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CHD Chlorhexidine is a cationic broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent belonging to the bis(biguanide) family.
CHD Chlorhexidines mechanism of action involves destabilization of the outer bacterial membrane.
CHD Chlorhexidine is effective on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, although it is less effective with some Gram-negative bacteria.
CAS Number: 55-56-1
Molecular Formula: C22H30Cl2N10
Molecular Weight: 505.45
EINECS Number: 200-238-7
Synonyms: Chlorhexidine, chlorhexidin, chlorhexidinum, chlorhexidinum [INN-Latin], chlorhexidine (INN), chlorhexadine, clorhexidina, clorhexidina [INN-Spanish], clorexidina, cloreshidina, cloressidina, hexadol, soretol, fimeil, sterilon, tubulicid, nolvasan, merfen-incolore, dentisept, metz soft kote teat dip, metz soft kote teatspray, rotersept, chlorhexidini dihydrochloridum, MK-412A, MK 412A, 1,6-bis(p-chlorophenyldiguanido)hexane, 1,6-di(4'-chlorophenyldiguanido)hexane, 1,6-bis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguandino)hexane, 1,6-bis(4-chlorophenylbiguanido)hexane, 1,6-di(N-p-chlorophenyldiguanido)hexane, 1,1'-hexamethylene bis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide), N,N'-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3,12-diimino-2,4,11,13-tetraazatetradecanediimidamide, 2,4,11,13-tetraazatetradecanediimidamide, N,N''-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3,12-diimino-, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-3-(6-{N-[3-(4-chlorophenyl)carbamimidamidomethanimidoyl]amino}hexyl)carbamimidamidomethanimidamide, N-(4-chlorophenyl)-1-3-(6-(N-(3-(4-chlorophenyl)carbamimidamidomethanimidoyl)amino)hexyl)carbamimidamidomethanimidamide, (1E)-2-[6-[[amino-[(E)-[amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene]amino]methylidene]amino]hexyl]-1-[amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene]guanidine, (1E)-2-(6-((amino-((E)-(amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene)amino)methylidene)amino)hexyl)-1-(amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene)guanidine, (1Z)-2-(6-((amino-((Z)-(amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene)amino)methylidene)amino)hexyl)-1-(amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene)guanidine, 2-(6-((amino-((amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene)amino)methylidene)amino)hexyl)-1-(amino-(4-chloroanilino)methylidene)guanidine, CAS 55-56-1, DTXSID2033314, DTXCID0013314, RefChem:575616, CHEBI:3614, UNII-R4KO0DY52L, EC 200-238-7, EINECS 200-238-7, A01AB03, B05CA02, D08AC02, D09AA12, R02AA05, S01AX09, S02AA09, S03AA04., 1,1’-hexamethylenebis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)-biguanid;1,6-bis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguandino)hexane;1,6-bis(p-chlorophenyldiguanido)hexane;1,6-di(4’-chlorophenyldiguanido)hexane;2,4,11,13-tetraazatetradecanediimidamide,n,n’’-bis(4-chlorophenyl)-3,12-diim;fimeil;hexadol;nolvasan
CHD Chlorhexidine has both bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms of action.
Chlorhexidine's antimicrobial effects are associated with the attractions between chlorhexidine (cation) and negatively charged bacterial cells.
After chlorhexidine is absorpted onto the organism's cell wall, it disrupts the integrity of the cell membrane and causes the leakage of intracellular components of the organisms.
Aqueous solutions of chlorhexidine are most stable within the pH range of 5-8.
Above pH 8.0 chlorhexidine base is precipitated and in more acid conditions there is gradual deterioration of activity because the compound is less stable.
CHD Chlorhexidine is used primarily as a topical antiseptic/disinfectant in wound healing, at catheterization sites, in various dental applications and in surgical scrubs.
CHD Chlorhexidine has a LD-50 orally in mice as a diacetate at 2gm./kg. In digluconate form the LD-50 is 1800 gm./kg.
CHD Chlorhexidine is a fungicidal and is available as a mouth wash and oral gel.
It is used as an adjuvant in the treatment of OPC due to the low residence time of the current formulations.
CHD Chlorhexidine is a disinfectant and antiseptic which is used for skin disinfection before surgery and to disinfect surgical instruments.
CHD Chlorhexidine is also used for cleaning wounds, preventing dental plaque, treating yeast infections of the mouth, and to keep urinary catheters from blocking.
It is used as a liquid or a powder.
CHD Chlorhexidine is commonly used in salt form, either the gluconate[5] or the acetate.
