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CAUSTIC SODA

CAS NUMBER: 1310-73-2

MOLECULAR FORMULA: NaOH 

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 39.997

 


Caustic soda is an inorganic chemical compound of the hydroxide group, belonging to the strongest alkali. 
In liquid form Caustic soda is a colourless, odourless and non-flammable product called caustic soda liquid. 

Caustic soda belongs to a group of basic raw materials, so Caustic soda is used almost in every industry.
Pure Caustic soda is a colorless, crystalline solid that melts at 318°C without decomposition. 

Caustic soda is highly soluble in water, with a lower solubility in ethanol and methanol, but insoluble in ether and other non-polar solvents.
Similar to the hydration of sulfuric acid, dissolving solid Caustic soda into water is an extremely exothermic reaction in which a large amount of heat is released, posing a threat to safety with the possibility of splashing. 

The resulting solution is usually colorless and odorless. 
As with other alkaline solutions, Caustic soda becomes slippery in contact with the skin.

This type of reaction with a strong acid dissipates heat and is therefore exothermic. 
These acid-based reactions can also be used for titrations. 

However, Caustic soda is not used as the primary standard because it is hygroscopic and absorbs carbon dioxide from the air.
Caustic Soda is a white hygroscopic substance. 

Caustic soda dissolves easily in water and forms a soft, slippery and soapy solution. 
Caustic soda has an itchy effect on human tissue. 

Caustic soda is used in the laboratory to capture acidic gases such as CO2. 
Caustic soda is used in the manufacture of many chemicals in industry, artificial silk, soap, paper, paint, detergent industry and petroleum refineries. 

When Caustic soda reacts with water, Caustic sodas temperature rises to 50 degrees Celsius in about 5 minutes and remains hot for about 15 minutes.
Caustic soda, also known as lye and caustic soda, is an inorganic compound with the formula NaOH. 

Caustic soda is a white solid ionic compound consisting of sodium cations Na+ and hydroxide anions OH−.
Caustic soda is a highly caustic base and alkali that decomposes proteins at ordinary ambient temperatures and may cause severe chemical burns. 

Caustic soda is highly soluble in water, and readily absorbs moisture and carbon dioxide from the air. It forms a series of hydrates NaOH·nH2O.
The monohydrate NaOH·H2O crystallizes from water solutions between 12.3 and 61.8 °C. 

The commercially available "Caustic soda" is often this monohydrate, and published data may refer to it instead of the anhydrous compound.
As one of the simplest hydroxides, Caustic soda is frequently utilized alongside neutral water and acidic hydrochloric acid to demonstrate the pH scale to chemistry students.[12]

Caustic soda is used in many industries: in the manufacture of pulp and paper, textiles, drinking water, soaps and detergents, and as a drain cleaner. 
Worldwide production in 2004 was approximately 60 million tons, while demand was 51 million tons.

Caustic soda is a hygroscopic substance, usually white in color, with a slippery feel. 
There are two different products, generally straws and beads, as caustic soda in the market. 

Caustic soda dissolves easily in water. 
Caustic soda gives off heat during dissolution. 

There is also a liquid caustic sale on the market, preferably ranging from 46% to 48%. 
Caustic soda, which is used in extra works such as pH balancing, degreasing, sink opening, cleaning in grease oils, protein dissolving, sewer cleaning, for liquid caustic product, which is generally used in the detergent industry, has an irritating and itchy effect when it touches the human body. For this reason, it is important to wear gloves during use.

Caustic soda is the chemical compound Caustic soda (NaOH). 
Caustic soda is an alkali – a type of base that can neutralize acids and is soluble in water. 

Today caustic soda can be manufactured in the form of pellets, flakes, powders, solutions and more.
Caustic soda is a highly caustic base and alkali that is used mainly in cleaning products for both industrial and household uses. 

Also can be used to adjust pH in various manufacturing processes.
Caustic soda (caustic soda) is highly soluble in water, and Caustic soda solutions are strong bases. 

The annual world production of Caustic soda is on the order of 60 million tons. 
Caustic soda is universally used as a neutralisation agent in the chemical industry, paper making, etc. 

