PRODUCTS

CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is used in skin care, soap and other personal care products.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is widely used in culinary and cosmetic applications due to its nutrition-rich fatty acid profile and emollient properties.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is used as cooking oil or salad oil (especially high‑oleic variant); studied as parenteral nutrition lipid in medical settings.

CAS Number: 8001‑23‑8
EC / EINECS Number: 232‑276‑5
INCI Name: Carthamus tinctorius seed oil

SYNONYMS:
Carthamus tinctorius seed oil, Safflower oil, High‑linoleic safflower oil, Safflower Seed Oil (INCI), carthamus tinctorius seed oil, cropure safflower, ewanol DG (safflower oil, cold pressed), ewanol DR (safflower oil, refined), lipovol SAF, lipovol SO, nikkol safflower oil, oily liquid obtained from the seeds of safflower, carthamus tinctorius l., compositae, safflower oil, high oleic (monounsaturated) safflower oil, organic safflower oil argentina, safflower oil argentina organic, safflower oil expeller - organic, safflower oil hi-oleic - organic, safflower oil organic, edible safflower oil refined; USP, edible safflower oil USP, safflower seed oil, safflower seed oil from carthamus tinctorius seed

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is a natural emollient.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is safflower oil and rich source of linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil provides moisturizing properties, hydration and softens the skin, helps to maintain skin elasticity.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is a prized ingredient in cosmetics renowned for its lightweight texture and high linoleic acid content.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil deeply moisturizes the skin without leaving a greasy residue, making it suitable for all skin types.

Rich in antioxidants like vitamin E, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil shields the skin from environmental stressors, reducing signs of aging and promoting a youthful glow.
With its non-comedogenic properties, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil helps regulate sebum production, making it an excellent choice for acne-prone skin.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is a natural powerhouse, nurturing skin to reveal its radiant, healthy best.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil has the highest linoleic acid content of all vegetable oils.
This fatty acid is essential for the regulation of moisturization and restructuring of the epidermis.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil comes from the seeds of the yellow flowered safflower plant.
Similar to other plant oils, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil's loaded with nourishing and moisturizing fatty acids: it's a high linoleic acid oil (70%) and has only smaller amounts of oleic acid (11%) (this might be great for acne-prone skin).

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil also contains antioxidant vitamin E (44mg/100g alpha-tocopherol).
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is a vegetable (fixed) oil extracted from the seeds of Carthamus tinctorius, an ancient crop cultivated for both dye and oil.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil yields range from 20–40% of the seed weight.
For the last 50 years or so, the plant has been cultivated mainly for the vegetable oil, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil, extracted from its seeds.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is flavorless and colorless.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is used mainly in cosmetics and as a cooking oil, in salad dressing, and for the production of margarine.

INCI nomenclature of Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is Carthamus tinctorius.
There are two types of safflower that produce different kinds of oil: one high in monounsaturated fatty acid (oleic acid) and the other high in polyunsaturated fatty acid (linoleic acid).

Currently the predominant edible oil market is for the former, which is lower in saturated fats than olive oil.
The latter is used in painting in the place of linseed oil, particularly with white paints, as Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil does not have the yellow tint which linseed oil possesses.

In one review of small clinical trials, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oill consumption reduced blood low-density lipoprotein levels – a risk factor for cardiovascular diseases – more than those seen from butter or lard consumption.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is an edible vegetable oil.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is a highly branched, herbaceous, thistle-like annual plant in the family Asteraceae.
It is one of the world's oldest crops; today, it is commercially cultivated for vegetable oil extracted from the seeds.
Plants are 30 to 150 cm (12 to 59 in) tall with globular flower heads having yellow, orange, or red flowers.

Each branch will usually have from one to five flower heads containing 15 to 20 seeds per head.
Safflower is native to arid environments having seasonal rain.
It grows a deep taproot which enables it to thrive in such environments.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil obtained from safflower seeds.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is refined for cosmetics.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is a triglyceride mainly containing of linoleic acid.

The pale yellow to golden yellow Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is a fine and light oil.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is rich in linoleic acid and contains Vitamin E.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is easily absorbed by the hydro-lipid film of the skin and thus supports its barrier function.

