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Cellulose Fiber and carboxymethylcellulose sodium occurs as a white or off-white odorless and tasteless hygroscopic powder containing 5–22% sodium carboxymethylcellulose.
Cellulose Fiber is a water-dispersible organic hydrocolloid.
Cellulose Fiber is a purified, partially depolymerized cellulose that occurs as a white, odorless, tasteless, crystalline powder composed of porous particles.
CAS Number: 9004-34-6
Molecular Formula: (C12H20O10)n
Molecular Weight: 324.28
EINECS Number: 232-674-9
Synonyms: Microcrystalline cellulose, 9004-34-6, Cellulose, AVICEL PH, AVICEL PH 101(R), AVICEL PH 102, AVICEL PH 105(R), AVICEL(R), ''AVICEL(R)'', AVICEL SF, AVIRIN
Cellulose Fiber is commercially available in different particle sizes and moisture grades that have different properties and applications.
Cellulose fiber is a natural polysaccharide fiber composed of long chains of β-D-glucose units (β-1,4 linkages), forming the primary structural component of plant cell walls.
It is the most abundant organic biopolymer on Earth and provides strength, rigidity, and stability to plants, wood, and many natural materials.
Cellulose Fiber are commonly extracted from wood pulp, cotton, and agricultural biomass for use in textiles, paper, food products, and industrial applications.
Cellulose fibers or Cellulose fibres (/ˈsɛljʊloʊs, -loʊz/) are fibers made with ethers or esters of cellulose, which can be obtained from the bark, wood or leaves of plants, or from other plant-based material.
In addition to cellulose, the fibers may also contain hemicellulose and lignin, with different percentages of these components altering the mechanical properties of the fibers.
The main applications of cellulose fibers are in the textile industry, as chemical filters, and as fiber-reinforcement composites, due to their similar properties to engineered fibers, being another option for biocomposites and polymer composites.
Cellulose Fiber was discovered in 1838 by the French chemist Anselme Payen, who isolated it from plant matter and determined its chemical formula.
Cellulose Fiber was used to produce the first successful thermoplastic polymer, celluloid, by Hyatt Manufacturing Company in 1870.
Production of rayon ("artificial silk") from cellulose began in the 1890s, and cellophane was invented in 1912.
In 1893, Arthur D. Little of Boston, invented yet another cellulosic product, acetate, and developed it as a film.
The first commercial textile uses for acetate in fiber form were developed by the Celanese Company in 1924.
Hermann Staudinger determined the polymer structure of cellulose in 1920.
The compound was first chemically synthesized (without the use of any biologically derived enzymes) in 1992, by Kobayashi and Shoda.
Cellulose Fiber is a polymer made of repeating glucose molecules attached end to end.
A cellulose molecule may be from several hundred to over 10,000 glucose units long.
Cellulose Fiber is similar in form to complex carbohydrates like starch and glycogen.
These polysaccharides are also made from multiple subunits of glucose.
The difference between Cellulose Fiber and other complex carbohydrate molecules is how the glucose molecules are linked together.
In addition, Cellulose Fiber is a straight chain polymer, and each cellulose molecule is long and rod-like.
This differs from starch, which is a coiled molecule.
A result of these differences in structure is that, compared to starch and other carbohydrates, Cellulose Fiber cannot be broken down into its glucose subunits by any enzymes produced by animals.
Manufactured cellulose fibers come from plants that are processed into a pulp and then extruded in the same ways that synthetic fibers like polyester or nylon are made.
Rayon or viscose is one of the most common "manufactured" cellulose fibers, and it can be made from wood pulp.
Fibers may also be produced from Laminaria hyperborea nozzle-pressurized gyration and wet spinning, along with resonant acoustic mixing.
Cellulose Fiber fibers are biodegradable, renewable, and sustainable, making them key materials in green chemistry and eco-friendly product design.
They exhibit high tensile strength due to hydrogen bonding between microfibrils, allowing structural durability in textiles and composites.
Chemically, cellulose is insoluble in water and most solvents, but can be chemically modified (e.g., cellulose acetate) to enhance processability.
Natural fibers are composed by microfibrils of cellulose in a matrix of hemicellulose and lignin. This type of structure and the chemical composition of them is responsible for the mechanical properties that can be observed.
