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Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose or cellulose gum is a cellulose derivative with carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is often used in its sodium salt form, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose used to be marketed under the name Tylose, a registered trademark of SE Tylose.
CAS: 9004-32-4
MF: C6H7O2(OH)2CH2COONa
EINECS: 618-378-6
Synonyms
Aquacide I, Calbiochem;Aquacide II, Calbiochem;Carboxyl Methyl Cellulose sodium;Cellex;Cellulose carboxymethyl ether, sodium;cellulose gum;SODIUM CARBOXY METHYL CELLULOSE (CMC);SCMC(SODIUM CARBOXY METHYL CELULLOSE
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is used pharmaceutically as an artificial lubricant for the eye in a 0.25% solution in water under the brand name Theratears.
An injectable form has been investigated for use as a soft tissue filler.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is also used as a wound dressing under multiple brand names.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is a water-soluble polymer.
As a solution in water, Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose has thixotropic properties.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is useful in helping to hold the components of pyrotechnic compositions in aqucous suspension (e.g., in the making of black match).
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is also an especially effective binder that can be used in small amounts in compositions, where the binder can intcrfere with the intended effect (e.g., in strobe compositions).
However, Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose's sodium content obviously precludes its use in most color compositions.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is manufactured from cellulose by various proccsses that replacc some of the hy drogen atoms in the hydroxyl[OH] groups of the cellulose molecule with acidic carboxymethyl [-CH2CO.OH] groups，which are neutralized to form the corresponding sodium salt.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is white when pure; industrial grade material may be grayish-white or cream granules or powder.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is tackifier, at room temperature, it is non-toxic tasteless white flocculent powder, it is stable and soluble in water, aqueous solution is neutral or alkaline transparent viscous liquid, it is soluble in other water-soluble gums and resins, Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is insoluble in organic solvents such as ethanol.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is the substituted product of cellulosic carboxymethyl group.
According to their molecular weight or degree of substitution, Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose can be completely dissolved or insoluble polymer, the latter can be used as the weak acid cation of exchanger to separate neutral or basic proteins.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose can form highly viscous colloidal solution with adhesive, thickening, flowing, emulsifying, shaping, water, protective colloid, film forming, acid, salt, suspensions and other characteristics, and it is physiologically harmless, so Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, oil, paper, textiles, construction and other areas of production.
A semisynthetic, water-soluble polymer in which CH 2 COOH groups are substituted on the glucose units of the cellulose chain through an ether link- age.
Mw ranges from 21,000 to 500,000.
Since the reaction occurs in an alkaline medium, the prod- uct is the sodium salt of the carboxylic acid R-O- CH 2 COONa.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose belongs to the class of anionic linear structured cellulose.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose's components consist of polysaccharide composed of fibrous tissues of plants.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is a water soluble polymer which can be used as a polyelectrolyte cellulose derivative.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose Chemical Properties
Melting point: 274 °C (dec.)
Density: 1,6 g/cm3
FEMA: 2239 | CARBOXYMETHYLCELLULOSE
Refractive index: 1.515
Storage temp.: room temp
Solubility H2O: 20 mg/mL, soluble
Pka: 4.30(at 25℃)
Form: low viscosity
Color: White to light yellow
PH: pH (10g/l, 25℃) 6.0～8.0
Odor: Odorless
PH Range: 6.5 - 8.5
Biological source: wood (pulp)
Water Solubility: soluble
Merck: 14,1829
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
EPA Substance Registry System: Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose (9004-32-4)
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcelluloseoccurs as a white to almost white, odorless, tasteless, granular powder.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is hygroscopic after drying.
Structure
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is a derivative of the regenerated cellulose [C6H10O5]n with hydroxy-acetic acid (hydroxyethanoic acid) CH2(OH)COOH or sodium monochloroacetate (Na[ClCH2COO]).
The Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose backbone consists of D-glucose residues linked by -1,4-linkage.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose has carboxymethyl groups (-CH2-COOH) bound to some of the hydroxyl groups of the glucopyranose monomers that make up the cellulose backbone.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is often used as its sodium salt, sodium carboxymethyl cellulose.
