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DESCRIPTION:
Citrus Terpene (D Limonene) is a clear thin liquid with a pleasantly dry citrus scent, it is steam distilled from citrus rinds.
Citrus Terpene (D Limonene) is very versatile, being safer to use and more effective than most commercial and industrial cleaners.
At 5 - 15% of total product, it may be blended with surfactants for industrial-strength cleaners, or solubilized and added to water and vinegar bases for effective natural disinfectant surface cleaners for use in the home.
Citrus Terpene (D Limonene) may also be used at full strength as a biodegradable solvent, without the negative impact that synthetic chemical solvents have on the user or to the environment.
SYNONYMS:
1-Methyl-4-(1-methylethenyl)cyclohexene,4-Isopropenyl-1-methylcyclohexene,p-Menth-1,8-diene,Racemic: DL-Limonene; Dipentene
Limonene (/ˈlɪmənˌiːn/) is a colorless liquid aliphatic hydrocarbon classified as a cyclic monoterpene, and is the major component in the essential oil of citrus fruit peels.[1]
The (+)-isomer, occurring more commonly in nature as the fragrance of oranges, is a flavoring agent in food manufacturing.[1][2]
Citrus Terpene (D Limonene) is also used in chemical synthesis as a precursor to carvone and as a renewables-based solvent in cleaning products.[1]
The less common (-)-isomer has a piny, turpentine-like odor, and is found in the edible parts of such plants as caraway, dill, and bergamot orange plants.[3]
Limonene takes its name from Italian limone ("lemon").[4]
Limonene is a chiral molecule, and biological sources produce one enantiomer: the principal industrial source, citrus fruit, contains (+)-limonene (d-limonene), which is the (R)-enantiomer.[1]
(+)-Limonene is obtained commercially from citrus fruits through two primary methods: centrifugal separation or steam distillation.
D-Limonene, also known as Citrus Terpenes, is the main chemical constituent found in the cold-pressed peel oils that can be derived from all edible citrus fruits, namely oranges, lemons, and limes.
After the first pressing of the peels, it is obtained from the resultant oil through the process of distillation.
The two chemical forms of Limonene are d-Limonene, which is found largely in orange peels, and L-Limonene, which is found largely in lemon peels.
Limonene gets its name from the botanical name for “Lemon” – Citrus limon – due to the richness of this natural compound in lemon peels.
Its wide range of beneficial applications has made d-Limonene one of the most prominent natural Terpenes.
With a light, pleasantly dry, and refreshingly-sweet citrusy scent, it is valued for its aroma and is mostly used in fragrances as well as green cleaning products rather than for therapeutic applications.
NDA’s d-Limonene Raw Material is a thin, clear, colorless, oily fluid that is derived from steam distilled citrus rinds.
Citrus Terpene (D Limonene) is safer to use, works more effectively, and is more environmentally-friendly than most commercial and industrial cleaners.
HOW DOES D-LIMONENE WORK?
D-Limonene is a fragrance agent, a degumming agent, and a gentle yet powerful cleaner that is reputed to effectively remove stains, grease, tar, and more, thus making a natural replacement for more popular solvents, which usually contain chlorine or petroleum.
Its mildness has also made it a popular ingredient in water-free hand soaps, in which it is said to not only cleanse but to also leave the hands smelling fresh.
When applied to various types of hard surfaces, such as counter tops, windows, mirrors, floors, bath tubs, refrigerators, cars, and electronic items, d-Limonene is reputed to bring a high shine to all cleaned items.
APPLICATIONS FOR D-LIMONENE
D-Limonene may be used at full strength, that is without dilution, as an eco-friendly detergent; however, direct application to painted surfaces, plexiglass, plastics, or fiberglass is not recommended.
Conversely, it may be added to wetting agents, such as water or vinegar bases, to achieve better solubilization.
Either method will make for a natural yet equally effective industrial-strength “green” surface disinfectant that is ideal for household cleaning.
d-Limonene provides manufacturers with exceptional flexibility in diverse applications.
Bespoke formulations of Limonene are used as food additives, in cosmetics and personal care products, in consumer and industrial cleaning products, and as an environmentally accepted insect repellent.
Food and beverage applications – Limonene is a common additive in beverages, candy, baked goods, puddings, yogurts, and more.
Its strong aromatization characteristics make it an ideal flavor masking agent, covering up bitterness or unsavory aftertaste in many products.
Cosmetics and personal care – Limonene’s fragrance profile lends a fresh, citrus scent to shampoos, lotions, soaps, perfumes, and makeup.
Cleaning products – Few natural cleaning ingredients offer the superior degreasing characteristics of both d-Limonene and l-Limonene.
