PRODUCTS

CYANOCOBALAMIN

CAS NO:68-19-9
EC NO:200-680-0

Cyanocobalamin is a manufactured form of vitamin B12 used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency.The deficiency may occur in pernicious anemia, following surgical removal of the stomach, with fish tapeworm, or due to bowel cancer.
Cyanocobalamin is less preferred than hydroxocobalamin for treating vitamin B
12 deficiency.
Cyanocobalamin is used by mouth, by injection into a muscle, or as a nasal spray.

Cyanocobalamin is generally well tolerated.Minor side effects may include diarrhea and itchiness. Serious side effects may include anaphylaxis, low blood potassium, and heart failure.Use is not recommended in those who are allergic to cobalt or have Leber's disease. Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient meaning that it cannot be made by the body but is required for life.

Cyanocobalamin was first manufactured in the 1940s.
Cyanocobalamin is available as a generic medication and over the counter. In 2019, it was the 155th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 4 million prescriptions.

Chemical and physical data:
Formula:C63H88CoN14O14P
Molar mass:1355.388 g·mol−1
Melting point:300 °C (572 °F)
Boiling point:300 °C (572 °F)
Solubility in water:1/80g/ml

Medical use
Cyanocobalamin is usually prescribed after surgical removal of part or all of the stomach or intestine to ensure adequate serum levels of vitamin B12.
Cyanocobalamin is also used to treat pernicious anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency (due to low intake from food or inability to absorb due to genetic or other factors), thyrotoxicosis, hemorrhage, malignancy, liver disease and kidney disease.
Cyanocobalamin injections are often prescribed to gastric bypass patients who have had part of their small intestine bypassed, making it difficult for B12 to be acquired via food or vitamins.
Cyanocobalamin is also used to perform the Schilling test to check ability to absorb vitamin B12.

Cyanocobalamin is also produced in the body (and then excreted via urine) after intravenous hydroxycobalamin is used to treat cyanide poisoning.

Chemistry
Vitamin B12 is the "generic descriptor" name for any vitamers of vitamin B12. Animals, including humans, can convert cyanocobalamin to any one of the active vitamin B12 compounds.

Cyanocobalamin is one of the most widely manufactured vitamers in the vitamin B
12 family (the family of chemicals that function as B12 when put into the body), because cyanocobalamin is the most air-stable of the B12 forms.
Cyanocobalamin is the easiest to crystallize and therefore easiest to purify after it is produced by bacterial fermentation.
Cyanocobalamin can be obtained as dark red crystals or as an amorphous red powder. Cyanocobalamin is hygroscopic in the anhydrous form, and sparingly soluble in water (1:80).
Cyanocobalamin is stable to autoclaving for short periods at 121 °C (250 °F). The vitamin B12 coenzymes are unstable in light. After consumption the cyanide ligand is replaced by other groups (adenosyl, methyl) to produce the biologically active forms. The cyanide is converted to thiocyanate and excreted by the kidney.

Production
Cyanocobalamin is commercially prepared by bacterial fermentation. Fermentation by a variety of microorganisms yields a mixture of methylcobalamin, hydroxocobalamin and adenosylcobalamin. These compounds are converted to cyanocobalamin by addition of potassium cyanide in the presence of sodium nitrite and heat. Since multiple species of Propionibacterium produce no exotoxins or endotoxins and have been granted GRAS status (generally regarded as safe) by the United States Food and Drug Administration, they are the preferred bacterial fermentation organisms for vitamin B12 production.

Historically, the physiological form was initially thought to be cyanocobalamin. This was because hydroxocobalamin produced by bacteria was changed to cyanocobalamin during purification in activated charcoal columns after separation from the bacterial cultures (because cyanide is naturally present in activated charcoal).
Cyanocobalamin is the form in most pharmaceutical preparations because adding cyanide stabilizes the molecule.

The total world production of vitamin B12, by four companies (the French Sanofi-Aventis and three Chinese companies) in 2008 was 35 tonnes.

