CHLORHEXIDINE GLUCONATE

CAS NUMBER: 18472-51-0

EC NUMBER: 242-354-0

MOLECULAR FORMULA: C34H54Cl2N10O14

MOLECULAR WEIGHT: 897.8 g/mol

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is the gluconate salt form of chlorhexidine, a biguanide compound used as an antiseptic agent with topical antibacterial activity. 
Chlorhexidine gluconate is positively charged and reacts with the negatively charged microbial cell surface, thereby destroying the integrity of the cell membrane. 

Subsequently, chlorhexidine gluconate penetrates into the cell and causes leakage of intracellular components leading to cell death. 
Since gram positive bacteria are more negatively charged, they are more sensitive to this agent.

Chlorhexidine gluconate is a germicidal mouthwash that reduces bacteria in the mouth.
Chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse is used to treat gingivitis (swelling, redness, bleeding gums). 

Chlorhexidine gluconate is usually prescribed by a dentist.
Chlorhexidine gluconate oral rinse is not for treating all types of gingivitis. Use the medication only to treat the condition your dentist prescribed it for. 

Chlorhexidine gluconate may also be used for purposes not listed in this medication guide.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate (commonly known by the salt forms chlorhexidine gluconate and chlorhexidine digluconate (CHG) or chlorhexidine acetate) is a disinfectant and antiseptic that is used for skin disinfection before surgery and to sterilize surgical instruments.

Chlorhexidine Gluconate may be used both to disinfect the skin of the patient and the hands of the healthcare providers.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is also used for cleaning wounds, preventing dental plaque, treating yeast infections of the mouth, and to keep urinary catheters from blocking.

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is used as a liquid or powder.
Side effects may include skin irritation, teeth discoloration, and allergic reactions, although the risk appears to be the same as other topical antiseptics.

Chlorhexidine Gluconate may cause eye problems if direct contact occurs.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is used in pregnancy appears to be safe.

Chlorhexidine may come mixed in alcohol, water, or surfactant solution.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is effective against a range of microorganisms, but does not inactivate spores.

Chlorhexidine came into medical use in the 1950s.
Chlorhexidine is available over the counter (OTC) in the United States.

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is on the World Health Organization's List of Essential Medicines.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate was the 286th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than one million prescriptions.

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is active against Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms, facultative anaerobes, aerobes, and yeasts.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is particularly effective against Gram-positive bacteria (in concentrations ≥ 1 μg/l). 

Significantly higher concentrations (10 to more than 73 μg/ml) are required for Gram-negative bacteria and fungi. 
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is ineffective against polioviruses and adenoviruses. 

The effectiveness against herpes viruses has not yet been established unequivocally.
There is strong evidence that chlorhexidine is more effective than povidone-iodine for clean surgery.

Evidence shows that Chlorhexidine Gluconate is the most effective antiseptic for upper limb surgery, and there is no data to suggest that alcoholic chlorhexidine increases the risk of tourniquet-related burns, ignition fires or allergic episodes during surgery.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate, like other cation-active compounds, remains on the skin. 

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is frequently combined with alcohols (ethanol and isopropyl alcohol).
Use of a CHG-based mouthwash in combination with normal tooth care can help reduce the build-up of plaque and improve mild gingivitis.

There is not enough evidence to determine the effect in moderate to severe gingivitis.
About 20 mL twice a day of concentrations of 0.1% to 0.2% is recommended for mouth-rinse solutions with a duration of at least 30 seconds.

Such mouthwash also has a number of adverse effects including damage to the mouth lining, tooth discoloration, tartar build-up, and impaired taste.
Extrinsic tooth staining occurs when Chlorhexidine Gluconate rinse has been used for 4 weeks or longer.

Mouthwashes containing Chlorhexidine Gluconate which stain teeth less than the classic solution have been developed, many of which contain chelated zinc.
Using chlorhexidine as a supplement to everyday mechanical oral hygiene procedures for 4 to 6 weeks and 6 months leads to a moderate reduction in gingivitis compared to placebo, control or mechanical oral hygiene alone.

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is a cation which interacts with anionic components of toothpaste, such as sodium lauryl sulfate and sodium monofluorophosphate, and forms salts of low solubility and antibacterial activity. 
Hence, to enhance the antiplaque effect of chlorhexidine, "it seems best that the interval between toothbrushing and rinsing with CHX [chlorhexidine] be more than 30 minutes, cautiously close to 2 hours after brushing".