Therefore, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is particularly suitable for sensitive and dry skin.
Carthamus Tinctorius, also known as safflower, is an annual plant traditionally grown for its seeds, which are used to extract Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil has become increasingly popular in recent years due to its versatility and potential health benefits.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is a rich source of linoleic acid, an omega-6 fatty acid that plays an important role in maintaining a healthy body.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is also high in monounsaturated fatty acids, which are associated with lowering cholesterol levels and reducing your risk of heart disease.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is a colorless to yellow oil with a faint odor.

The pale yellow to golden yellow Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oilis a fine and light oil.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is rich in linoleic acid and contains Vitamin E.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is easily absorbed by the hydro-lipid film of the skin and thus supports its barrier function.

Therefore, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is particularly suitable for sensitive and dry skin.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is extracted from the seeds of the safflower.
This plant originally stems from Egypt, but today it is mostly found in India, Mexico and the USA.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is a very light oil and is well-suited for oily skin types.
Due to the high content of linoleic acid, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is not film-forming or shiny and absorbs quickly.
As an emulsion, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil has mattifying effects and in combination with other anti-inflammatory ingredients, it is well-suited for very impure skin types.

The vitamin K that can be found in Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil optimally supports the treatment of skin that suffers from facial erythrosis and rosacea, as well as reduces dark circles under the eyes.

The valuable Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil, also known as safflower oil, is extracted from the seeds of the safflower (Carthamus tinctorius), a herbaceous plant from the composite family with bright yellow-red petals.
Basically, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil can be extracted in two ways.

USES and APPLICATIONS of CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is non-comedogenic and suitable for all skin types.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil contains antioxidants to fight free radical damage.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil improves the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles, reduces inflammation in the skin and helps to control sebum production.

Cosmetic & personal care: Emollient and skin conditioning, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is widely used in moisturizers, lotions, soaps, bath products, hair conditioners, and serums.
Food and nutrition: Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is used as cooking oil or salad oil (especially high‑oleic variant); studied as parenteral nutrition lipid in medical settings.

Industrial: Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is used in biodegradable lubricants, paints (high-linoleic variant), and as feedstock for polymers and surfactants.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil acts as a lubricant on the skin surface, which gives the skin a soft and smooth appearance.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is also used as a skin conditioning agent – occlusive.
Traditionally, the crop was grown for its seeds.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil was also used for coloring and flavoring foods, in medicines, and making red (carthamin) and yellow dyes, especially before cheaper aniline dyes became available.

In cosmetics and personal care products, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is used in the formulation of topical skin care lotions, moisturizers and bath products.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil can be used for various formulations.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is used in the cosmetic industry as an ingredient in skincare products due to its moisturizing properties.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is also used in the production of soap, candles, and other personal care products.

Although Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil cannot be used for frying because it is not heat resistant, it is still widely used in the kitchen in the preparation of dips and dressings.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil itself has a long tradition in traditional medicine and also in textile production.

Tea made from the flowers of the plant is considered to reduce fever, and in a higher concentration it supports healing sweating during an illness.
The dyes contained in the flower were used in the past for yellow and red clothing dye.

Even in the bandages of Egyptian mummies traces of Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil could be detected.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil obtained by cold pressing is used in cooking and cosmetics, while the variant obtained by hot pressing is used in technical applications.

-Uses & Effectiveness
Possibly Effective for
High cholesterol.
Using Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil in place of other oils in the diet might help lower total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol in people with and without high cholesterol.

CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL IN COSMETICS:
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil, thanks to its enormous linoleic acid content, is a non-film-forming, light oil that has a mattifying effect in emulsions and is non-greasy.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is also exceptionally quickly absorbed.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is also a good source of vitamin E, a powerful antioxidant that can protect skin from free radical damage.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil can help improve overall skin texture and tone, and also reduce the appearance of scars and blemishes.

Tocopherol, which is thus contained, does a lot of good because Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil binds moisture, promotes wound healing, and reduces skin damage.
People dealing with oily skin can especially benefit from the positive properties of Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil.

It does not leave a film on the skin and has both anti-inflammatory and antibacterial effects, so Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is particularly recommended for use on acne or skin diseases.
Those who suffer from many blackheads can help the skin and massage a few drops of the oil into the affected areas of the skin.