Cyanocobalamin is a man-made form of vitamin B12 used to prevent and treat low blood levels of this vitamin. Most people get enough vitamin B12 from their diet. Vitamin B12 is important to maintain the health of your metabolism, blood cells, and nerves.

Cyanocobalamin injection is also sometimes used to treat inherited conditions that decrease the absorption of vitamin B12 from the intestine.
Cyanocobalamin injection is also sometimes used to treat methylmalonic aciduria (an inherited disease in which the body cannot break down protein) and is sometimes given to unborn babies to prevent methylmalonic aciduria after birth.

Cyanocobalamin is a manufactured version of vitamin B12.
Cyanocobalamin’s used to treat and prevent vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia (when you have low levels of this vitamin in your body).

Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is important for growth, cell reproduction, blood formation, and protein and tissue synthesis.

Cyanocobalamin is used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency in people with pernicious anemia or other conditions such as folic acid deficiency, pregnancy, thyroid problems, stomach and intestinal disorders, bleeding, liver or kidney disease, parasite infection, or cancer.

Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of vitamin B12 that’s not found in nature.

Cyanocobalamin’s used more frequently in supplements, as it’s considered more stable and cost effective than other forms of vitamin B12.

When cyanocobalamin enters your body, it’s converted into either methylcobalamin or adenosylcobalamin, which are the two active forms of vitamin B12 in humans.

Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of vitamin B12 found only in supplements, while methylcobalamin is a naturally occurring form that you can get through either food sources or supplements.

Cyanocobalamin (commonly known as Vitamin B12) is a highly complex, essential vitamin, owing its name to the fact that it contains the mineral, cobalt.
Cyanocobalamin is produced naturally by bacteria, and is necessary for DNA synthesis and cellular energy production.
Cyanocobalamin has many forms, including the cyano-, methyl-, deoxyadenosyl- and hydroxy-cobalamin forms. The cyano form, is the most widely used form in supplements and prescription drugs,. Several pharmaceutical forms of cyanocobalamin have been developed, including the tablet, injection, and nasal spray forms. This drug was initially approved by the FDA in 1942.

A cobalt-containing coordination compound produced by intestinal micro-organisms and found also in soil and water. Higher plants do not concentrate vitamin B12 from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues. INTRINSIC FACTOR is important for the assimilation of vitamin B 12.

Cyanocobalamin is a prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) man-made form of vitamin B12 used to prevent and treat low blood levels of vitamin B12. Most people get enough vitamin B12 from their diet.
Vitamin B12 is important to maintain the health of your metabolism, blood cells and nerves. Serious vitamin B12 deficiency may result in a low number of red blood cells (anemia), stomach/intestine problems, and permanent nerve damage.

Vitamin B12 deficiency may occur in certain health conditions, such as intestinal/stomach problems, poor nutrition, cancer, HIV infection, pregnancy, old age, alcoholism.
Cyanocobalamin may also occur in people who follow a strict vegetarian (vegan) diet.

Cyanocobalamin is an over the counter and prescription medicine used to treat the symptoms of Pernicious Anemia, B12 Deficiency and as a nutritional supplement. Cyanocobalamin may be used alone or with other medications.

Cyanocobalamin appears as dark red crystals or as an amorphous or crystalline red powder.
Cyanocobalamin is very hygroscopic in the anhydrous form, and sparingly soluble in water (1:80).
Cyanocobalamin is stable to autoclaving for short periods at 121°C. The vitamin B12 coenzymes are very unstable in light.
Cyanocobalamin Injection, USP is a sterile solution of cyanocobalamin for intramuscular or subcutaneous injection. Each mL contains 1000 mcg cyanocobalamin.
The chemical name is 5,6-dimethyl-benzimidazolyl cyanocobamide; the molecular formula is C63H88C0N14O14P. The cobalt content is 4.34%. The molecular weight is 1355.39.

Vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) prevents and treats low levels of vitamin B12.

