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Cobalamins, also known as cobalamin or extrinsic factor, is a water-soluble vitamin involved in metabolism.
One of eight B vitamins, Cobalamins serves as a vital cofactor in DNA synthesis and both fatty acid and amino acid metabolism.
Cobalamins plays an essential role in the nervous system by supporting myelin synthesis and is critical for the maturation of red blood cells in the bone marrow.
CAS: 68-19-9
MF: C63H88CoN14O14P
MW: 1355.37
EINECS: 200-680-0
Synonyms:
hemomin;hepacon-b12;hepagon;hepavis;hepcovite;lactobacilluslactisdornerfactor;lldfactor;macrabin
While animals require Cobalamins, plants do not, relying instead on alternative enzymatic pathways.
Cobalamins is the most chemically complex of all vitamins, and is synthesized exclusively by certain archaea and bacteria.
Natural food sources include meat, shellfish, liver, fish, poultry, eggs, and dairy products.
Cobalamins is also added to many breakfast cereals through food fortification and is available in dietary supplement and pharmaceutical forms.
Supplements are commonly taken orally but may be administered via intramuscular injection to treat deficiencies.
In healthy adults, Cobalamins deficiency is not common, mainly because body stores of the vitamin are substantial and turnover is slow, with relatively low dietary requirements.
The most common cause in developed countries is impaired absorption due to loss of gastric intrinsic factor (IF), required for absorption.
A related cause is reduced stomach acid production with age or from long-term use of proton-pump inhibitors, H2 blockers, or other antacids.
Elderly people due to impaired intestinal absorption, children, premenopausal women, and pregnant women, whose diets are low in animal foods, are at increased risk.
Deficiency is especially harmful in pregnancy, childhood, and older adults.
Cobalamins can lead to neuropathy, megaloblastic anemia, and pernicious anemia, causing symptoms such as fatigue, paresthesia, depression, cognitive decline, ataxia, and even irreversible nerve damage.
In infants, untreated deficiency may result in neurological impairment and anemia.
Maternal deficiency increases the risk of miscarriage, neural tube defects, and developmental delays in offspring.
Folate levels may modify the presentation of symptoms and disease course.
Cobalamins is a coordination complex of cobalt, which occupies the center of a corrin ligand and is further bound to a benzimidazole ligand and adenosyl group.
Several related species behave similarly to function as vitamins.
This collection of compounds is sometimes referred to as "cobalamins".
These chemical compounds have a similar molecular structure, each of which shows vitamin activity in a vitamin-deficient biological system.
They are referred to as vitamers having vitamin activity as a coenzyme, meaning that its presence is required for some enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
Adenosylcobalamin
cyanocobalamin, the adenosyl ligand in vitamin B12 is replaced by cyanide.
hydroxocobalamin, the adenosyl ligand in vitamin B12 is replaced by hydroxide.
methylcobalamin, the adenosyl ligand in vitamin B12 is replaced by methyl.
Cyanocobalamin is a manufactured form of B12.
Bacterial fermentation creates AdoB12 and MeB12, which are converted to cyanocobalamin by the addition of potassium cyanide in the presence of sodium nitrite and heat.
Once consumed, cyanocobalamin is converted to the biologically active AdoB12 and MeB12.
The two bioactive forms of vitamin B12 are methylcobalamin in cytosol and adenosylcobalamin in mitochondria.
Cyanocobalamin is the most common form used in dietary supplements and food fortification because cyanide stabilizes the molecule against degradation.
Methylcobalamin is also offered as a dietary supplement.
There is no advantage to the use of adenosylcobalamin or methylcobalamin forms for the treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency.
Hydroxocobalamin can be injected intramuscularly to treat vitamin B12 deficiency.
Cobalamins can also be injected intravenously for the purpose of treating cyanide poisoning, as the hydroxyl group is displaced by cyanide, creating a non-toxic cyanocobalamin that is excreted in urine.
Pseudovitamins and antivitamins
Pseudovitamin B12 refers to compounds that are corrinoids with a structure similar to the vitamin, but without vitamin activity.
Pseudovitamin B12 is the majority corrinoid in spirulina, an algal dietary supplement sometimes erroneously claimed as having this vitamin activity.