It is a synthetic antiseptic and disinfectant known as CHD chlorhexidine, a cationic bisbiguanide compound commonly supplied as chlorhexidine base or chlorhexidine salts such as chlorhexidine gluconate, chlorhexidine acetate, or chlorhexidine digluconate.
Its chemical structure allows it to interact with microbial cell membranes, causing disruption of membrane integrity and leakage of cellular components.
CHD Chlorhexidine is widely recognized for its broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against many Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, fungi, and some enveloped viruses.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in healthcare, dental care, personal hygiene, veterinary, and industrial antimicrobial applications.
CHD Chlorhexidine acts as an active antimicrobial ingredient for reducing microorganisms on skin and tissues.
It is commonly incorporated into solutions, wipes, gels, and surgical preparations to support infection control.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in medical hygiene technologies.
CHD Chlorhexidine chlorhexidine helps reduce microbial populations before medical procedures.
It provides persistent antimicrobial activity on the skin surface compared with many short-acting antiseptics.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in surgical infection prevention.
CHD Chlorhexidine provides antibacterial protection during repeated use.
It helps reduce transmission of microorganisms in hospitals and clinical environments.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in healthcare sanitation systems.
It is used in dental care products where CHD chlorhexidine helps control oral bacteria associated with plaque formation and gum inflammation.
CHD Chlorhexidine is incorporated into mouth rinses, gels, and dental treatments for short-term antimicrobial management.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in oral healthcare applications.
It is used in mouthwash formulations where CHD chlorhexidine reduces bacterial growth in the oral cavity.
It supports plaque control and helps maintain oral hygiene under professional dental guidance.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in dental antimicrobial products.
It is used in periodontal treatment products where CHD chlorhexidine helps manage bacterial populations around gums and teeth.
CHD Chlorhexidine supports dental procedures targeting gingival and periodontal conditions.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in periodontal care technologies.
It is used in wound care products where CHD chlorhexidine provides antimicrobial protection for minor wounds and skin injuries.
It helps reduce contamination risks during wound management.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in wound hygiene applications.
CHD Chlorhexidine provides preservative and disinfecting properties.
It helps control microbial contamination in topical formulations.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in pharmaceutical and healthcare products.
It is used in medical device coatings where CHD chlorhexidine may be incorporated to provide antimicrobial surfaces.
It helps reduce microbial attachment and contamination risks on selected healthcare materials.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in biomedical material technologies.
It is used in catheter and implant-related antimicrobial systems where CHD chlorhexidine contributes to reducing microbial colonization.
It supports development of infection-control approaches for medical devices.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in advanced healthcare applications.
It is used in veterinary disinfectants where CHD chlorhexidine helps control microbial contamination on animals and veterinary equipment.
It is used in skin cleansing, wound care, and hygiene applications in veterinary environments.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in animal healthcare technologies.
It is used in pet hygiene products where CHD chlorhexidine provides antimicrobial activity in shampoos, sprays, and cleaning products.
CHD Chlorhexidine helps manage microbial populations on animal skin and surfaces.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in veterinary personal care applications.
It is used in cosmetic and personal care formulations where CHD chlorhexidine functions as an antimicrobial agent and preservative component.
It helps maintain product microbiological stability when used within approved concentration limits.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in personal care formulation technologies.
It is used in industrial disinfectants where CHD chlorhexidine helps control bacterial contamination on surfaces and equipment.
CHD Chlorhexidine is applied in environments requiring antimicrobial cleaning solutions.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in industrial hygiene applications.
It is used in pharmaceutical manufacturing environments where CHD chlorhexidine supports microbial control during production and cleaning operations.
It helps maintain hygienic conditions in controlled manufacturing areas.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in pharmaceutical quality systems.
It is used in research and development of antimicrobial materials where CHD chlorhexidine is studied for incorporation into coatings, polymers, and biomaterials.
CHD Chlorhexidine supports the development of materials with improved microbial resistance.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in biomedical and antimicrobial material research.
Melting point: 134–136 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 641.45 °C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.1555 (rough estimate)
Refractive index: 1.6300 (estimate)
Storage temperature: 2–8 °C
Solubility: Water soluble 0.08% at 20 °C
pKa: 10.78 (uncertain)
Form: Solid
Color: White to off-white
Water solubility: 0.08 g/100 mL (20 °C)
Merck: 13,2108
BRN: 2826432
Henry's Law Constant: 9.0×10²⁴ mol/(m³Pa) at 25 °C (HSDB, 2015)
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Cosmetics ingredients functions:
Preservative
Oral care
Antimicrobial
Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR): Chlorhexidine (55-56-1)
InChIKey: GHXZTYHSJHQHIJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: Clc1ccc(NC(=N)NC(=N)NCCCCCCNC(=N)NC(=N)Nc2ccc(Cl)cc2)cc1
LogP: 0.080
CHD Chlorhexidine was the first antimicrobial agent shown to inhibit dental plaque formation and the development of chronic gingivitis.