Physicochemical Information:
Melting Point:   >300 °C
pH value:   6 (H₂O)
Bulk density:   450 - 600 kg/m3
Solubility:   12 g/l

Cyanocobalamin a man made form of vitamin B12. Vitamin B12 is used in the growth of healthy blood cells, nerve cells, and proteins in the body.
Cyanocobalamin also helps with the metabolism of fats and carbohydrates.
Cyanocobalamin is used to treat people who can not absorb vitamin B12.

Cyanocobalamin (commonly known as Vitamin B12) is the most chemically complex of all the vitamins.
Cyanocobalamin's structure is based on a corrin ring, which, although similar to the porphyrin ring found in heme, chlorophyll, and cytochrome, has two of the pyrrole rings directly bonded. The central metal ion is Co (cobalt).
Cyanocobalamin cannot be made by plants or by animals, as the only type of organisms that have the enzymes required for the synthesis of cyanocobalamin are bacteria and archaea. Higher plants do not concentrate cyanocobalamin from the soil and so are a poor source of the substance as compared with animal tissues.
Cyanocobalamin is naturally found in foods including meat (especially liver and shellfish), eggs, and milk products.

Cyanocobalamin is a vitamin of the B-complex family, commonly known as cobalamins (corrinoids).
Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic or man-made form of vitamin B12 that is available as both a prescription and over-the-counter (OTC) medication. Cobalamins exist in several other chemical forms, including hydroxocobalamin, methylcobalamin, and adenosylcobalamin.
Cyanocobalamin is the most common form of cobalamins used in nutritional supplements and fortified foods.
Cyanocobalamin contains a cyano (cyanide) group in its structure, which makes it more stable than other forms of vitamin B12 as the cyanide stabilizes the molecule from deterioration. Hydroxocobalamin, however, is the most biologically active form of Vitamin B12; hence, it is more preferable than cyanocobalamin for the treatment of vitamin B12 deficiency.

Cyanocobalamin does not naturally exist in foods owing to the presence of cyanide, which is absent in the natural form of the vitamin. The chemical structure of cyanocobalamin contains the rare mineral cobalt (4.34%), which binds the cyano group and is located in the center of a corrin ring.5 The commercial manufacturing of the vitamin is done through bacterial fermentation. Compared to other forms of vitamin B12, it is easier to crystallize and more air-stable.
Cyanocobalamin is usually obtained as a dark red, amorphous or crystalline powder, orthorhombic needles, or red crystals. The anhydrous form of the compound is highly hygroscopic.
Cyanocobalamin may absorb up to 12% of water if exposed to air.
Cyanocobalamin is sparingly soluble in alcohol and water (1 in 80 of water), but insoluble in chloroform, acetone, and ether. The coenzymes of this vitamin are highly unstable in light.

Cyanocobalamin is part of a coenzyme needed for the synthesis of proteins and nucleic acids, and for the metabolism of carbohydrates.
Cyanocobalamin plays a role in the synthesis of myelin.
Cyanocobalamin is also used as an antipernicious anemia factor.

About Cyanocobalamin
Helpful information
Cyanocobalamin is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 to < 10 tonnes per annum.

Cyanocobalamin is used at industrial sites.

Consumer Uses
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Cyanocobalamin is most likely to be released to the environment.

Article service life
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Cyanocobalamin is most likely to be released to the environment. ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed.

Widespread uses by professional workers
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. ECHA has no public registered data on the types of manufacture using Cyanocobalamin. ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Cyanocobalamin is most likely to be released to the environment.

Formulation or re-packing
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or in which chemical products the substance might be used. ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Cyanocobalamin is most likely to be released to the environment.

Uses at industrial sites
Cyanocobalamin has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Cyanocobalamin is used for the manufacture of: chemicals.
Release to the environment of Cyanocobalamin can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates).

Manufacture
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which Cyanocobalamin is most likely to be released to the environment.

Cyanocobalamin is used as a nutritional supplement and stabilizer in foods.
Cyanocobalamin is also used as a medicine and animal feed supplement.
Cyanocobalamin plays an important role in the synthesis of myelin.
Cyanocobalamin is also used as an antipernicious anemia factor. Further, it is used to treat cyanide poisoning and hereditary deficiency of transcobalamin II.