At room temperature, Caustic soda is a white crystalline odorless solid that absorbs moisture from the air. 
Caustic soda is a manufactured substance. When dissolved in water or neutralized with acid it liberates substantial heat, which may be sufficient to ignite combustible materials. Caustic soda is very corrosive. 

Caustic soda is generally used as a solid or a 50% solution. 
Other common names include caustic soda and lye.

Caustic soda is used to manufacture soaps, rayon, paper, explosives, dyestuffs, and petroleum products. 
Caustic soda is also used in processing cotton fabric, laundering and bleaching, metal cleaning and processing, oxide coating, electroplating, and electrolytic extracting. 

Caustic soda is commonly present in commercial drain and oven cleaners.
Caustic soda is also known as lye or soda , or caustic soda. 

At room temperature, Caustic soda is a white crystalline odorless solid that absorbs moisture from the air. 
Caustic soda is a synthetically manufactured substance. 

When dissolved in water or neutralized with acid it releases substantial amounts of heat, which may prove sufficient to ignite combustible materials. 
Caustic soda is highly corrosive. 

Caustic soda is generally used as a solid or a diluted in a 50% solution. 
Caustic soda is used to manufacture soaps, rayon, paper, explosives, dyestuffs, and petroleum products. 

Caustic soda is also used in processing cotton fabric, laundering and bleaching, metal cleaning and processing, oxide coating, electroplating, and electrolytic extracting. 
Caustic soda is commonly found in commercial drain/ oven cleaners. 

According to the the FDA, Caustic soda is considered a direct food recognized as safe, where it serves as a pH control agent and follows good manufacturing guidelines. 
Interestingly, Caustic soda has been studied for its use in the treatment of prion disease. 

The use of this compound has been shown to effectively reduce prion levels in an in vitro inactivation assay.
Caustic soda solution appears as a colorless liquid. 

More dense than water. 
Caustic soda is a typically strong alkali produced through the electrolysis of salt water and used in a wide variety of industries.

 

 


USES OF CAUSTIC SODA:


Caustic soda is a popular strong base used in industry. 
Caustic soda is used in the manufacture of sodium salts and detergents, pH regulation, and organic synthesis. 

In bulk, Caustic soda is most often handled as an aqueous solution, since solutions are cheaper and easier to handle.
Caustic soda is used in many scenarios where it is desirable to increase the alkalinity of a mixture, or to neutralize acids.

For example, in the petroleum industry, Caustic soda is used as an additive in drilling mud to increase alkalinity in bentonite mud systems, to increase the mud viscosity, and to neutralize any acid gas (such as hydrogen sulfide and carbon dioxide) which may be encountered in the geological formation as drilling progresses.
Another use is in Salt spray testing where pH needs to be regulated. 

Caustic soda is used with hydrochloric acid to balance pH. 
The resultant salt, NaCl, is the corrosive agent used in the standard neutral pH salt spray test.

Poor quality crude oil can be treated with Caustic soda to remove sulfurous impurities in a process known as caustic washing. 
As above, Caustic soda reacts with weak acids such as hydrogen sulfide and mercaptans to yield non-volatile sodium salts, which can be removed. 

The waste which is formed is toxic and difficult to deal with, and the process is banned in many countries because of this. 
In 2006, Trafigura used the process and then dumped the waste in Ivory Coast.

Other common uses of Caustic soda include:
Caustic soda is used for making soaps and detergents. 

Caustic soda is used for hard bar soap while potassium hydroxide is used for liquid soaps.
Caustic soda is used more often than potassium hydroxide because it is cheaper and a smaller quantity is needed.

Caustic soda is used as drain cleaners that contain Caustic soda convert fats and grease that can clog pipes into soap, which dissolves in water.
Caustic soda is used for making artificial textile fibres (such as Rayon).

Caustic soda is used in the manufacture of paper. 
Around 56% of Caustic soda produced is used by industry, 25% of which is used in the paper industry. 

Caustic soda is used in purifying bauxite ore from which aluminium metal is extracted. 
This is known as Bayer process.

Caustic soda is used in de-greasing metals, oil refining, and making dyes and bleaches.
Caustic soda is used in water treatment plants for pH regulation.

Caustic soda is used to treat bagels and pretzel dough, giving the distinctive shiny finish.
Caustic soda has become a common ingredient in the production of many everyday items. 