Properties
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is a white or lightly yellow powder with no odor, flavor, or poisonous properties.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is hygroscopic and dissolves well in hot or cold water, forming a viscous solution.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is not soluble in organic solvents like methanol, ethanol, acetone, chloroform, and benzene.
The functional properties of Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose depend on the degree of substitution of the cellulose structure (i.e., how many of the hydroxyl groups have been converted to carboxymethylene groups in the substitution reaction), as well as the chain length of the cellulose backbone structure and the degree of clustering of the carboxymethyl substituents.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is commonly used as a viscosity modifier or thickener and to stabilize emulsions in various products, both food and non-food-related.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is mainly used because it has a high viscosity, is nontoxic, and is generally considered to be hypoallergenic.
Uses
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is frequently called simply carboxymethyl cellulose and also known as cellulose gum.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is derived from purified cellulose from cotton and wood pulp.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is a water dispersible sodium salt of carboxy-methyl ether of cellulose that forms a clear colloidal solution.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is a hygroscopic material that has the ability to absorb more than 50% of water at high humidity.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is also a natural polymeric derivative that can be used in detergents, food and textile industries.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is one of the most important products of cellulose ethers, which are formed by natural cellulose modification as a kind of cellulose derivate with an ether structure.
Due to the fact that the acid form of CMC has poor water solubility, Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is usually preserved as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, which is widely used in many industries and regarded as monosodium glutamate in industry.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is used in cigarette adhesive, fabric sizing, footwear paste meal, home slimy.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is used in interior painting architectural, building lines melamine, thickening mortar, concrete enhancement.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is used in refractory fiber, ceramic production molding bond.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is used in oil drilling, exploration address slurry thickening, reducing water loss, quality paper surface sizing.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose can be used as soap and washing powder detergent active additives, as well as other industrial production on the dispersion, emulsification, stability, suspension, film, paper, polishing and the like.
Quality product can be used for toothpaste, medicine, food and other industrial sectors.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is a thickener, binder, and emulsifier equivalent to cellulose fiber.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is resistant to bacterial decomposition and provides a product with uniform viscosity.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose can prevent skin moisture loss by forming a film on the skin’s surface, and also help mask odor in a cosmetic product.
Constituents are any of several fibrous substances consisting of the chief part of a plant’s cell walls (often extracted from wood pulp or cotton).
In drilling muds, in detergents as a soil-suspending agent, in resin emulsion paints, adhesives, printing inks, textile sizes, as protective colloid in general.
As stabilizer in foods.
Pharmaceutic aid (suspending agent; tablet excipient; viscosity-increasing agent).
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is used in drilling muds, in detergents as a soil-suspending agent, in resin emulsion paints, adhesives, printing inks, textile sizes and protective colloid.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose acts as a stabilizer in foods.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is also employed in pharmaceuticals as a suspending agent and excipients for tablets.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is used as viscosity modifiers to stabilize the emulsions.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is used as a lubricant in artificial tears and it is used to characterize enzyme activity from endoglucanases.
Introduction
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is used in applications ranging from food production to medical treatments.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is commonly used as a viscosity modifier or thickener and to stabilize emulsions in both food and non-food products.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is used primarily because it has high viscosity, is nontoxic, and is generally considered to be hypoallergenic, as the major source fiber is either softwood pulp or cotton linter.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is also used in non-food products which include products such as toothpaste, laxatives, diet pills, water-based paints, detergents, textile sizing, reusable heat packs, various paper products, filtration materials, synthetic membranes, wound healing applications, and also in leather crafting to help burnish edges.
Food science
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is registered as E466 or E469 (when it is enzymatically hydrolyzed).
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is used for a viscosity modifier or thickener and to stabilize emulsions in various products, including ice cream, mayonnaise, and beverages.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is also used extensively in gluten-free and reduced-fat food products.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose's variable viscosity (high while cold, and low while hot) makes it useful in the preparation of cold foods and textures in beverages and edible gels.