Because the natural fibers make hydrogen bonds between the long chains, they have the necessary stiffness and strength.
In comparison with engineered fibers, cellulose fibers have important advantages as low density, low cost, they can be recyclable, and are biodegradable.
Due to its advantages cellulose fibers can be used as a substituent for glass fibers in composites materials.
Cellulose is an organic compound with the formula (C6H10O5)n, a polysaccharide consisting of a linear chain of several hundred to many thousands of β(1→4) linked D-glucose units.
Cellulose Fiber is an important structural component of the cell walls of green plants, many forms of algae, and the oomycetes.
Some species of bacteria secrete it to form biofilms.
Cellulose Fiber is the most abundant organic polymer on Earth.
The Cellulose Fiber content of cotton fibre is 90%, that of wood is 40–50%, and that of dried hemp is approximately 57%.
Cellulose Fiber is used mainly to produce paperboard and paper. Smaller quantities are converted into a wide variety of derivative products such as cellophane and rayon.
Conversion of cellulose from energy crops into biofuels such as cellulosic ethanol is under development as a renewable fuel source.
Cellulose Fiber for industrial use is mainly obtained from wood pulp and cotton.
In addition, cellulose exhibits pronounced susceptibility to direct interactions with certain organic liquids, notably formamide, DMSO, and short-chain amines (methylamine, ethylamine), among other, are recognized as highly effective swelling agents.
Cellulosic fibers are defined as fibers containing cellulose as the major polymeric substance.
Cellulose Fiber is a type of fiber made from cellulose, a natural polymer that is found in plants and serves as a structural component of plant cell walls.
These fibers are used in a variety of applications, including textiles, papermaking, and building materials. They are valued for their strength, durability, and sustainability.
Cellulose Fiber can be obtained from the stem, leaf or seed of a plant.
By far the most important of these is cotton, obtained from the seed. Other important cellulosic fiber types such as flax, jute, ramie, bamboo and hemp are bast fibers.
Melting point: 76–78 °C (solv.: acetone (67-64-1); chloroform (67-66-3))
Bulk density: 70–400 kg/m³
Density: 1.5 g/cm³ (20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.504
Flash point: 164 °C
Storage temperature: Room temperature
Solubility: Practically insoluble in water, acetone, anhydrous ethanol, toluene, dilute acids, and 50 g/L sodium hydroxide solution
Form: Powder
Color: White or almost white
pH: 5.0–7.5 (100 g/L, H₂O, 20 °C) (slurry)
Odor: Odorless
Biological source: Spruce
Optical activity: −120 (cuprammonium hydroxide solution)
Viscosity: 50–150 cP (2.6 wt.% in H₂O, Brookfield RVT, spindle #1, 20 rpm) (lit.)
Water solubility: Insoluble
Merck: 14,1965
Exposure limits: ACGIH TWA 10 mg/m³; OSHA TWA 15 mg/m³ (total dust), 5 mg/m³ (respirable fraction); NIOSH TWA 10 mg/m³, 5 mg/m³, 1 mg/m³
Dielectric constant: 3.2 (ambient)
Cellulose Fiber is a spray- or bulk-dried blend of microcrystalline cellulose and sodium carboxymethylcellulose.
It is prepared by the chemical depolymerization of highly purified wood pulp.
The original crystalline areas of the pulp fibers are combined with sodium carboxymethylcellulose, which serves as a protective colloid and also facilitates dispersion of the product; it is then either spray- or bulk-dried.
Cellulose Fiber is the natural building material of all plant structures.
Custom Fibers C products are produced in standard fiber lengths of 30, 75, 90, 200 and 500 microns and they appear as flavorless and bland fibrous white powders.
The fiber in typical paper can be called “cellulosic”, meaning that cellulose is its most prominent component.
Cellulose Fiber is present not only in wood, but also in various non-woody plants, such as straw, sugarcane (bagasse), reeds, and hemp.
Microcrystalline cellulose is manufactured by controlled hydrolysis with dilute mineral acid solutions of α-cellulose, obtained as a pulp from fibrous plant materials.
Following hydrolysis, the hydrocellulose is purified by filtration and the aqueous slurry is spraydried to form dry, porous particles of a broad size distribution.
Natural cellulose fibers are still recognizable as being from a part of the original plant because they are only processed as much as needed to clean the fibers for use.
