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Polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP), also commonly called Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate), is a water-soluble polymer compound made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is available in a range of molecular weights and related viscosities, and can be selected according to the desired application properties.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is a polymer.
CAS: 9003-22-9
MF: C6H9ClO2
MW: 148.59
Synonyms
POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE-CO-VINYL ACETATE);POLY(VINYL CHLORIDE/VINYL ACETATE);VINYL CHLORIDE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMER;Vinyl acetate-vinyl chloride copolymer: (Acetic acid, vinyl ester, polymer with chloroethylene);Chloridized vinyl-vinyl acetate copolymer;Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer resin;Vinyl chloride-vinyl acetate copolymer LC-201;50me
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate), an analog of povidone, is used as a tablet binder, a film-former, and as part of the matrix material used in controlled-release formulations.
In tableting, Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) can be used as a binder for direct compression and as a binder in wet granulation.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is often added to coating solutions as a film-forming agent.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) provides good adhesion, elasticity, and hardness, and can be used as a moisture barrier.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) has better plasticity than povidone as a tablet binder, is less hygroscopic, more elastic, and better for film-forming applications than povidone. Copovidone is also used in cosmetics as a thickener, dispersant, lubricant, film-forming agent and binder.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is widely used in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is generally regarded as nontoxic.
However, oral consumption of excessive quantities may produce stomach upset.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) has not been shown to be sensitizing to the skin.
Animal studies in rats and dogs do not show significant toxicity with high dietary levels.
The average molecular weight of Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is usually expressed as a K-value and it ranges between 45 and 70.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate), also called Vinylpyrrolidone-vinyl acetate is a copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate obtained by free-radical polymerization of 6 parts of vinylpyrrolidone with 3 parts of vinyl acetate to produce a water-soluble polymer.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is typically spray-dried and supplied in a relatively fine particle size.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) has a faint taste and occurs as a white to yellowish-white amorphous powder.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) Chemical Properties
Melting point: 80 °C
Density: 1.36 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Storage temp.: -20°C
Form: powder
Color: White
Odor: bland odor
CAS DataBase Reference: 9003-22-9
IARC: 3 (Vol. 19, Sup 7) 1987
EPA Substance Registry System: Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) (9003-22-9)
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is soluble in water and other polar solvents.
For example, Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is soluble in various alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol, as well as in more exotic solvents like the deep eutectic solvent formed by choline chloride and urea (Relin).
When dry Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is a light flaky hygroscopic powder, readily absorbing up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water.
In solution, Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films.
This makes Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) good as a coating or an additive to coatings.
A 2014 study found fluorescent properties of Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) and its oxidized hydrolyzate.
Uses
Medical
There are high-purity injectable grades of Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) available on the market, for specific use in intravenous, intramuscular, and subcutaneous applications.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is a frequently used binder in pharmaceutical tablet formulations.
Pharmacokinetic studies in humans and various laboratory animal models indicate no to very little systemic absorption of PVP following oral administration.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) added to iodine forms a complex called povidone-iodine that possesses disinfectant properties.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is used in various products such as solutions, ointment, pessaries, liquid soaps, and surgical scrubs.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is sold under the trade names Pyodine and Betadine, among others.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions).
For this purpose, Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is as effective and safe as talc, and may be preferred because of its easy availability and low cost.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is used in some contact lenses and their packaging solutions.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) reduces friction, thus acting as a lubricant, or wetting agent, built into the lens.
Examples of this use include Bausch & Lomb's Ultra contact lenses with MoistureSeal Technology, Air Optix contact lens packaging solution (as an ingredient called "copolymer 845"), and Johnson & Johnson's Acuvue contact lenses.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is used as a lubricant in some eye drops, e.g. Bausch & Lomb's Soothe.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) was used as a plasma volume expander for trauma victims after the 1950s.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is not preferred as a volume expander due to its ability to provoke histamine release and also interfere with blood grouping.
Autopsies have found that Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) contributes to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption.
The long-term effects of Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) or povidone within the lung are unknown.
Technical
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is also used in many technical applications:
as a special additive for batteries, ceramics, fiberglass, inks, and inkjet paper, and in the chemical-mechanical planarization process
as an emulsifier and disintegrant for solution polymerization
to increase resolution in photoresists for cathode-ray tubes (CRT)
in aqueous metal quenching
for production of membranes, such as dialysis and water purification filters
as a binder and complexation agent in agricultural applications such as crop protection, seed treatment and coating
as a thickening agent in tooth whitening gels
as an aid for increasing the solubility of drugs in liquid and semi-liquid dosage forms (syrups, soft gelatine capsules) and as an inhibitor of recrystallisation
as an additive to Doro's RNA extraction buffer
as a liquid-phase dispersion enhancing agent in DOSY NMR
as a surfactant, reducing agent, shape controlling agent and dispersant in nanoparticle synthesis and their self-assembly
as a stabilizing agent in all inorganic solar cells
Other uses
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) binds to polar molecules exceptionally well, owing to its polarity.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) has led to its application in coatings for photo-quality ink-jet papers and transparencies, as well as in inks for inkjet printers.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is also used in personal care products, such as shampoos and toothpastes, in paints, and adhesives that must be moistened, such as old-style postage stamps and envelopes.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) has also been used in contact lens solutions and in steel-quenching solutions.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is the basis of the early formulas for hair sprays and hair gels, and still continues to be a component of some.
As a food additive, Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is a stabilizer and has E number E1201.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is E1202.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is also used in the wine industry as a fining agent for white wine and some beers.
In in-vitro fertilisation laboratories, Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is used to slow down spermatozoa in order to capture them for e.g. ICSI.
In molecular biology, Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) can be used as a blocking agent during Southern blot analysis as a component of Denhardt's buffer.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is also exceptionally good at absorbing polyphenols during DNA purification.
Polyphenols are common in many plant tissues and can deactivate proteins if not removed and therefore inhibit many downstream reactions like PCR.
In microscopy, Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) is useful for making an aqueous mounting medium.
Copovidone (copolymer of 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone and vinyl acetate) can be used to screen for phenolic properties, as referenced in a 2000 study on the effect of plant extracts on insulin production.