Both are used in soaps, detergents, and industrial degreasing products, including oil extraction machinery.
Natural insect repellent – Limonene is primarily used as an ingredient in natural, skin-safe personal insect repellent.
Its pleasant scent belies well-researched effectiveness against mosquitoes, flies, and other pests.
Manufacturers reformulate these repellents to account for dilution and concentration amounts to prolong use periods between applications
Terpenes are used across a wide variety of market segments, including:
Cosmetics & personal care
Flavor & fragrance
Food & beverage
Household cleaners
Industrial
Pharmaceuticals
Recycling
Resins
Solvents
THE BENEFITS OF LIMONENE FOR MANUFACTURERS
Consumer demand drives the sourcing and selection of raw materials.
The many uses of d-Limonene reflect both its versatility and the market-driven importance of natural, sustainable, and biodegradable specialty chemical additives.
In nearly every use case, Limonene delivers comparable results and added shelf appeal compared to synthetics.
A Natural Alternative
Limonene offers manufacturers a natural alternative to synthetic additives, especially for cosmetics, personal care, and food and beverage applications.
78% of consumers say living sustainably is important; 60% say they’ll pay more for sustainable products.
Clean-label natural products meet consumer expectations while helping manufacturers meet internal and industry sustainability goals.
Potential Health Benefits
While additional research is necessary, several studies support Limonene’s health benefits.
Specifically, health experts are encouraged by Limonene’s anti-inflammatory, anti-cancer, and cardiovascular benefits.
These links have only been studied in a laboratory environment, though future studies may add weight to Limonene’s human health credentials.
In plants
(+)-Limonene is a major component of the aromatic scents and resins characteristic of numerous coniferous and broadleaved trees: red and silver maple (Acer rubrum, Acer saccharinum), cottonwoods (Populus angustifolia), aspens (Populus grandidentata, Populus tremuloides) sumac (Rhus glabra), spruce (Picea spp.), various pines (e.g., Pinus echinata, Pinus ponderosa), Douglas fir (Pseudotsuga menziesii), larches (Larix spp.), true firs (Abies spp.), hemlocks (Tsuga spp.), cannabis (Cannabis sativa spp.),[5] cedars (Cedrus spp.), various Cupressaceae, and juniper bush (Juniperus spp.).[1]
It contributes to the characteristic odor of orange peel, orange juice and other citrus fruits.[1][6]
To optimize recovery of valued components from citrus peel waste, (+)-limonene is typically removed.[7]
Chemical reactions
Limonene is a relatively stable monoterpene and can be distilled without decomposition, although at elevated temperatures it cracks to form isoprene.[8]
It oxidizes easily in moist air to produce carveol, carvone, and limonene oxide.[1][9] With sulfur, it undergoes dehydrogenation to p-cymene.[10]
Limonene occurs commonly as the (R)-enantiomer, but racemizes at 300 °C.
When warmed with mineral acid, limonene isomerizes to the conjugated diene α-terpinene (which can also easily be converted to p-cymene).
Evidence for this isomerization includes the formation of Diels–Alder adducts between α-terpinene adducts and maleic anhydride.
Citrus Terpene (D Limonene) is possible to effect reaction at one of the double bonds selectively.
Anhydrous hydrogen chloride reacts preferentially at the disubstituted alkene, whereas epoxidation with mCPBA occurs at the trisubstituted alkene.
In another synthetic method Markovnikov addition of trifluoroacetic acid followed by hydrolysis of the acetate gives terpineol.
The most widely practiced conversion of limonene is to carvone.
The three-step reaction begins with the regioselective addition of nitrosyl chloride across the trisubstituted double bond.
This species is then converted to the oxime with a base, and the hydroxylamine is removed to give the ketone-containing carvone.[2]
Biosynthesis
In nature, limonene is formed from geranyl pyrophosphate, via cyclization of a neryl carbocation or its equivalent as shown.
The final step involves loss of a proton from the cation to form the alkene.
USES OF CITRUS TERPENE (D LIMONENE):
Limonene is common as a dietary supplement and as a fragrance ingredient for cosmetics products.[1]
As the main fragrance of citrus peels, D-limonene is used in food manufacturing and some medicines, such as a flavoring agent to mask the bitter taste of alkaloids, and as a fragrance in perfumery, aftershave lotions, bath products, and other personal care products.[1]
(+)-Limonene is also used as a botanical insecticide.
(+)-Limonene is used in the organic herbicides.[13]
It is added to cleaning products, such as hand cleansers to give a lemon or orange fragrance (see orange oil) and for its ability to dissolve oils.[1]
In contrast, (-)-limonene has a piny, turpentine-like odor.