This massage loosens dead skin cells, the skin can breathe again and the impurities disappear.
The result: a more matte and improved complexion.

Thanks to its special composition, the oil penetrates the skin quickly, but not very deeply.
This leads to the fact that the self-production of fat and sebum is reduced.

In addition, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is suitable for supportive use in the case of age spots, skin irritations and light damage.
Furthermore, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil contributes to the effective regulation of the water balance of the human epidermis.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is also frequently used in body care products due to its cell renewing effect, its protective function, and its refatting properties.
Numerous shower gels and bath oils therefore already have safflower as an ingredient.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil protects the sensitive skin from drying out during showering and bathing and can even be helpful against hair loss: When used, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil often shows a circulation-promoting effect in the scalp area.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is well tolerated and can be used by all skin types and on all parts of the body.
The positive effect is enhanced by combining Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil with other anti-inflammatory oils (for example, hemp oil or currant seed oil).

But also people with normal skin can wonderfully care for face and body with Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is ideal for removing makeup and is even suitable for baby care.

FEATURES AND BENEFITS OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
*Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil provides hydration to the skin.
*Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil helps to maintain skin elasticity.
*Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil contains antioxidants to fight free radical damage.
*Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil improves the appearance of fine lines and wrinkles.
*Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil reduces inflammation in the skin.
*Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil acts as a natural emollient and softens the skin.
*Non-comedogenic and suitable for all skin types.
*Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil helps to regulate sebum production.

WHAT CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL USED FOR?
Although not scientifically proven yet, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is known to have a myriad of benefits for both hair and skin.

*Skin care:
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil deeply hydrates and nourishes, promoting a smooth and supple complexion.

Its lightweight texture absorbs quickly, making Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil ideal for moisturizing all skin types without clogging pores.
Rich in antioxidants and vitamin E, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil helps protect against environmental damage and soothes irritated skin.

*Hair care:
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil strengthens hair follicles, preventing breakage and split ends while adding shine and vitality.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil's moisturizing properties penetrate the hair shaft, restoring moisture balance and taming frizz.
Regular use promotes healthier, more manageable hair with a lustrous sheen.

ORIGIN OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil, commonly known as safflower seed oil, is derived from the seeds of the safflower plant through a process of cold-pressing or solvent extraction.
The seeds are carefully harvested and cleaned before being pressed or extracted to yield the oil.

This method preserves Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil's natural properties and ensures the retention of essential fatty acids, vitamins, and antioxidants.
In its raw form, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil appears as a pale yellow liquid.

WHAT DOES CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL DO IN A FORMULATION?
*ANTIOXIDANT
*HUMECTANT
*MASKING
*MOISTURISING
*SKIN CONDITIONING

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil has a favorable safety profile.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is non-comedogenic and hypoallergenic, minimizing the risk of clogged pores and adverse reactions.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is well tolerated by most skin types, including sensitive ones.
However, individual sensitivities can vary and performing a patch test before widespread use is recommended.

ALTERNATIVES OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
No data available

COSMETIC PROPERTIES OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
*anti-inflammatory
*regenerating
*supports the skin's barrier function
*regulates hornification
*absorbs quickly and easily, not greasy
*ideal for impure and oily skin types
*effective against dark circles and red veins

SCIENTIFIC FACTS OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is the oily liquid obtained by pressing the seeds of the Carthamus tinctorius plant.
Linoleic acid, which is considered to be an essential fatty acid, is a major component of this oil.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil has an extensive history of use in food.
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is commonly found in mayonnaise, salad dressing, frozen desserts and specialty breads.

Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is obtained from the plant Carthamus tinctorius; this ingredient consists primarily of the triglycerides of linoleic acid.

PRODUCTION OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
In 2020, global production of Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) seeds was 653,030 tonnes, led by Kazakhstan with 35% of the world total (table).
Other significant producers were Russia and Mexico, with 28% of world production combined.

BENEFITS OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
– Hydration:
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil helps hydrate the skin and prevent moisture loss, which can help improve the overall appearance and texture of the skin.

– Anti-inflammatory:
he linoleic acid in safflower has anti-inflammatory properties that can help reduce redness and inflammation of the skin.

– Anti-aging:
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is rich in antioxidants, which can help protect the skin from free radical damage and UV radiation.
This can help reduce the appearance of fine lines, wrinkles, and other signs of aging.