Commonly known as lye, Caustic soda has been used to make soap for centuries, and its ability to dissolve grease makes it a common ingredient in oven cleaners and products used to unclog drains. ​
The chemical compound is also used to break down the sedimentary rock that aluminum is extracted from. 

The mineral then goes on to be used in a number of items like construction materials, automobiles and consumer goods like food packaging and soda cans.
One perhaps unexpected use for caustic soda is in the manufacturing of pharmaceuticals like blood thinners and cholesterol medication.

A versatile water treatment product, Caustic soda is often used to maintain the safety and cleanliness of pools by removing harmful metals like lead and copper. 
As a base, Caustic soda lowers acidity, regulating water's pH. 

Additionally, the compound can be used to create sodium hypochlorite, which further disinfects water. 
Caustic soda is a widely used chemical produced by electrolysis of an aqueous NaCl salt solution (brine). 

The resulting product is caustic soda lye or liquor, a NaOH solution in demineralised water.
As an industrial commodity, caustic soda holds a pivotal position in the manufacture of a wide range of industrial and consumer products.

 


-Acid control, odor treatment, pipe cleaning, pH balancing)

-As an adhesive, in heat press printing, on nwsprint)

-In the production of Sodium Aluminate, Sodium Cyanide, Silicate, Polycarbonate, Titan Oxide, Zeolite

-Removing residues in the final product, whitening

-STTP, Sodium Hypo Chloride, Soap, Oven and Pipe Cleaner)

-Sodium Phenolate [ in making aspirin and antiseptic])

-In edible oil refining, fruit and vegetable peeling, ice cream

-Oil cleaning, water treatment, equipment cleaning

-Starch, Caustic, Water, Silicate: Co-In Label Adhesive Manufacturing

-Starch, Caustic, Water, Borax: In Corrugated Board Glue Manufacturing

-Removing acid residues in refined products, removing phenols, balancing the pH in drilling mud, removing calcium and bactericides in drilling

-Filter Cleaner (in filter pools) and cleaning the acid unit in mines,

-In addition, Caustic (Caustic soda) or Lime (Calcium Hydroxide) is used to adjust the pH value of the Sodium Cyanide used.

-Acid control, odor treatment, pipe cleaning, pH balancing)

-As an adhesive, in heat press printing, on newsprint)

-Sodium Aluminate, Sodium Cyanide, Silicate, Polycarbonate, Titan Oxide, Zeolite production)

-Removing residues in the final product, whitening

-STTP, Sodium Hypo Chloride, Soap, Oven and Pipe Cleaner)

-Sodium Phenolate [ in making aspirin and antiseptic])

-In edible oil refining, fruit and vegetable peeling, ice cream

-Oil cleaning, water treatment, equipment cleaning

-Starch, Caustic, Water, Silicate: Co-In Label Adhesive Manufacturing

-Filter Cleaner (in filter pools) and cleaning the acid unit in mines,

-In addition, Caustic (Caustic soda) or Lime (Calcium Hydroxide) is used to adjust the pH value of the Sodium Cyanide used.

 

 

 

USAGE AREAS OF CAUSTIC SODA:


-In water purification and oil cleaning

-In adhesive making

-For pH balancing in many industrial areas

-In detergent production

-in drug making

-In productions with bleaching (whitening) in the final process

-in the paper industry

-paint industry

-In the purification industry

-Artificial silk making

-In olive mills

-making explosives

-In textile factories

 

 

 

APLICATION OF CAUSTIC SODA:


Caustic Soda is used in a variety of different industries. 
Applications areas include the manufacture of sodium salts and detergents, pH regulation organic synthesis and production of aluminum.

Caustic soda is used to maintain or increase pH. 
Increasing pH with caustic soda precipitates magnesium (Mg2+) and suppresses calcium (Ca2+) in high-hardness waters such as seawater, reduces corrosion, and neutralizes acid gases such as carbon dioxide (CO2) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S).

