CYANOCOBALAMIN

Cyanocobalamin's used to treat and prevent vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia (when you have low levels of this vitamin in your body).
Cyanocobalamin is also used to prevent vitamin B12 deficiency in adults who require higher amounts of vitamin B12.
Cyanocobalamin is also used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency caused by certain food limitations (eg, strict vegetarians), medicines, or malabsorption-related problems.

CAS Number: 68‑19‑9 
EC Number / EINECS: Not directly listed in core databases (often vitamin B₁₂ compounds don’t have a unique ECHA EC number as simple chemicals do)
MDL Number: MFCD00151092
IUPAC Name: Coα‑[α‑(5,6‑Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)]‑Coβ‑cyanocobamide 
Molecular Formula: C₆₃H₈₈CoN₁₄O₁₄P 
Molecular Weight: ~1355.38 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
VITAMIN K1, phytonadione, 84-80-0, Phytomenadione, Phylloquinone, Phytylmenadione, 3-Phytylmenadione, Mephyton, Monodion, Synthex P, Phyllochinon, Kinadion, Kephton, Mono-Kay, Combinal K1, Fitomenadiona, Kativ N, alpha-Phylloquinone, trans-Phylloquinone, K-Ject, 2-Methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, Antihemorrhagic vitamin, Phyllochinonum, Phytomenadionum, Phytonadionum, Aqua mephyton, Fitomenadione, Vitamin K 1, Orakay, 2',3'-trans-Vitamin K1, 2-Methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthochinon, Kanavit, Neokay, NSC-270681, DTXSID8023472, Konakion mm, Vitamin K1(20), Konakion mm paed, S5Z3U87QHF, 2-methyl-3-[(E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-enyl]naphthalene-1,4-dione, CHEBI:18067, 2-Methyl-3-(3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl)-1,4-naphthalenedione, 2-methyl-3-[(2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl]naphthalene-1,4-dione, DTXCID003472, 2-Methyl-3-[(2E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl]naphthoquinone, NSC270681, vitaminum k1, 2-Methyl-3-((2E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl)naphthoquinone, Phylloquinone e-, 2-methyl-3-((2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl)naphthalene-1,4-dione, 2-methyl-3-((E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-enyl)naphthalene-1,4-dione, Vitamin K1 Injectable, RefChem:6141, VEDA-K1, VETA-K1, VITAMIN K1 PHYTONADIONE, VITAMIN K1-PHYTONADIONE, PHYTONADIONE PHYTONADIONE, VITAMIN K1, PHYTONADIONE, B02BA01, A034SE7857, 2-Methyl-3-((2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl)-1,4-naphthoquinone, Aquamephyton, Konakion, 79083-00-4, Aqua-Mephytin, 11104-38-4, Phylloquinone e-form, 1,4-Naphthalenedione,2-methyl-3-[(2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-yl]-, 2-Methyl-3-((7R,11R,E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl)naphthalene-1,4-dione, MFCD00214063, NSC 270681, VitaminK1, 1,4-Naphthoquinone, 2-methyl-3-phytyl-, Phythyl-menadion, MLF3D1712D, Phytonadione, (E)-(+/-)-, C31H46O2, 1,4-Naphthalenedione, 2-methyl-3-(3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl)-, (R-(R*,R*-(E)))-, 2-methyl-3-[(2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl]-1,4-dihydronaphthalene-1,4-dione, 1,4-Naphthalenedione, 2-methyl-3-(3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl)-, 2-Methyl-3-phythyl-1,4-naphthochinon, CAS-84-80-0, rel-2-Methyl-3-((7R,11R,E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-en-1-yl)naphthalene-1,4-dione, Phytonadione, K1, 1,4-Naphthalenedione, 2-methyl-3-(3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl)-, [R-[R*,R*-(E)]]-, Phyllochinon [German], Fitomenadione [DCIT], Vitamin K1 (VAN), Phytonadione [USP:JAN], UNII-S5Z3U87QHF, Phytomenadione, Phytonadione, Vitamin K1, Phylloquinone, Fitomenadiona [INN-Spanish], Phytomenadionum [INN-Latin], a-Phylloquinone, Phytonadione RS, HSDB 3162, (E)-phytonadione, Vitamin K?, Phytomenadione CRS, NCGC00159423-02, EINECS 201-564-2, EINECS 234-330-3, EINECS 279-052-3, Vitamin K1 (contains