Antivitamin B12 compounds (often synthetic B12 analogues) not only have no vitamin action, but also actively interfere with the activity of true vitamin B12.
The design of these compounds mainly involves the replacement of the metal ion with rhodium, nickel, or zinc, or may have an inactive ligand attached, such as 4-ethylphenyl.
These compounds have the potential for use in analyzing B12 pathways or even attacking B12-dependent pathogens.
Cobalamins, also known as cobalamin, is a complex organic compound that belongs to the B vitamins.
Cobalamins contains trivalent cobalt in a porphyrin Corrin plane at the center of the ring, making it the largest and most complex vitamin molecule.
Cobalamins is the only vitamin that contains a metal ion, giving it a red crystal appearance.
Plant sources do not contain Cobalamins, so it cannot be naturally produced by plants.
The liver is the best source of Vitamin B12, followed by milk, meat, eggs, and fish.
Cobalamins plays an essential role as a coenzyme in the synthesis of RNA and DNA.
A deficiency of Cobalamins can lead to pathological changes in the nervous system, affecting both the peripheral nerves and the central nervous system.
The discovery of Cobalamins can be attributed to the research conducted in the treatment of pernicious anemia, a previously incurable disease.
In 1926, Minot and Murphy found that large amounts of raw liver could cure the disease, for which they were awarded the 1934 Nobel Prize in Physiology and Medicine.
This led to the successful treatment of pernicious anemia using liver concentrate.
In 1948, Smith and Parker independently isolated a red crystal from liver concentrate, naming it Cobalamins.
In the same year, R. West confirmed its effectiveness in treating pernicious anemia through injections of Vitamin B12.
The crystal structure of Cobalamins was determined in 1955 by D. Hodgkin using X-ray analysis, for which she won the 1964 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
In 1972, Woodward successfully synthesized Vitamin B12 in its entirety.
Cobalamins Chemical Properties
Melting point: >300°C
alpha: 23656 -59 ± 9° (dil aq soln)
Boiling point: >300 °C
bulk density: 450-600kg/m3
Fp: 9℃
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: Sparingly soluble in water and in ethanol (96 per cent), practically insoluble in acetone. The anhydrous substance is very hygroscopic.
form: Crystalline Powder or Crystals
pka: pKa 3.28±0.04(H2O,D2O t=23±0.5 Iunspecied) (Uncertain)
color: Red to dark red
PH: 6.0 (20°C, 1g/L in H2O)
Odor: dark red cryst. or powd., odorless and tasteless
biological source: synthetic ((organic))
Water Solubility: Soluble
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,10014
BRN: 4122889
Exposure limits NIOSH: IDLH 25 mg/m3
Stability: Hygroscopic. Keep cold and dry.
Cosmetics Ingredients Functions: SKIN CONDITIONING
InChIKey: RMRCNWBMXRMIRW-WZHZPDAFSA-L
LogP: 3.570 (est)
EPA Substance Registry System: Cobalamins (68-19-9)
Deep red crystal or powder, odorless and tasteless, absorbs moisture.
Slightly soluble in water and ethanol, insoluble in chloroform or ether.
Resistant to heat, but can become ineffective when exposed to oxidizing or reducing substances, heavy metals, strong acids, or alkalis.
Uses
1.Cobalamins is a crucial nutrient that is necessary for the proper functioning of the human body.
Cobalamins's deficiency can lead to anemia and various nervous system disorders.
2.Cobalamins is primarily used in the treatment of megaloblastic anemia.
Cobalamins is also used to address poor nutrition, anemia due to blood loss, neuralgia, and obstructive disorders.
3.In the human body, Cobalamins plays a crucial role in metabolism.
The average total amount of Cobalamins in the body is approximately 2-5mg, with the majority (50-90%) stored in the liver.
4.Cobalamins, along with folic acid, is essential for the synthesis of nucleic acids during cell division.
Cobalamins is involved in the synthesis of purines, pyrimidines, nucleic acids, and methionine.
In summary, Cobalamins is primarily used to treat conditions such as pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, anemia caused by antifolate drugs, and multiple neuritis.