– Nourishing:
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil provides the skin with essential fatty acids and vitamins that can help improve the overall health and appearance of the skin.

BENEFITS & PROPERTIES OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
Hydration, softening, antioxidant protection, sebum regulation, heart‑healthy nutrition segment, light feel.

ADDITIONAL NOTES AND CLARIFICATIONS OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
Composition may vary depending on cultivar (high‑oleic vs. high‑linoleic types).
For specific formulations or pharmacological use, check cultivar source or GC fatty acid profile.
Safety data primarily comes from refined food-grade oil studies and cosmetic assessments; industrial-grade oil should meet appropriate purity specifications.
While ingestion of food-grade oil is safe, cosmetic-grade oils are intended for external use only.

INGREDIENTS OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
Anyone who takes a look at the composition will quickly understand its enormous benefits.
Around 78 percent consists of unsaturated fatty acids (linoleic acid).

This substance forms the basis for the synthesis of tissue hormones.
As a component of our human skin, however, it also performs valuable services in maintaining the skin’s own barrier function.
In addition, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oilcontains cosmetically active tocopherol, which is known for its antioxidant effect.

Other components are vitamins A and K and phytosterols.
The proportion of unsaponifiable components is about 1.0 percent.
Thus, Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil has one of the highest proportions of unsaturated fatty acids of all vegetable oils.

BENEFITS & PROPERTIES OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
Cosmetic / Skin & Hair
*Moisturizing and conditioning:
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil softens skin and hair, enhances elasticity.

*Non-comedogenic:
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil is suitable for oily and acne-prone skin.

*Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant:
Polyunsaturated fatty acids and tocopherols combat oxidative stress and soothe irritation.

*Sebum regulation:
Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil may help balance oil production and reduce shine.

*Light texture:
Absorbs easily without greasiness.

NUTRITIONAL OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
Heart‑healthy (when ingested):
Especially high-oleic oil can reduce LDL cholesterol levels more effectively than butter or lard in small studies.
Biological use of Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil in medicine:

Included in parenteral nutrition emulsions due to its long-chain triglyceride profile and efficient fat absorption (~96%).
Key uses of Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil: Cosmetic emollient, personal care, food oil, parenteral lipid source, industrial lubricants, polymer feedstock.

BIOLOGY OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
PLANT MORPHOLOGY:
Safflower is a fast growing, erect, winter/spring-growing annual herb, that resembles a thistle.
Originating from a leaf rosette emerges a branched central stem (also referred to as terminal stem), when day length and temperature increase.

The main shoot reaches heights of 30–150 cm (10–60 in).
The plant also develops a strong taproot, growing as deep as 2 m (6 ft 7 in).

First lateral branches develop, once the main stem is about 20–40 cm (8–16 in) high.
These lateral branches can then branch again to produce secondary and tertiary branches.
The chosen variety as well as growing conditions influence the extent of branching.

The elongated and serrated leaves reach lengths of 10–15 cm (4–6 in) and widths of 2.5–5 cm (1–2 in) and run down the stem.
The upper leaves that form the bracts are usually short, stiff and ovate, terminating in a spine.
Buds are borne on the ends of branches, and each composite flower head (capitulum) contains 20–180 individual florets.

Depending on variety, crop management and growing conditions, each plant can develop 3–50 or more flower heads of 1.25–4 cm (1⁄2–1+1⁄2 in) diameter.
Flowering commences with terminal flower heads (central stem), followed sequentially by primary, secondary and sometimes tertiary branch flower heads.

Individual florets usually flower for 3–4 days.
Commercial varieties are largely self-pollinated.
Flowers are commonly yellow, orange and red, but white and cream coloured forms exist.

The dicarpelled, epigynous ovary forms the ovule.
The safflower plant then produces achenes.

Each flower head commonly contains 15–50 seeds; however, the number can exceed 100.
The shell content of the seeds varies between 30 and 60%, while the oil content of the seeds varies between 20 and 40%.

PLANT DEVELOPMENT
Safflower usually emerges 1–3 weeks after sowing and grows slower under low temperatures.
Germination of safflower is epigeal.

