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CARBOXYACETIC ACID (MALONIC ACID)

DESCRIPTION
Carboxyacetic acid (Malonic Acid), commonly known as malonic acid (IUPAC name: propanedioic acid), is a dicarboxylic acid with the chemical formula C₃H₄O₄. 
It consists of a carboxyl (-COOH) group attached to an acetic acid (-CH₂COOH) backbone.
 
Cas Number
141-82-2
 
Synonyms
Malonic acid,Propanedioic acid ,Methanedicarboxylic acid,Carboxymethylformic acid,1,3-Propanedioic acid
 
Carboxyacetic acid, commonly known as glycolic acid, is a significant α-hydroxy acid with diverse applications in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and industrial processes. 
While specific 30-page scientific articles exclusively dedicated to glycolic acid are rare, comprehensive information can be found in various scientific reviews and research papers.
 
For an in-depth understanding, consider consulting the following resources:
 
"Understanding Biocatalyst Inhibition by Carboxylic Acids": This open-access review discusses the impact of various carboxylic acids, including glycolic acid, on microbial biocatalysts. 
It explores mechanisms of inhibition and strategies to enhance microbial tolerance, providing valuable insights into the biochemical interactions of glycolic acid. 
PMC
 
"Carboxylic Acids": This educational resource offers a detailed overview of carboxylic acids, covering their structure, properties, and reactions. 
While not exclusively focused on glycolic acid, it provides foundational knowledge pertinent to understanding its chemical behavior.
 
Understanding Biocatalyst Inhibition by Carboxylic Acids
Summary: This paper delves into how various carboxylic acids, including glycolic acid, impact biocatalysts, particularly in microbial and biochemical processes.


Key Insights:
It explains how the accumulation of carboxylic acids in fermentation processes can inhibit microbial growth and enzymatic activity.
The article discusses different inhibition mechanisms, including pH changes, membrane permeability disruption, and metabolic pathway interference.

to enhance microbial tolerance, such as genetic engineering and adaptive evolution, are also covered.
Relevance to Glycolic Acid:
Glycolic acid, being a small α-hydroxy acid, can influence microbial systems in biotechnological applications.
The study’s findings are applicable in industries where glycolic acid is produced or utilized, such as cosmetics, agriculture, and pharmaceuticals.


Where to Read: The full text is available on PubMed Central.
Carboxylic Acids (General Overview)
Summary: This is an educational document that covers the general chemistry of carboxylic acids, their structures, properties, and reactions.


Key Insights:
Covers functional groups and molecular structures of carboxylic acids.
Describes physical and chemical properties, including solubility, acidity, and boiling points.
Discusses reaction mechanisms, including esterification, reduction, and decarboxylation.
Highlights the biological significance and industrial applications of various carboxylic acids.


Relevance to Glycolic Acid:
Glycolic acid is a simple carboxylic acid with additional hydroxy functionality, making it a unique member of the group.
Understanding general carboxylic acid chemistry helps explain glycolic acid’s reactivity and uses.
Where to Read: The full text is available on pa01000125.schoolwires.net.
Glycolic Acid in Chemical Databases (PubChem Entry on Acetic Acid)


Summary: PubChem provides a comprehensive profile of acetic acid, a structurally similar carboxylic acid. 
This resource includes molecular structure, physicochemical properties, safety data, and industrial applications.
Key Insights:
Acetic acid is the simplest carboxylic acid and serves as a reference point for understanding other acids like glycolic acid.


The database includes experimental data on solubility, boiling/melting points, reactivity, and toxicity.
Includes detailed molecular-level interactions and biological effects, which can be extrapolated to understand glycolic acid’s behavior.
Relevance to Glycolic Acid:
Since glycolic acid has an additional hydroxyl (-OH) group, many properties of acetic acid can help predict glycolic acid’s behavior.
Glycolic acid's acidity and reactivity are influenced by this hydroxyl group, making it more water-soluble and reactive in biological systems.
 
Evaluating the Efficacy and Safety of Alpha-Hydroxy Acids in Dermatological Practice: A Comprehensive Clinical and Legal Review"
 
Summary: This review focuses on the dermatological applications of alpha-hydroxy acids (AHAs), particularly glycolic and lactic acids. 
It discusses their role in skin rejuvenation, mechanisms of action, and effectiveness in treating conditions like acne, hyperpigmentation, and photoaging. 
The article also emphasizes the importance of regulatory compliance to ensure safe application in cosmetic formulations.
Access: Available through PubMed Central:
"Glycolic Acid Peel Therapy - A Current Review"
 
Summary: This article provides an overview of glycolic acid peels, discussing their use in treating various skin conditions such as acne, acne scars, melasma, post-inflammatory hyperpigmentation, photoaging, and seborrhea. 
It covers treatment procedures, combination therapies, and emphasizes the importance of patient selection and proper application to ensure efficacy and safety.
Access: Available through PubMed Central:
"A Comprehensive Bibliographic Review Concerning the Efficacy of Organic Acids for Chemical Peels Treating Acne Vulgaris"
 
Summary: This review evaluates the effectiveness and safety of various organic acids, including glycolic acid, used in chemical peels for acne-prone skin. 
It highlights the adaptability of these treatments and suggests that the choice of acid can be tailored to individual patient needs to enhance outcomes while minimizing risks.


SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT CARBOXYACETIC ACID (MALONIC ACID)

 
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician. 
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:
 
If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air. 
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately. 
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
 
In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.
 
If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting. 
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. 
Rinse mouth with water. 
Consult a physician.
 
Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas
 
Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment. 
 
Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas. 
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.
 
Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
 
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste. 
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
 
Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.
 
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place. 
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials
 
Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
 
Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles. 
Faceshield (8-inch minimum). 
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
 
Skin protection:
Handle with gloves. 
Gloves must be inspected prior to use. 
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product. 
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices. 
Wash and dry hands.
 
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.
 
Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls. 
 
If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator. 
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so. 
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
 
Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions. 
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.
 
Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company. 
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.
 

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