CHD Chlorhexidine is a cationic chlorophenyl bisbiguanide antiseptic.
Bisbiguanides are the primary second generation antiplaque agents exhibiting considerable substantivity and broad spectrum antibacterial properties.
CHD Chlorhexidine was initially used for disinfection of the oral cavity prior to oral surgical procedures and in endodontics.
CHD Chlorhexidine was first investigated in 1969 (Schroeder) but the first controlled clinical study was performed by Loe and Schiott.
This study showed that rinsing for 60 sec, twice a day with 10 ml of a 0.2% (20 mg dose) CHX gluconate solution, in the absence of normal tooth cleaning, inhibited plaque regrowth and the development of gingivitis.
CHD Chlorhexidine is one of the most widely investigated and used antiplaque agents.The advantage of CHX over other cationic agents is that it can bind strongly to many sites in the oral cavity and is released slowly over 7 to 12 hours after rinsing, thus providing considerable substantivity and a sustained antimicrobial effect restricting bacterial proliferation.
CHD Chlorhexidine binds strongly with anionic glycoproteins and phosphoproteins on the oral mucosa and tooth pellicle in addition to its property of binding to the surfaces of bacterial cell membranes affecting the cells ability to adhere.
CHD Chlorhexidine is considered the most potent chemotherapeutic agent currently available.
CHD Chlorhexidine is an important medical, dental and pharmaceutical antiseptic, disinfectant and preservative.
It is bactericida and fungicidalsy but does not kill bacterial spores or mycobacteria, although it inhibits growth.
CHD Chlorhexidine has a low order of activity against viruses, but high concentrations are effective in killing cysts of Acanthamoeba spp., organisms of potential clinical significance to the wearers of contact lenses.
Properties Chlorhexidine is a bisbiguanide which is available as the acetate (diacetate), hydrochloride and gluconate salts.
These are stable in solution and can be autoclaved although small amounts of chloroaniline are released.” As a cationic agent, chlorhexidine is incompatible with anionic surfactants and its antimicrobial activity is reduced in the presence of non-ionic surface-active agents.
Activity is also reduced or abolished by phospholipids (a factor of significance in neutralizing chlorhexidine activity during the performance of biocidal tests) and by organic matter including serum. Some of these aspects have been well documented in the recent comprehensive paper of Nicoletti et al.”
They also point out that the efficacy of chlorhexidine is influenced by formulation components and by the composition of the culture medium in which minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) are determined.
CHD Chlorhexidine helps reduce microbial contamination on selected non-critical surfaces.
It supports infection-control procedures in healthcare facilities by limiting bacterial growth on frequently contacted areas.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in hospital hygiene applications.
It is used in preoperative antiseptic solutions where CHD chlorhexidine is applied to prepare skin before invasive procedures.
CHD Chlorhexidine helps lower the microbial load on the skin and supports prevention of surgical site contamination.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in surgical preparation systems.
It is used in central venous catheter care products where CHD chlorhexidine contributes to reducing microbial colonization around catheter insertion sites.
CHD Chlorhexidine supports infection prevention strategies in intensive care and hospital environments.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in medical device hygiene applications.
It is used in antimicrobial dressings where CHD chlorhexidine is incorporated into wound-care materials.
It provides localized antimicrobial activity and helps protect wound areas from microbial contamination.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in advanced wound management technologies.
It is used in surgical scrub formulations where CHD chlorhexidine provides persistent antimicrobial activity during hand and skin preparation.
It helps maintain hygienic conditions before medical procedures.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in surgical infection-control practices.
It is used in healthcare handwashing products where CHD chlorhexidine acts as an antimicrobial active ingredient.
CHD Chlorhexidine helps reduce transient microorganisms and supports repeated hand hygiene procedures.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in clinical hygiene formulations.
It is used in antimicrobial soaps where CHD chlorhexidine provides antibacterial activity for cleansing products.
It helps control microbial populations on skin surfaces when used at appropriate concentrations.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in medical and institutional cleansing products.
It is used in dental gels where CHD chlorhexidine helps deliver antimicrobial activity directly to oral tissues.
CHD Chlorhexidine supports professional dental treatments by reducing bacterial accumulation in targeted areas.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in periodontal care products.