Limonene is used as a solvent for cleaning purposes, such as adhesive remover, or the removal of oil from machine parts, as it is produced from a renewable source (citrus essential oil, as a byproduct of orange juice manufacture).[7]
It is used as a paint stripper and is also useful as a fragrant alternative to turpentine.
Limonene is also used as a solvent in some model airplane glues and as a constituent in some paints.
Commercial air fresheners, with air propellants, containing limonene are used by stamp collectors to remove self-adhesive postage stamps from envelope paper.[14]
Limonene is also used as a solvent for fused filament fabrication based 3D printing.
[15] Printers can print the plastic of choice for the model, but erect supports and binders from High Impact Polystyrene (HIPS), a polystyrene plastic that is easily soluble in limonene.
In preparing tissues for histology or histopathology, D-limonene is often used as a less toxic substitute for xylene when clearing dehydrated specimens.
Clearing agents are liquids miscible with alcohols (such as ethanol or isopropanol) and with melted paraffin wax, in which specimens are embedded to facilitate cutting of thin sections for microscopy.
Limonene, from orange peel oil, is also combustible and has been considered as a biofuel
PROPERTIES OF CITRUS TERPENE (D LIMONENE):
Chemical formula C10H16
Molar mass 136.238 g•mol−1
Appearance colorless liquid
Odor Orange
Density 0.8411 g/cm3
Melting point −74.35 °C (−101.83 °F; 198.80 K)
Boiling point 176 °C (349 °F; 449 K)
Solubility in water Insoluble
Solubility Miscible with benzene, chloroform, ether, CS2, and oils
soluble in CCl4
Chiral rotation ([α]D) 87–102°
Refractive index (nD) 1.4727
Thermochemistry
Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcH⦵298) −6.128 MJ mol−1
SAFETY INFORMATION ABOUT CITRUS TERPENE (D LIMONENE)
First aid measures:
Description of first aid measures:
General advice:
Consult a physician.
Show this safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
Move out of dangerous area:
If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
If not breathing, give artificial respiration.
Consult a physician.
In case of skin contact:
Take off contaminated clothing and shoes immediately.
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
In case of eye contact:
Rinse thoroughly with plenty of water for at least 15 minutes and consult a physician.
Continue rinsing eyes during transport to hospital.
If swallowed:
Do NOT induce vomiting.
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
Firefighting measures:
Extinguishing media:
Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas
Advice for firefighters:
Wear self-contained breathing apparatus for firefighting if necessary.
Accidental release measures:
Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Use personal protective equipment.
Avoid breathing vapours, mist or gas.
Evacuate personnel to safe areas.
Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Soak up with inert absorbent material and dispose of as hazardous waste.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
Handling and storage:
Precautions for safe handling:
Avoid inhalation of vapour or mist.
Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Containers which are opened must be carefully resealed and kept upright to prevent leakage.
Storage class (TRGS 510): 8A: Combustible, corrosive hazardous materials
Exposure controls/personal protection:
Control parameters:
Components with workplace control parameters
Contains no substances with occupational exposure limit values.
Exposure controls:
Appropriate engineering controls:
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
Personal protective equipment:
Eye/face protection:
Tightly fitting safety goggles.
Faceshield (8-inch minimum).
Use equipment for eye protection tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or EN 166(EU).
Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Gloves must be inspected prior to use.
Use proper glove
removal technique (without touching glove's outer surface) to avoid skin contact with this product.
Dispose of contaminated gloves after use in accordance with applicable laws and good laboratory practices.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
Splash contact
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0.11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Material tested:Dermatril (KCL 740 / Aldrich Z677272, Size M)
It should not be construed as offering an approval for any specific use scenario.
Body Protection:
Complete suit protecting against chemicals, The type of protective equipment must be selected according to the concentration and amount of the dangerous substance at the specific workplace.
Respiratory protection:
Where risk assessment shows air-purifying respirators are appropriate use a fullface respirator with multi-purpose combination (US) or type ABEK (EN 14387) respirator cartridges as a backup to engineering controls.
If the respirator is the sole means of protection, use a full-face supplied air respirator.
Use respirators and components tested and approved under appropriate government standards such as NIOSH (US) or CEN (EU).
Control of environmental exposure
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
Stability and reactivity:
Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
Incompatible materials:
Strong oxidizing agents:
Hazardous decomposition products:
Hazardous decomposition products formed under fire conditions.
Carbon oxides, Nitrogen oxides (NOx), Hydrogen chloride gas.
Disposal considerations:
Waste treatment methods:
Product:
Offer surplus and non-recyclable solutions to a licensed disposal company.
Contact a licensed professional waste disposal service to dispose of this material.
Contaminated packaging:
Dispose of as unused product.