1.Cyanocobalamin deficiency can cause anemia, nervous system disorders.
Cyanocobalamin can be used in infant foods, used amount is 10~30μg/kg; use in strengthening drink liquid and the amount is 2~6μg/kg.

2. Mainly used to treat megaloblastic anemia, poor nutrition, blood loss anemia, neuralgia and obstructive disorders.

3. As the feed nutrition fortifier, with anti-anemia effects of pernicious anemia, nutritional anemia, parasites and anemia and effective dosage is 15-30mg/t.

4. Cyanocobalamin is essential for the metabolism of the human body. The average total amount of vitamin B12 in the human body is 2-5mg, 50-90% of which is stored in the liver, the body needs to release into the blood in the formation of red blood cells.
Cyanocobalamin is mainly used to treat pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, antifolate drugs starting from anemia and multiple neuritis.

Physiologic function
1. To improve the utilization of folic acid, it and folic acid are together with the synthesis of methionine (from high cysteine synthetase) and choline, producing Cyanocobalamin application based pioneer substances such as methyl cobalamin and coenzyme B12 in purine and pyrimidine synthesis process, participating in the methylation process in many important compounds.
When Cyanocobalamin deficiency, activities which transferred methyl groups from the methylenetetrahydrofolate reduced to make folic acid into no use of form, leading to folate deficiency.

2.Maintain the metabolism and function of the nerve myelin sheath. Lack of Cyanocobalamin, can cause neurological disorders, degeneration of spinal cord, and can cause severe psychiatric symptoms.
Cyanocobalamin deficiency can cause peripheral neuritis.

3. Promote the development and maturation of red blood cells. The two acyl coenzyme A is converted to succinate coenzyme A, which is involved in the synthesis of three carboxylic acid cycle, in which the synthesis of A is related to the synthesis of heme.

4. Cyanocobalamin is also involved in synthesis of deoxy nucleic acid (DNA), metabolism of fat, carbohydrate and protein, increasing the synthesis of nucleic acids and proteins.
An overview of Cyanocobalamin, traits, physiological function, application are compiled by Eastern of Chemicalbook .

Uses
vitamin, coenzyme B12

Uses
Prototype of the family of naturally occurring cobalt coordination compounds knows as corrinoids. Analogs of Cyanocobalamin which differ only in the β-ligand of the cobalt are termed cobalamins. Synthesi zed almost exclusively by bacteria. Dietary sources include fish, meat, liver, and dairy products; plants have little or no cobalamins. Converted by the body into its bioactive forms, methylcobalamin and cobamamide, which serve as enzyme cofactors. Severe deficiency may result in megaloblastic anemia and/or neurological impairment.

Uses
A coenzyme for synthesis of nucleic acids and metabolism carbohydrates.

Uses
Cyanocobalamin is water-soluble required for the normal development of red blood cells.
Cyanocobalamins deficiency causes pernicious anemia.
Cyanocobalamin is stable in neutral conditions and is more stable for storage than for processing conditions.
Cyanocobalamin is found in meat, fish, and milk.

Chemical properties
Deep red crystalline or amorphous crystalline powder, odorless and tasteless. Melting point is 210~220 ℃ (carbonized to black). 1g product can be dissolved in 80mL water, soluble in alcohol, insoluble in acetone, ethyl ether or chloroform. Anhydrous is easy to absorb moisture, crystallization of Vitamin B12 in neutral and acidic solution to air and better thermal stability, in alkali, strong acid and reducing agent is not stable, not resistant to light and ultraviolet.

Characters
Cyanocobalamin is the deep red crystal or crystalline powder, odorless, tasteless, hygroscopic strong. Slightly soluble in water or ethanol, insoluble in chloroform or ether. Heat-resistant, but in the case of oxidizing or reducing substances (such as vitamin C or hydrogen peroxide, etc.), heavy metal salts and strong acids, alkalis, it can become invalid.