Cobalamins is an essential nutrient for the proper functioning of the body, and its deficiency can lead to various health issues.
Prototype of the family of naturally occurring cobalt coordination compounds knows as corrinoids.
Analogs of Cobalamins which differ only in the β-ligand of the cobalt are termed cobalamins.
Dietary sources include fish, meat, liver, and dairy products; plants have little or no cobalamins.
Converted by the body into its bioactive forms, methylcobalamin and cobamamide, which serve as enzyme cofactors.
Severe deficiency may result in megaloblastic anemia and/or neurological impairment.
1. Applications for medical and health care
Used in the treatment of various Cobalamins deficiency, for example: treat megaloblastic anemia, anemia caused by poisoning, aplastic anemia and leukopenia psychosis; and with the use of pantothenic acid, which can prevent malignant anemia, helps Fe2+ uptake and secretion of gastric acid; also used to treat arthritis, facial nerve paralysis, trigeminal neuralgia, hepatitis, herpes, asthma and other allergies, atopic dermatitis, hives, eczema and bursitis; Cobalamins can also be used for the nervousness, irritability, insomnia, memory loss, depression disorder treatment.
New research shows that, Cobalamins deficiency can also cause depression mental illness.
Cobalamins as a therapeutic agent or health products ,is very safe,more than thousands of times of RDA Cobalamins is not found poisoning phenomenon in intravenous or intramuscular.
2. Applications in respect of feed
Cobalamins can promote growth and development of the poultry, livestock especially poult, young animals , improve the utilization of feed protein, and thus it may be used as feed additives.
Treatment of eggs and fry with Cobalamins solution to improve fish of toxic substances in the water such as tolerance to benzene and heavy metal and reducing mortality.
Since the "mad cow" incident in European, the use of the chemical structure of vitamins and other nutritional supplements to replace the clear "MBM" has more room for development.
Currently the world's production of Cobalamins is mostly used for the feed industry.
3. In other aspects of the application
In developed countries, Vitamin B12 complex with other substances are used in cosmetics; in the food industry, Cobalamins is used as ham, sausage, ice cream, fish, meat and other food colorants.
In family life, the Cobalamins solution is adsorbed on activated carbon, zeolites, non-woven fabric or paper to be made into soap, toothpaste, etc; Cobalamins can be used for deodorant toilet, refrigerator, eliminating the smell of sulfide and aldehydes; Cobalamins is also available in dehalogenation of environmental protection soil and common pollutants in surface water-organic halides.
Content Analysis
Weighed accurately sample of about 30 mg, and Cobalamins is taken transferred to a 1000ml volumetric flask to volume with water and mix.
Another Weigh Pharmaceutical grade Cobalamins as reference standard sample, dissolved in water, and then gradually diluted with water to a concentration of about 30μg/ml of the standard solution.
Make a blank test with water, with a suitable spectrophotometer, and measured at the maximum absorption wavelength (about 361nm), the absorbance of the two solutions in 1 cm Colorimetric pool.
According to the following formula to calculate the sample of Cobalamins (C63 H88CoNl4O14P) content (mg).
Content of vitamin B12 (mg) = C × Au/As
Where c is the concentration of reference standard solution, in units of μg/ml; Au and As are the absorbance of the sample solution and reference standard solution, respectively.
Production method
1. A large number of synthetic Cobalamins can be produced by actinomycetes, such as Streptomyces sp., and the production of Cobalamins.
In the culture solution of this kind of bacteria is used in industry.
The whole synthesis of Cobalamins has been completed in 1973 by R.B. Wood, which is a very outstanding work in organic synthesis.
2.1)Cobalamins is prepared by the chain of gray mold fermentation broth after acidification with a weak acid exchange acrylic cationic resin--122 adsorption, and then eluted, purified, transformed with 1% cyanide by solvent and water extraction repeatedly, lead oxide layer analysis, crystallized from acetone to obtain the finished product.
(2) Glucose, corn syrup as the raw material, vaccination Hsueh Propionibacterium (Propionibacterium shermarii) fermentation, the fermentation broth was added cobalt chloride, 5,6-2-methyl benzimidazole, were extracted and dried to obtain product.