It is used in dental varnishes and coatings where CHD chlorhexidine provides localized antimicrobial protection.
It helps develop materials designed to control bacterial activity around dental surfaces.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in preventive dentistry technologies.
It is used in orthodontic hygiene products where CHD chlorhexidine helps control bacterial buildup associated with orthodontic appliances.
It supports oral hygiene management during orthodontic treatment periods.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in specialized dental care products.
It is used in endodontic treatment products where CHD chlorhexidine is used for antimicrobial purposes during root canal procedures.
It helps reduce microbial contamination in dental treatment environments.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in endodontic applications.
It is used in veterinary surgical preparations where CHD chlorhexidine helps disinfect animal skin before procedures.
It supports infection control during veterinary operations.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in veterinary medicine.
It is used in animal wound-care products where CHD chlorhexidine provides antimicrobial support for cleaning and managing wounds.
CHD Chlorhexidine helps reduce contamination risks in veterinary wound treatment.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in animal healthcare formulations.
It is used in aquaculture hygiene products where CHD chlorhexidine may be used in selected antimicrobial applications for aquatic animal care.
It supports microbial management in controlled environments.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in specialized veterinary and aquatic health applications.
It is used in food-processing hygiene systems where CHD chlorhexidine-containing disinfectants may help control microbial contamination on equipment and surfaces.
It supports sanitation procedures when approved for specific applications.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in industrial hygiene systems.
It is used in laboratory disinfectants where CHD chlorhexidine helps reduce microbial contamination on selected laboratory surfaces and equipment.
It supports maintenance of controlled and hygienic laboratory environments.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in research facilities.
It is used in antimicrobial polymer materials where CHD chlorhexidine can be incorporated into certain polymer systems to provide microbial control.
CHD Chlorhexidine supports development of hygienic surfaces and functional materials.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in antimicrobial material engineering.
It is used in medical textile treatments where CHD chlorhexidine may be applied to fabrics and materials requiring antimicrobial properties.
It helps reduce microbial growth on treated surfaces.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in healthcare textile technologies.
It is used in personal care preservation systems where CHD chlorhexidine contributes antimicrobial protection in selected formulations.
It helps improve microbiological stability when formulated within regulatory limits.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in personal hygiene product development.
CHD Chlorhexidine is studied for antimicrobial coatings, drug delivery systems, and infection-resistant materials.
It supports the development of advanced healthcare technologies.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in biomedical research and innovation.
Uses:
CHD Chlorhexidine is an antibacterial used for numerous applications.
It is a cationic polybiguanide (bisbiguanide) used primarily as its salts, dihydrochloride, diacetate, and digluconate.
CHD Chlorhexidine is one of those drugs which are enlisted/included in the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important drugs needed in a basic health system.
CHD Chlorhexidine is used as a germicidal compound in teat dips. Also used as navel treatment, udder and eye wash, surgical scrub and sterilization material.
CHD Chlorhexidine is used primarily as a topical antiseptic/disinfectant in wound healing, at catheterization sites, in various dental applications and in surgical scrubs. it is used as an antibacterial agent in humans to control gingivitis and over all plaque control in preventative dentistry.
CHD Chlorhexidine is used as a topical antiseptic in liquid cosmetics.
It is strongly alkaline and may cause irritation.
It is used in antiseptic skin preparations where CHD chlorhexidine acts as a broad-spectrum antimicrobial agent.
CHD Chlorhexidine helps reduce bacteria on the skin before medical procedures, injections, and surgical operations.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in healthcare infection-control applications.
It is used in surgical hand scrubs where CHD chlorhexidine provides antimicrobial activity for healthcare professionals before surgery.
CHD Chlorhexidine helps reduce microbial contamination and supports sterile working conditions.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in surgical hygiene systems.
It is used in hand disinfectant formulations where CHD chlorhexidine helps control microorganisms on the hands.
It provides residual antimicrobial activity and supports repeated hand hygiene practices.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in hospital and clinical sanitation products.
It is used in hospital disinfectants where CHD chlorhexidine helps reduce microbial contamination on selected surfaces and equipment.
It supports infection prevention programs in healthcare environments.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in medical facility hygiene.
It is used in wound cleansing solutions where CHD chlorhexidine provides antimicrobial protection during wound care.
It helps reduce microbial contamination of minor cuts, abrasions, and skin injuries.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in wound management products.
It is used in burn care formulations where CHD chlorhexidine may be included to support microbial control in wound-care systems.
It helps protect damaged skin areas from bacterial contamination.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in specialized wound treatment applications.