At physiologic pH, Chlorhexidine Gluconate salts dissociate and release the positively charged chlorhexidine cation. 
The bactericidal effect is a result of the binding of this cationic molecule to negatively charged bacterial cell walls. 

At low concentrations of chlorhexidine, this results in a bacteriostatic effect; at high concentrations, membrane disruption results in cell death.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is deactivated by forming insoluble salts with anionic compounds, including the anionic surfactants commonly used as detergents in toothpastes and mouthwashes, anionic thickeners such as carbomer, and anionic emulsifiers such as acrylates/C10-30 alkyl acrylate crosspolymer, among many others. 

For this reason, Chlorhexidine Gluconate mouth rinses should be used at least 30 minutes after other dental products.
For best effectiveness, food, drink, smoking, and mouth rinses should be avoided for at least one hour after use. 

Many topical skin products, cleansers, and hand sanitizers should also be avoided to prevent deactivation when chlorhexidine (as a topical by itself or as a residue from a cleanser) is meant to remain on the skin.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate, for example, is a widely-used broad-spectrum antiseptic, which has faster and longer-acting antiseptic action and capability than the iodophors. 

A relatively low number of ACD cases have been reported, but irritation of the eyes and middle ear have been reported.
The hypochlorite group, also within this category, is a less-stable group of disinfectants which are primarily used for cleaning contaminated spills and disinfecting public water supplies. 

Upon contact with water, they release hypochlorous acid (HClO) and hypochlorite anions (ClO-). 
Sensitization to sodium hypochlorite (NaClO) (i.e. household bleach) has been reported, as well as severe irritant reactions. 

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is a chlorinated and phenolic antiseptic with a fair Gram-positive spectrum and long-lasting duration, and thus is used as a scrubbing agent in the preoperative setting. 
Chlorhexidine gluconate is an organochlorine compound and a D-gluconate adduct. 

Chlorhexidine Gluconate has a role as an antibacterial agent. 
Chlorhexidine Gluconate derives from a chlorhexidine.

Chlorhexidine gluconate is a prescription germicidal mouthwash that decreases bacteria in your mouth.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is an antibacterial mouth rinse that is used to treat gingivitis (redness and swelling of the gum).

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is also used in hospitals and clinics to clean skin or surgical equipment before surgery. 
Chlorhexidine Gluconate can be used in some bladder procedures, including cleaning catheters.

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is an antiseptic medicine. 
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is available as mouthwash, toothpaste, gel, solution, and soap. 

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is used in the treatment of gingivitis (a condition in which the gums become red and swollen), mouth ulcers, oral thrush (fungal infection in your mouth), and denture sores (redness, swelling, and tenderness in the mouth due to denture, removable replacement for missing teeth). 
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is also used for maintaining oral hygiene. 

Chlorhexidine Gluconate toothpaste and gel are used to prevent the formation of tooth plaque (a soft, sticky biofilm that forms on the teeth due to bacterial growth). 
Chlorhexidine Gluconate soap is used to clean the skin and wound area and prevent skin infections. 

Chlorhexidine Gluconate solution is used prior to surgery for skin disinfection. 
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is also used by healthcare professionals to disinfectant the hands before surgical or medical procedures.

Chlorhexidine Gluconate may show some minor side effects like taste change, staining of teeth, and burning sensation. 
These side effects are temporary and resolve with time. 

Chlorhexidine Gluconate Mouthwash is firmly established as the mouthwash of clinical choice. 
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is the proven, prescribed and recommended treatment for gingivitis and oral hygiene.

Chlorhexidine Gluconate belongs to the class of medication called oral antiseptic and disinfectant agents used to treat mouth infections, mouth ulcers and gum disease/inflammation (gingivitis). Mouth infections occur due to the overgrowth of bacteria in the mouth. Symptoms include swollen gums, bad breath, teeth sensitivity, and unpleasant taste changes. Gingivitis is a bacterial inflammation of the gums.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate contains chlorhexidine gluconate (an antiseptic). 

Chlorhexidine Gluconate works by destroying the bacteria that cause gum disease, tartar, and other illnesses in the mouth. 
Chlorhexidine Gluconate aids in the maintenance of proper dental and oral hygiene.

Chlorhexidine Gluconate may cause common side effects like irritation, unusual or unpleasant taste in your mouth, dry mouth, and staining of teeth. 
These side effects do not require medical attention and will fade with time. 