The first true leaves emerging form a rosette.
This stage occurs in winter with short daylength and cold temperature, as the safflower can tolerate frosts up to −7 °C (19 °F) during the rosette stage.

When temperature and daylength start to increase, the central stem begins to elongate and branch, growing more rapidly.
Early sowing allows more time for developing a large rosette and more extensive branching, which results in a higher yield.

Flowering is mainly influenced by daylength.
The period from the end of flowering to maturity is usually 4 weeks.

The total period from sowing to harvest maturity varies with variety, location, sowing time and growing conditions; for June or July sowings, it may be about 26–31 weeks.

Both wild and cultivated forms have a diploid set of 2n = 24 chromosomes.
Crossings with Carthamus palaestinus, Carthamus oxyacanthus and Carthamus persicus can produce fertile offspring.

HISTORY OF CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
Safflower is one of humanity's oldest crops.
It was first cultivated in Mesopotamia, with archaeological traces possibly dating as early as 2500 BC.

Chemical analysis of ancient Egyptian textiles dated to the Twelfth Dynasty (1991–1802 BC) identified dyes made from safflower, and garlands made from safflowers were found in the tomb of the pharaoh Tutankhamun.

John Chadwick reports that the Greek name for safflower (kárthamos, κάρθαμος) occurs many times in Linear B tablets, distinguished into two kinds: a white safflower (ka-na-ko re-u-ka, knākos leukā, κνάκος λευκά), which was measured, and red (ka-na-ko e-ru-ta-ra, knākos eruthrā, κνάκος ερυθρά) which was weighed.

"The explanation is that there are two parts of the plant which can be used; the pale seeds and the red florets."
The early Spanish colonies along the Rio Grande in New Mexico used safflower as a substitute for saffron in traditional recipes.
An heirloom variety originating in Corrales, New Mexico, called "Corrales Azafran", is still cultivated and used as a saffron substitute in New Mexican cuisine.

Also in his 14th-century work Kaftor va-Ferach (Hebrew: כפתור ופרח), Ishtori Haparchi noted that the inhabitants of the Land of Israel in his time used Safflower to dye their food as a substitute for Crocus sativus.

CULTIVATION:
CLIMATE
Safflower prefers high temperatures and grows best at 28–35 °C (82–95 °F).
It tolerates 40 °C (104 °F), but there are also some varieties which grow under very low temperatures.

Safflower is cultivated in different seasons: as a winter crop in south central India, as an early summer crop in California and as a mid-summer crop in the Northern Great Plains of the United States.

Minimum length of the growing season is 120 and 200 days for summer and winter cultivars, respectively.
Plant performance is highly dependent on the different planting dates in terms of temperature and day length.

Winter hard varieties only form a rosette in late fall and elongates in spring.
In early stages, safflower tolerates humidity but after bud stage the danger of a Botrytis blight infestation increases.

Safflower is drought tolerant.
The tap root makes moisture from deep soil layers available.

Additionally, this tolerance can also be explained by the higher water use efficiency compared to other oil crops such as linseed and mustard.
Shortly before and during maximum flowering water requirements are the highest.
Beside drought tolerance, all parts of the plant are sensitive to moisture in terms of diseases.

In the case of excessive water supply, it is susceptible to root rot.
Therefore, many varieties are not suitable in irrigated agriculture especially on soils with danger of waterlogging.

Safflower tolerates wind and hail better than cereals.
It stays erect and can retain the seeds in the head.

SOIL
Safflower prefers well-drained, neutral, fertile and deep soils.
It can adapt well to soil pH (pH 5–8) and tolerates salinity.

Safflower can be well grown on different soil types, with water supply as its main driving factor for suitability, depending on climate and irrigation, and the resulting different water regimes of the different soil types.

Therefore, cultivation on shallow soils and especially on soils with danger of waterlogging is not suitable.
The deep rooting promotes water and air movement and improves the soil quality for subsequent crops in a rotation.

Nutrient requirements can be compared to wheat and barley, except nitrogen amendment should be increased by 20%.
Therefore, soils with an adequate nitrogen supply are favorable.

AGRICULTURAL PRACTICE
Crop rotation and sowing
Safflower is frequently grown in crop rotation with small grains, fallow and annual legumes.