For example, cotton fibers look like the soft fluffy cotton balls that they come from.
Linen fibers look like the strong fibrous strands of the flax plant.
All "natural" fibers go through a process where they are separated from the parts of the plant that are not used for the end product, usually through harvesting, separating from chaff, scouring, etc.
The presence of linear chains of thousands of glucose units linked together allows a great deal of hydrogen bonding between OH groups on adjacent chains, causing them to pack closely into cellulose fibers.
As a result, cellulose exhibits little interaction with water or any other solvent.
Cotton and wood, for example, are completely insoluble in water and have considerable mechanical strength.
Since cellulose does not have a helical structure like amylose, it does not bind to iodine to form a colored product.
A natural carbohydrate high polymer (polysaccha- ride) consisting of anhydroglucose units joined by an oxygen linkage to form long molecular chains that are essentially linear.
Cellulose Fiber can be hydrolyzed to glucose.
The degree of polymerization is from 1000 for wood pulp to 3500 for cotton fiber, giving a molecular weight from 160,000 to 560,000.
Cellulose Fiber is a colorless solid, d approximately 1.50, insoluble in water and organic solvents.
Cellulose Fiber will swell in sodium hydroxide solution and is soluble in Schweitzer’s reagent.
It is the fundamental con- stituent of all vegetable tissues (wood, grass, cotton, etc.) and the most abundant organic material in the world.
Cotton fibers are almost pure cellulose; wood contains approximately 50%.
The physical structure of cellulose is unusual in that it is not a single crystal but consists of crystalline areas embedded in amorphous areas. Chemical reagents penetrate the latter more easily than the former.
Cellulose Fiber is virtually odorless and tasteless and is com- bustible, with an ignition point of approximately 450F.
In some forms, it is flammable. For example, railroad shipping regulations require a flammable label on such items as burnt fiber, burnt cotton, wet waste paper, and wet textiles.
Fires have been known to occur in warehouses in which telephone books were stored.
These were undoubtedly due to heat buildup in the paper caused by microbial activity and self-sustaining oxidation.
Cellulose Fiber is combustible.
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents including bromine pentafluoride, sodium nitrate, fluorine, perchlorates, perchloric acid, sodium chlorate, magnesium perchlorate, F2, zinc permanganate, sodium nitrite, sodium nitrate, sodium peroxide.
Nitration with a mixture of nitric and sulfuric acids produces Cellulose microcrystalline nitrates (celluloid pyroxylin, soluble pyroxyline, guncotton) which are flammable or explosive.
Cellulose Fiber is hygroscopic and should not be exposed to moisture.
Uses Of Cellulose Fiber:
Wood contains 50–70% cellulose; cotton and other textile fibers of plant origin contain 65–95%; rayon is prepared by dissolving natural cellulose and then precipitating it from solution, with some loss of crystallinity.
Cellulose Fiber is made into cellophane film and is used to form fibers, resins, coatings and gums.
Cellulose Fiber is most widely used for direct compression tableting and wet granulation.
Cellulose Fiber has similar compression properties to ACCEL-101.
However, it has larger particle size and therefore, may be of value in improving the flow if fine powders. ACCEL
Used in paper, cardboard, and packaging as the primary structural material.
Applied in textiles (cotton, linen, rayon) for clothing, medical fabrics, and industrial fabrics.
Used in food as a dietary fiber, texture modifier, and stabilizer in bakery goods, sauces, and supplements.
Incorporated into pharmaceuticals as a binder, filler, and controlled-release agent in tablets and drug delivery systems.
Utilized in construction materials (fiber-reinforced composites, insulation, mortar) to enhance durability and reduce weight.
Employed in filtration media for liquids and air due to its fine porous structure.
Used in bioplastics, nanocellulose, and bio-composites to replace petroleum-based plastics.
Cellulose Fiber is a thickener and an emulsifier.
It is obtained from plants. cellulose (microcrystalline) is used as an emulsifier in cosmetic creams.
Cellulose Fiber is the chief constituent of plant fiber.
Used in 3D printing materials and bio-composites to improve mechanical strength while reducing plastic content.
Incorporated into absorbent products (paper towels, baby diapers, feminine hygiene products) due to its high liquid-holding capacity.
Applied in automotive parts (fiber-reinforced plastics, interior panels) to reduce weight and increase sustainability.