However, if these side effects are persistent, you should seek medical attention.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate solution is a bis(biguanide) family cationic broad spectrum antibiotic that is available in a range of concentrations and has been safely used for over 40 years for a variety of health-related applications; but its specific use for umbilical cord care was uniquely tested in three clinical trials in Nepal, Bangladesh, and Pakistan, in the form of 7.1% chlorhexidine digluconate (CHX). 

Given the promising results of the trials, in 2013 the World Health Organization (WHO) added CHX to its Model List of Essential Medicines for Children; and in 2014 the WHO issued a new guideline on umbilical cord care, which included a formal recommendation on the use of chlorhexidine.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is a broad spectrum antiseptic. 

Chlorhexidine Gluconates mechanism of action involves destabilization of the outer bacterial membrane. 
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is effective on both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, although it is less effective with some Gram-negative bacteria.

Chlorhexidine Gluconate has both bactericidal and bacteriostatic mechanisms of action, the mechanism of action being membrane disruption, not ATPase inactivation as previously thought.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is also useful against fungi and enveloped viruses, though this has not been extensively investigated. 

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is harmful in high concentrations, but is used safely in low concentrations in many products, such as mouthwash and contact lens solutions.
Chlorhexidine gluconate is an antimicrobial irrigant that is used as an antiseptic for the skin in the healthcare industry. 

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is used in hospitals to prevent infection of patients during surgeries and can also be found in mouthrinses.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate is used primarily as a topical antiseptic/disinfectant in wound healing, at catheterization sites, in various dental applications and in surgical scrubs.

Chlorhexidine Gluconate salt form of chlorhexidine, a biguanide compound used as an antiseptic agent with topical antibacterial activity. 
Chlorhexidine gluconate is positively charged and reacts with the negatively charged microbial cell surface, thereby destroying the integrity of the cell membrane. 

Subsequently, chlorhexidine gluconate penetrates into the cell and causes leakage of intracellular components leading to cell death. Since gram positive bacteria are more negatively charged, they are more sensitive to this agent.
Chlorhexidine Gluconate 20% solution is a broad spectrum bacteriostatis antiseptic agent, oral care agent, disinfectant, cosmetic biocide, and preservative.

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is very effective against plaque, oral flora including Candida and is active against gram-positive and gram-negative organisms, facultative anaerobes, aerobes, and yeast. 
Chlorhexidine Gluconate can be used in antiseptic soap, mouthwash that fights plaque, disinfecting wounds and burns, vaginal flushing, hair dyes and bleaches, makeup, and other skin and hair care products.

USES:

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is used in disinfectants (disinfection of the skin and hands), cosmetics (additive to creams, toothpaste, deodorants, and antiperspirants), and pharmaceutical products (preservative in eye drops, active substance in wound dressings and antiseptic mouthwashes).
A 2019 Cochrane review concluded that based on very low certainty evidence in those who are critically ill "it is not clear whether bathing with chlorhexidine reduces hospital‐acquired infections, mortality, or length of stay in the ICU, or whether the use of chlorhexidine results in more skin reactions."
In endodontics, Chlorhexidine Gluconate is used for root canal irrigation and as an intracanal dressing, but has been replaced by the use of sodium hypochlorite bleach in much of the developed world.

-Surgical hand scrub

-Healthcare personnel hand wash

-Patient preoperative skin preparation

-Skin wound and general cleansing

BENEFITS:

Chlorhexidine Gluconate is used to treat infections in the mouth, including gingivitis (gum inflammation), dental plaque, denture stomatitis and thrush. 
Chlorhexidine Gluconate works by destroying the bacteria that cause gum disease, tartar, and other illnesses in the mouth. 
Chlorhexidine Gluconate aids in the maintenance of proper dental and oral hygiene.

STORAGE:

Store in a cool and dry place away from sunlight.

SYNONYM:

Peridex
Unisept
Chlorhexidine D-digluconate
UNII-MOR84MUD8E
Chlorhexidine di-D-gluconate
Exidine
Periogard
MOR84MUD8E
Hibiscrub
Hibitane
1,1'-Hexamethylene bis(5-(p-chlorophenyl)biguanide), digluconate
Dyna-hex
Bacticlens
Chlorhexamed
Kleersight
Bioscrub
Corsodyl
Disteryl
Hibident
Hibidil
Microderm
Orahexal
Periochip
Plurexid
Septeal
Abacil
Fight bac
Plac out
Prevacare R
Arlacide G
Brian Care
Steri-Stat