With a DS around 1.0, Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose can prevent dehydration and shrinkage of gelatin while also contributing to a more airy structure.
In some foods, Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose can be used to control oil and moisture content.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is used to achieve tartrate or cold stability in wine, which can prevent excess energy usage while chilling wine in warm climates.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is more stable than metatartaric acid and is very effective in inhibiting tartrate precipitation.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is reported that KHT crystals, in the presence of CMC, grow slower and change their morphology.
Their shape becomes flatter because they lose 2 of the 7 faces, changing their dimensions.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose molecules, negatively charged at wine pH, interact with the electropositive surface of the crystals, where potassium ions are accumulated.
The slower growth of the crystals and the modification of their shape are caused by the competition between Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose molecules and bitartrate ions for binding to the KHT crystals.
Pharmaceutical Applications
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, an anionic derivative.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is widely used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations, primarily for its viscosity-increasing properties.
Viscous aqueous solutions are used to suspend powders intended for either topical application or oral and parenteral administration.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose may also be used as a tablet binder and disintegrant, and to stabilize emulsions.
Higher concentrations, usually 3–6%, of the medium-viscosity grade are used to produce gels that can be used as the base for applications and pastes; glycols are often included in such gels to prevent them drying out.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is also used in self-adhesive ostomy, wound care, and dermatological patches as a muco-adhesive and to absorb wound exudate or transepidermal water and sweat.
This muco-adhesive property is used in products designed to prevent post-surgical tissue adhesions; and to localize and modify the release kinetics of active ingredients applied to mucous membranes; and for bone repair.
Encapsulation with Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose can affect drug protection and delivery.
There have also been reports of its use as a cyto-protective agent.
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is also used in cosmetics, toiletries, surgical prosthetics, and incontinence, personal hygiene, and food products.
Synthesis
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is formed when cellulose reacts with mono chloroacetic acid or its sodium salt under alkaline condition with presence of organic solvent, hydroxyl groups substituted by Sodium carboxymethyl groups in C2, C3 and C6 of glucose, which substitution slightly prevails at C2 position.
Generally, there are two steps in manufacturing process of Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose, alkalinization and etherification.
Step 1: Alkalinization
Disperse the raw material cellulose pulp in alkali solution (generally sodium hydroxide, 5–50%) to obtain alkali cellulose.
Cell-OH+NaOH →Cell·O-Na+ +H2O
Step 2: Etherification
Etherification of alkali cellulose with sodium monochloroacetate (up to 30%) in an alcohol-water medium.
The mixture of alkali cellulose and reagent is heated (50–75°C) and stirred during the process.
ClCH2COOH+NaOH→ClCH2COONa+H2O
Cell·O-Na+ +ClCH2COO- →Cell-OCH2COO-Na
The DS of the sodium CMC can be controlled by the reaction conditions and use of organic solvents (such as isopropanol).
Production Methods
Alkali cellulose is prepared by steeping cellulose obtained from wood pulp or cotton fibers in sodium hydroxide solution.
The alkaline cellulose is then reacted with sodium monochloroacetate to produce carboxymethylcellulose sodium.
Sodium chloride and sodium glycolate are obtained as by-products of this etherification.
Preparation
Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is synthesized by the alkali-catalyzed reaction of cellulose with chloroacetic acid.
The polar (organic acid) carboxyl groups render the cellulose soluble and chemically reactive.
Fabrics made of cellulose – e.g., cotton or viscose (rayon) – may also be converted into CMC.
Following the initial reaction, the resultant mixture produces approximately 60% Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose and 40% salts (sodium chloride and sodium glycolate).
This product, called technical CMC, is used in detergents, where Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose is used as a thickening agent.
An additional purification process is used to remove salts to produce pure Crosslinked Sodium carboxymethylcellulose, which is used for food and pharmaceutical applications.
An intermediate 'semi-purified' grade is also produced, which is typically used in paper applications such as the restoration of archival documents.