Cyanocobalamin, which is called VB12 for short, also known as cobalamin, and is one of the B vitamins, is a class of complex organic compounds containing cobalt Corrin class ,and contained trivalent cobalt in similar porphyrin Corrin plane at the center of the ring.
Cyanocobalamin is the largest and most complex vitamin molecule that has been discovered.
Cyanocobalamin is also the only vitamin with metal ion. The crystal is red, it is also called red vitamin.The plant does not contain Cyanocobalamin, and can not produce Cyanocobalamin. The liver is the best source of Cyanocobalamin, then from milk, meat, eggs, fish and so on.VB12 is an essential coenzyme in the synthesis of RNA and DNA. The lack of Cyanocobalamin in vivo can cause pathological changes in the nervous system such as peripheral nerve and central nervous system.

IUPAC names
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolcyanocobalamide
Cobalt(2+); formonitrile; 3-[2,7,18-tris(2-amino-2-oxoethyl)-17-[3-[2-[[5-(5,6-dimethyl-3H-benzimidazol-1-ium-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl]oxy-hydroxyphosphoryl]oxypropylamino]-3-oxopropyl]-3,13-bis(3-imino-3-oxidopropyl)-1,2,5,7,12,12,15,17-octamethyl-3,8,13,18,19,22-hexahydrocorrin-8-yl]propanimidate
Cyano-5, 6-dimethylbenzimidazole-cobalamin
cyano[(1R,2R,3R,4R,6Z,8S,11Z,13S,14S,16Z,18S,19S)-8,13,18-tris(2-carbamoylethyl)-3,14,19-tris(carbamoylmethyl)-4-{2-[(2-{[(2R,3S,4R,5S)-5-(5,6-dimethyl-1H-1,3-benzodiazol-1-yl)-4-hydroxy-2-(hydroxymethyl)oxolan-3-yl phosphono]oxy}propyl)carbamoyl]ethyl}-1,4,6,9,9,14,16,19-octamethyl-20,21,22,23-tetraazapentacyclo[15.2.1.1^{2,5}.1^{7,10}.1^{12,15}]tricosa-5(23),6,10(22),11,15(21),16-hexaen-20-yl]cobaltylium
Cyanocobalamin
cyanocobalamin
α-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolyl)cobamidcyanide

SYNONYMS:
hemomin
hepacon-b12
hepagon
hepavis
hepcovite
lactobacilluslactisdornerfactor
lldfactor
macrabin
magravon
megalovel
milbedoce
nagravon
normocytin
pernaemon
pernaevit
pernipuron
plecyamin
poyamin
rebramin
redamina
redisol
rhodacryst
rubesol
rubramin
rubraminpc
rubripca
rubrocitol
sytobex
terwithcobinamidecyanidehydroxide,innersalt
vibalt
vibisone
virubra
vitaminb12complex
vitaminb12preparation
vitarubin
vita-rubra
vitral
ylbenzimidazole,innersalt
VIT B12
CYANOCOBALAMIN USP CRYSTAL
a-(5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolyl)-cobalamidecyanide
α-(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)cyanocobamide, CN-Cbl, Cyanocob(III)alamin, Cyanocobalamin, VitaminB12
α-(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)cyanocobamide, CN-Cbl, Cyanocob(III)alamin, Cyanocobalamin
METHYLCOBALAMIN
ANTIANEMIC VITAMIN B
EXTRINSIC FACTOR
CYANOCOBALAMIN
CYANOCOBALAMINE
CYANOCOB(III)ALAMIN
CYTACON
CYTAMEN
Vitamin B12, USP grade
5,6-dimethyl-1-(3-o-phosphono-alpha-d-ribofuranosyl)-1h-benzimidazolmonoes
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolylcobamidecyanide
5,6-dimethylbenzimidazolyl-co-cyanocobamide
alpha-5,6-dimethyl-1h-benzimidazolyl-cobamidcyanide
anacobin
berubigen