations,a mixture of the powdered constituents with 10–15% w/w CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is heated to 70–75°C.
The mass becomes pastelike and forms granules if stirred while cooling.
This technique is useful for the preparation of dosage forms such as lozenges when prolonged disintegration is required.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 can also be used to enhance the aqueous solubility or dissolution characteristics of poorly soluble compounds by making solid dispersions with an appropriate polyethylene glycol.
Animal studies have also been performed using CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 as solvents for steroids in osmotic pumps.
In film coatings, solid grades of CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 can be used alone for the film-coating of tablets or can be useful as hydrophilic polishing materials.
Solid grades are also widely used as plasticizers in conjunction with film-forming polymers.
The presence of CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 in film coats, especially of liquid grades, tends to increase their water permeability and may reduce protection against low pH in enteric-coating films.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 are useful as plasticizers in microencapsulated products to avoid rupture of the coating film when the microcapsules are compressed into tablets.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 grades with molecular weights of 8000 and above can be used as lubricants, particularly for soluble tablets.
The lubricant action is not as good as that of magnesium stearate, and stickiness may develop if the material becomes too warm during compression.
An antiadherent effect is also exerted, again subject to the avoidance of overheating.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 have been used in the preparation of urethane hydrogels, which are used as controlled-release agents.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 has also been used in insulin-loaded microparticles for the oral delivery of insulin;it has been used in inhalation preparations to improve aerosolization;CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 nanoparticles have been used to improve the oral bioavailability of cyclosporine;it has been used in self-assembled polymeric nanoparticles as a drug carrier;and copolymer networks of polyethylene glycol grafted with poly(methacrylic acid) have been used as bioadhesive controlled drug delivery formulations.
Preparation
The ring-opening polymerization of ethylene oxide is readily effected by a variety of ionic reagents and several types of polymer have been prepared.
For commercial purposes, poly(ethylene oxide)s of low molecular weight and of very high molecular weight are of interest.
(a) Low molecular weight polymers
Poly(ethylene oxide)s of low molecular weight, i.e. below about 3000, are generally prepared by passing ethylene oxide into ethylene glycol at 120-150C and about 0.3 MPa (3 atmospheres) pressure, using an alkaline initiator such as sodium hydroxide.
Anionic polymerization proceeds according to the following scheme:
The polymers produced by these methods are thus terminated mainly by hydroxy groups (a few unsaturated end-groups are also formed) and are often referred to as CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 with molecular weights in the range 200-600 are viscous liquids which find use as surfactants in inks and paints and as humectants.
At molecular weights above about 600, poly(ethylene glycol)s are low-melting waxy solids, uses of which include pharmaceutical and cosmetic bases, lubricants and mould release agents.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 may be noted that homogeneous cationic polymerization of ethylene oxide also generally leads to low molecular weight products; typical initiators include aluminium chloride, boron trifluoride and titanium tetrachloride. Systems of this type are not utilized on a commercial scale.
(b) High molecular weight polymers
Poly(ethylene oxide)s of molecular weight ranging from about 100000 to 5 x 106 and above are available.
Details of the techniques used to manufacture these polymers have not been disclosed, but the essential feature is the use of (generally) heterogeneous initiator systems.
Effective initiators are mainly of two types, namely alkaline earth compounds (e.g. carbonates and oxides of calcium, barium and strontium) and organometallic compounds (e.g. aluminium and zinc alkyls and alkoxides, commonly with added coinitiators).
The precise modes of action of these initiators have not, as yet, been fully resolved.
Unlike the low molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s, the high molecular weight polymers are tough and extensible.
They are highly crystalline, with a melting point of 66C.
Unlike most water-soluble polymers, the high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s may be melt processed; they may be injection moulded, extruded and calendered without difficulty.
Poly(ethylene oxide)s are soluble in an unusually broad range of solvents, which includes water; chlorinated hydrocarbons such as carbon tetrachloride and methylene dichloride; aromatic hydrocarbons such as benzene and toluene; ketones such as acetone and methyl ethyl ketone; and alcohols such as methanol and isopropanol.
There is an upper temperature limit of solubility in water for the high molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s; this varies with concentration and molecular weight but is usually between 90 and 100C.
Water-solubility is due to the ability of the polyether to form hydrogen bonds with water; these bonds are broken when the temperature is raised, restoring the anhydrous polymer which is precipated from the solution.
High molecular weight poly(ethylene oxide)s find use as water-soluble packaging films and capsules for such products as laundry powders, colour concentrates, tablets and seeds.
In solution, the polymers are used as thickeners in pharmaceutical and cosmetic preparations, textile sizes and latex stabilizers.
Production
The production of CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 was first reported in 1859.
Both A. V. Lourenço and Charles Adolphe Wurtz independently isolated products that were polyethylene glycols.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is produced by the interaction of ethylene oxide with water, ethylene glycol, or ethylene glycol oligomers.
The reaction is catalyzed by acidic or basic catalysts.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 and its oligomers are preferable as a starting material instead of water, because they allow the creation of polymers with a low polydispersity (narrow molecular weight distribution).
Polymer chain length depends on the ratio of reactants.
HOCH2CH2OH + n(CH2CH2O) → HO(CH2CH2O)n+1H
Depending on the catalyst type, the mechanism of polymerization can be cationic or anionic.
The anionic mechanism is preferable because CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 allows one to obtain PEG with a low polydispersity.
Polymerization of ethylene oxide is an exothermic process.
Overheating or contaminating ethylene oxide with catalysts such as alkalis or metal oxides can lead to runaway polymerization, which can end in an explosion after a few hours.
Polyethylene oxide, or high-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol, is synthesized by suspension polymerization.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is necessary to hold the growing polymer chain in solution in the course of the polycondensation process.
The reaction is catalyzed by magnesium-, aluminium-, or calcium-organoelement compounds.
To prevent coagulation of polymer chains from solution, chelating additives such as dimethylglyoxime are used.
Alkaline catalysts such as sodium hydroxide (NaOH), potassium hydroxide (KOH), or sodium carbonate (Na2CO3) are used to prepare low-molecular-weight polyethylene glycol.
Manufacturing Process
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 was obtained by polymerization of ethylene oxide in an autoclave at 80-100°C using as a catalyst dipotassium alcogolate of polyethylene glycol 400.
Dipotassium alcogolate of polyethylene glycol 400 was synthesized by a heating of the dry mixture of polyethylene glycol 400 and potassium hydroxide.
The molecular weight of polymer was regulated by the ratio of monomer:catalyst.
Reactivity Profile
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 is heat-stable and inert to many chemical agents; Poly(ethylene glycol) will not hydrolyze or deteriorate under normal conditions.
CARBOWAX Polyethylene Glycol (PEG) 8000 has a solvent action on some plastics.
Synonyms
1,2-ethanediol,homopolymer
2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-Poly(oxy-1;Alcox E 160;Alcox E 30;alcoxe30
Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 600,000
Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 200,000
Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 900,000