 


-fulfills the requirements of the latest edition of European Pharmacopoeia

-used for the production of aluminium in the steel and metallurgical industries

-paper production

-refining of crude oil, mineral oils in the petrochemical industry

-in the cosmetics industry – production of hard (sodium) soap, washing detergents, exfoliating masks

-industrial cleaning

-component of several plasticisers in the construction industry

-pH regulation in water treatment processes

-raw material in the manufacture of pigments and dyes for paints

-pharmaceuticals and chemical industries

-cleaning and disinfection in animal breeding and beekeeping

-combating diseases and protecting plants in fruit growing

 

 

 

APPLICATION AREAS  OF CAUSTIC SODA:


-Acid Neutralizer 

-Alkaline Cleaners 

-Biofuels 

-Drain Cleaner 

-Food Processing 

-Metal Cleaners 

-Oil Well Drilling Fluids 

-Ore Flotation 

-Petroleum Refining 

-PH Control 

-Pharmaceuticals 

-Pulp & Paper 

-Soap & Detergents 

-Textile Processing

 

 


PROPERTIES OF CAUSTIC SODA:


-Chemical Formula: HNaO-

-Specific Gravity: 2.12

-Melting Point: 318 °C

-Boiling Point: 1,388 °C

 

 

PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CAUSTIC SODA:


Caustic soda is insoluble in ether and other non-polar solvents.
Similar to the hydration of sulfuric acid, dissolution of solid Caustic soda in water is a highly exothermic reaction where a large amount of heat is liberated, posing a threat to safety through the possibility of splashing. 

The resulting solution is usually colorless and odorless. 
As with other alkaline solutions, Caustic soda feels slippery with skin contact due to the process of saponification that occurs between NaOH and natural skin oils.

 

 


FEATURES OF CAUSTIC SODA:

-Dependable purity

-Accuracy of composition

-Precise density

 

 

ADVANTAGES OF CAUSTIC SODA:


-Widely available and an economic source of hydroxyl ions to control pH

-Concentrated chemical and very effective at small treatment levels

-Increases pH which reduces corrosion of steel exposed to drilling fluids

-Can be used in most drilling fluids

 

 

CHARACTERISTICS OF CAUSTIC SODA:


-Caustic soda is colorless, transparent, and viscous in liquid form, and solidifies depending on its concentration and temperature.

-The liquid form is primarily used, but the solid form is available(flake, small grain). 

-Flakes are white, semitransparent, flat crystals that are highly absorbent.

-Caustic soda is the most representative strong alkaline solution, and exhibits strong alkaline properties in water solution, in which it easily dissolves.

-Absorbs carbon dioxide in the air to become sodium carbonate.

 

 


PRODUCTION OF CAUSTIC SODA:

Caustic soda is industrially produced as a 50% solution by variations of the electrolytic chloralkali process.
Caustic sodas is also produced in this process.

Caustic soda is obtained from this solution by the evaporation of water. Solid Caustic soda is most commonly sold as flakes, prills, and cast blocks.
In 2004, world production was estimated at 60 million dry tonnes of Caustic soda, and demand was estimated at 51 million tonnes.

In 1998, total world production was around 45 million tonnes. North America and Asia each contributed around 14 million tonnes, while Europe produced around 10 million tonnes. 
In the United States, the major producer of Caustic soda is Olin, which has annual production around 5.7 million tonnes.

 

 


STORAGE OF CAUSTIC SODA:

Careful storage is needed when handling Caustic soda for use, especially bulk volumes. 
Following proper Caustic soda storage guidelines and maintaining worker/environment safety is always recommended given the chemical's burn hazard.

Caustic soda is often stored in bottles for small-scale laboratory use, within intermediate bulk containers (medium volume containers) for cargo handling and transport, or within large stationary storage tanks with volumes up to 100,000 gallons for manufacturing or waste water plants with extensive NaOH use. Common materials that are compatible with Caustic soda and often utilized for NaOH storage include: polyethylene (HDPE, usual, XLPE, less common), carbon steel, polyvinyl chloride (PVC), stainless steel, and fiberglass reinforced plastic (FRP, with a resistant liner).
Caustic soda must be stored in airtight containers to preserve its normality as it will absorb water from the atmosphere.

 

 


SYNONYM:

1310-73-2
Sodium hydrate
Soda lye
White caustic
Aetznatron
Ascarite
Caustic soda (Na(OH))
Caustic soda solution
Soda, caustic
Natriumhydroxid
Rohrputz
Plung
Collo-Grillrein
Liquid-plumr
Caustic soda solution
Collo-Tapetta

 

 

 

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