Utilized in paints, coatings, and adhesives as a thickener, rheology modifier, and stabilizer.
Employed in rubber and asphalt modification to enhance resilience, stiffness, and crack resistance.
Used in cosmetics and personal care products (exfoliants, thickening agents) to add texture and stability.
Incorporated in agricultural applications (mulching films, seed coatings) for improved soil moisture control and biodegradability.
Plays a role in medical materials (wound dressings, drug-release matrices) due to biocompatibility and fluid absorbency.
Integrated into printed electronics and energy storage research (battery separators, conductive composites) as a lightweight, porous substrate.
Used in animal feed to provide dietary fiber and improve digestive function.
Implemented in environmental cleanup (oil spill absorbents) due to hydrophobic-modified cellulose capabilities.
Cellulose Fiber is a carbohydrate polymer made up of glucose units.
Cellulose Fiber consists of fibrous particles and is used as a fiber source and bulking agent in low-calorie formulations.
Cellulose Fiber is a gum that is the nonfibrous form of cellulose, an alpha-cellulose.
It is dispersible in water but not soluble, requiring considerable energy to disperse and hydrate.
In this form it is used in dry applications such as tableting, capsules, and shredded cheese where it functions as a non-nutritive filler, binder, flow aid, and anticaking agent. By the addition of carboxymethylcellulose to the alpha-cellulose prior to drying, improved functional properties of hydration and dispersion are obtained.
Cellulose Fiber is designed for use in water dispersions, being insoluble in water but dispersing in water to form colloidal sols below 1% and white opaque gels above the 1% usage level.
It is used as a heat shock stabilizer and bodying agent in frozen desserts, as an opacifier in low-fat dressings, as a foam stabilizer in whipped toppings, and as an emulsifier in dressings. Also termed cellulose gel.
Cellulose Fiber is used to produce thixotropic gels suitable as suspending vehicles in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations.
The sodium carboxymethylcellulose aids dispersion and serves as a protective colloid.
Concentrations of less than 1% solids produce fluid dispersions, while concentrations of more than 1.2% solids produce thixotropic gels.
When properly dispersed, it imparts emulsion stability, opacity and suspension in a variety of products, and is used in nasal sprays, topical sprays and lotions, oral suspensions, emulsions, creams and gels.
Cellulose Fiber is the main constituent of the structureof plants (natural polymer) that, whenextracted, is employed for making paper,plastics, and in many combinations.
Cellulose Fiber made up of long-chain molecules inwhich the complex unit C6H10O5 is repeatedas many as 2000 times.
It consists of glucose molecules with three hydroxyl groups foreach glucose unit.
One of the simplest forms of cellulose usedindustrially is regenerated cellulose, in whichthe chemical composition of the finished productis similar to that of the original cellulose.
Cellulose Fiber is made from wood or cotton pulp digested ina caustic solution.
Cellulose Fiber is a regeneratedcellulose in thin sheets for wrapping and otherspecial uses include windings on wire andcable.
Safety Profile Of Cellulose Fiber:
When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Cellulose Fiber has little, if any, adverse effect on the lung, and there are no reports of organic disease or toxic effect.
The health effects attributed to wood, cotton, flax, jute, and hemp are not attributable to their cellulose content but rather to the presence of other substances.
Cellulose fibers were found in the blood and urine of human volunteers fed dyed cellulose; there were no ill effects.
Generally recognized as safe and non-toxic, even when ingested as dietary fiber.
Inhalation of cellulose dust may cause respiratory irritation, coughing, or occupational lung issues in poorly ventilated environments.
Combustible in dry form — dust may pose a fire or explosion risk under confined airborne conditions.
Some industrial processing chemicals used with cellulose (bleaches, solvents) may pose additional hazards if not controlled.
Cellulose Fiber is widely used in oral pharmaceutical formulations and food products and is generally regarded as a relatively nontoxic and nonirritant material.
Cellulose Fiber is not absorbed systemically following oral administration and thus has little toxic potential.
Consumption of large quantities of cellulose may have a laxative effect, although this is unlikely to be a problem when cellulose is used as an excipient in pharmaceutical formulations.
Deliberate abuse of formulations containing Cellulose Fiber, either by inhalation or by injection, has resulted in the formation of cellulose granulomas.