It is used in dental mouthwash products where CHD chlorhexidine reduces oral bacteria and helps control plaque formation.
It supports short-term management of gingival and periodontal conditions.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in oral healthcare products.
It is used in periodontal treatment gels where CHD chlorhexidine provides localized antimicrobial activity around gum tissues.
CHD Chlorhexidine helps reduce bacterial populations associated with gum inflammation.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in periodontal therapy.
It is used in dental irrigation solutions where CHD chlorhexidine helps control microorganisms during dental procedures.
It supports antimicrobial management in root canal and periodontal treatments.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in dental treatment technologies.
It is used in tooth coatings and dental varnishes where CHD chlorhexidine provides prolonged antimicrobial effects.
CHD Chlorhexidine helps develop preventive dental materials with bacterial-control properties.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in preventive dentistry.
It is used in orthodontic care products where CHD chlorhexidine helps reduce bacterial accumulation around orthodontic appliances.
It supports oral hygiene maintenance during orthodontic treatment.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in orthodontic healthcare.
It is used in medical device antimicrobial coatings where CHD chlorhexidine is incorporated into surfaces to reduce microbial attachment.
It supports the development of infection-resistant healthcare materials.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in biomedical engineering applications.
It is used in catheter care products where CHD chlorhexidine helps reduce bacterial colonization around catheter insertion areas.
It supports infection prevention strategies in hospitals.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in medical device management.
It is used in antimicrobial wound dressings where CHD chlorhexidine provides localized microbial protection.
It helps maintain cleaner wound environments and supports wound-care procedures.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in advanced wound-care technologies.
It is used in veterinary antiseptics where CHD chlorhexidine helps disinfect animal skin and wounds.
It supports microbial control in veterinary clinics and animal care environments.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in veterinary medicine.
It is used in animal shampoos and skin-care products where CHD chlorhexidine provides antimicrobial cleansing properties.
CHD Chlorhexidine helps manage microbial populations on animal skin and fur.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in veterinary hygiene products.
It is used in pharmaceutical topical formulations where CHD chlorhexidine functions as an antimicrobial active ingredient.
It is incorporated into creams, gels, and solutions designed for microbial control.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in pharmaceutical manufacturing.
It is used in cosmetic and personal care products where CHD chlorhexidine may function as an antimicrobial ingredient or preservative component.
It helps maintain microbiological stability of certain formulations.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in personal care formulation technologies.
It is used in laboratory and research applications where CHD chlorhexidine is studied for antimicrobial activity and incorporation into functional materials.
It supports development of new disinfectants, coatings, and biomedical technologies.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in antimicrobial research.
It is used in antimicrobial polymer and coating systems where CHD chlorhexidine provides microbial resistance properties.
CHD Chlorhexidine supports the development of hygienic surfaces for healthcare and industrial applications.
CHD Chlorhexidine important in advanced antimicrobial material technologies.
Safety Profile:
Poison by intraperitoneal andintravenous routes.
Mildly toxic by ingestion.Experimental reproductive effects.
A human skin irritant.Mutation data reported.
When heated to decomposition itemits very toxic fumes of Cl- and NOx.
CHD Chlorhexidine and its salts are widely used, primarily as topical disinfectants.
As excipients, chlorhexidine salts are mainly used as antimicrobial preservatives in ophthalmic formulations.
Animal studies suggest that the acute oral toxicity of CHD Chlorhexidine is low, with little or no absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.
However, although humans have consumed up to 2 g of chlorhexidine daily for 1 week, without untoward symptoms, chlorhexidine is not generally used as an excipient in orally ingested formulations.
It is considered a cationic bisbiguanide antimicrobial compound known as CHD chlorhexidine, widely used as an antiseptic and disinfectant in healthcare, dental, veterinary, and personal care applications.
Although effective as an antimicrobial agent, CHD chlorhexidine may cause irritation, allergic reactions, and environmental concerns depending on concentration and exposure conditions.
CHD Chlorhexidine important to handle according to chemical safety procedures.
It is hazardous in skin contact situations where CHD chlorhexidine may cause irritation, dryness, redness, or discomfort after prolonged or repeated exposure.
Concentrated solutions may damage the skin barrier and increase the risk of irritation.
CHD Chlorhexidine important to handle with protective gloves during industrial use.
It is hazardous in skin sensitization situations where CHD chlorhexidine may cause allergic skin reactions in sensitive individuals.
Repeated exposure may lead to dermatitis, itching, rash, or hypersensitivity reactions.
CHD Chlorhexidine important to manage carefully in healthcare and manufacturing environments.