Close rotation with crops susceptible to Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (e.g. sunflower, canola, mustard plant and pea) should be avoided.
A four-year rotation is recommended to reduce disease pressure.

Seeds should be sown in spring as early as 4.5 °C (40.1 °F) soil temperature is exceeded, to take advantage of the full growing season.
If wireworms were a problem in the field in previous seasons, a respective seed treatment is recommended.

A planting depth between 2.5 and 3.5 cm (0.98 and 1.38 in) is optimal.
Shallow seeding promotes uniform emergence resulting in a better stand.

Seeding rate recommendations are around 17–33.5 kg/ha (15.2–29.9 lb/acre) of live seed.
Where lower seeding rates promote branching, a longer flowering period and later maturity and higher rates promote thicker stands with a higher disease incidence.

Sufficient moisture is necessary for germination.
Usually, row spacing between 15 and 25 cm (5.9 and 9.8 in) are chosen using similar drill settings as recommended for barley.

MANAGEMENT
The total N recommendation is 90 kg/ha (80 lb/acre).
This should include credits based on previous crops and soil available N.

For the latter, deeper positioned nutrients need to be taken into account as safflower will root deeper than small grains and therefore access nutrients unavailable to them.

Safflower growing in soils low in phosphorus need to be fertilized.
Up to 39 kg/ha (35 lb/acre) of phosphate can be drill-applied safely.

A weed control program is essential when growing safflower as it is a poor competitor with weeds during the rosette stage.
Cultivation on fields with heavy infestation of perennial weeds is not recommended.

HARVEST
Safflower is mature when most leaves have turned brown approximately 30 days after flowering.
Seeds should fall from the head when rubbed.
Rain and high humidity after maturity may cause the seeds to sprout on the head.

Harvesting is usually done using a small-grain combine harvester.
Moisture in seeds should not exceed 8% to allow for a safe, long-term storage.

Drying can be done similar to sunflower.
Temperatures must not exceed 43 °C (109 °F) to prevent damage to the seed and ensure quality.

Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius) is a plant that grows throughout the world.
Its seed oil is a rich source of the essential fatty acid, linoleic acid.

The linoleic acid in Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil might help reduce the risk of heart disease.
Safflower also contains chemicals that might help prevent blood clots, widen blood vessels, lower blood pressure, and stimulate the heart.

People use Carthamus Tinctorius (Safflower) Seed Oil for high cholesterol, heart disease, stroke, diabetes, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
CAS Number: 8001-23-8
EC / EINECS Number: 232-276-5
INCI Name: Carthamus tinctorius seed oil
Appearance: Clear, pale yellow to golden oily liquid; faint odor
Physical State: Liquid (not applicable melting point)
Density: ~0.921 g/mL at 25 °C
Refractive Index (20 °C): 1.460–1.480
Flash Point: >280 °C (not flammable under normal conditions)
Solubility: Insoluble in water; completely soluble in oils and non-polar solvents

Fatty Acids Composition:
High-linoleic: linoleic ~72–84%, oleic ~8–18%, palmitic ~4–9%
High-oleic variant: oleic ~78%, linoleic ~13%
Safety: Non-classified, non-toxic, minimal irritation risk
MDL Number: MFCD00132216
UNSPSC Code: 12352211

NACRES: NA.25
Appearance: Colorless to pale yellow clear liquid (estimated)
Color: No data available
Odor: No data available
Melting point / Freezing point: No data available
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flash Point: >113.00 °C (closed cup) / 235.00 °F TCC (112.78 °C)
Autoignition Temperature: No data available
Decomposition Temperature: No data available

pH: No data available
Viscosity:
Kinematic: No data available
Dynamic: No data available
Water Solubility: Insoluble in water; soluble in oils;
water solubility estimated at 9.967e-020 mg/L @ 25 °C
Partition Coefficient (n-octanol/water): No data available
Vapor Pressure: No data available

Density: 0.921 g/mL at 25 °C
Relative Density: No data available
Relative Vapor Density: No data available
Particle Characteristics: No data available
Explosive Properties: No data available
Oxidizing Properties: No data available
Other Safety Information: No data available
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No

FIRST AID MEASURES of CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CARTHAMUS TINCTORIUS (SAFFLOWER) SEED OIL:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available