up to 20% cis isomer), vitamin K1, 11, Vitamin K1 (generic), Vitamin K1 (Standard), Phytomenadion/Vitamin K1, PHYTONADIONE [JAN], 2-Methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthochinon [German], phylloquinone,2-METHYL-3-PHYTYL-1,4-NAPHTHOQUINONE, Phylloquinone,Phytomenadione, SCHEMBL3882, Vitamin K1 (Phylloquinone), Vitamin K1, viscous liquid, CHEMBL1550, UNII-MLF3D1712D, PHYTONADIONE, (E)-, PHYLLOQUINONE, (E)-, MLS001074732, BIDD:GT0793, PHYTOMENADIONE, (E)-, orb1309849, 2-Methyl-3-[(2E)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl]naphthoquinone #, BDBM24782, HY-N0684R, MSK1513, [r-[r*,R*-(E)]]-2-Methyl-3-(3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl)-1,4-napthalenedione, [r-[r*,R*-(E)]]-2-Methyl-3-(3-7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl)-1,4-naphthalenedione, PHYLLOQUINONE E-FORM [MI], GLXC-21157, HMS2094G09, HMS2270J10, Pharmakon1600-01505485, 10485-69-5, HY-N0684, Tox21_111655, BDBM50553259, EBC-09051, LMPR02030028, NSC760373, s4698, 2-Methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-napthoquinone, AKOS015841892, Tox21_111655_1, CCG-213568, CS-6376, DB01022, FV28716, NSC-760373, (R*,R*-(E))-(1)-2-Methyl-3-(3,7,11,15-tetramethylhexadec-2-enyl)-1,4-naphthoquinone, NCGC00159423-03, Phylloquinone (K1), analytical standard, AC-34846, AS-13734, SMR000112043, SBI-0206926.P001, trans-Phytomenadione 100 microg/mL in Ethanol, AB00698065_04, 214V063, EN300-22411510, F814464, Q186093, SR-05000001941, C31H46O2 (2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone), SR-05000001941-1, BRD-K76661572-001-07-6, BRD-K76661572-001-08-4, Z2568644345, 84C51B31-3CE2-476B-BE66-A84BDD46A513, VITAMIN K1, 2-METHYL-3-PHYTYL-1,4-NAPHTHOQUINONE, Phytomenadione, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Phytonadione, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, 2-Methyl-3-(3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl)-1,4-naphthalened- ione, Vitamin K1, BioXtra, >=99.0% (sum of isomers, HPLC), mixtur of isomers, 1,4-Naphthalenedione, 2-methyl-3-((2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecen-1-yl)-, 1,4-Naphthalenedione, 2-methyl-3-((2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl)-, Phytonadione, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard, Certified Reference Material, 1,4-NAPHTHALENEDIONE, 2-METHYL-3-((2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-TETRAMETHYL-2-HEXADECEN-1-YL)-, REL-, 2-METHYL-3-((2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-TETRAMETHYL-2-HEXADECENYL)-1,4-NAPHTHALENEDIONE, 2-Methyl-3-[(2E,7R,11R)-3,7,11,15-tetramethyl-2-hexadecenyl]-1,4-naphthalenedione,Konakion,Mephyton, Vitamin K1, 2-Methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, 3-Phytylmenadione, Phylloquinone, Vitamin K1(20), Vitamin K₁, phylloquinone, phytonadione, phytomenadione, α-phylloquinone, trans-phylloquinone, NSC 270681, K-ativn, Konakion, aqua-mephyton, K-Ject, 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, Vitamin K₁, phylloquinone, phytonadione, phytomenadione, α-phylloquinone, 2-methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, 3-phytylmenadione, Phyllochinon, Phythyl-menadion, trans-Phylloquinone, Kativn K1, Konakion, Aqua-Mephyton, Mephyton, Kinadion, Combinal K1, Mono-Kay, Monodion, Phyllochinonum, Phytomenadionum, Vitamin K₁ (phytomenadione), 2-Methyl-3-phytyl-1,4-naphthoquinone, Vitamin B12, α-(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)cyanocobamide, CN-Cbl, Cyanocob(III)alamin, Cyanocobalamin, Vitamin B12, B-12 Cyanocobalamin, Cyanobalamin, Cyano-B12, Cobalamin Cyanide, a-(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)cobamide cyanide, B-12 (generic), Cyanocobalamin (JP15/USP/INN), Cyanocobalamine, (10S,12R,13R,24S,35R,41R)-30,35,40-tris(2-carbamoylethyl)-24,36,41-tris(carbamoylmethyl)-1-cyano-46-hydroxy-12-(hydroxymethyl)-5,6,17,23,28,31,31,36,38,41,42-undecamethyl-15,20-dioxo-11,14,16-trioxa-2λ⁵,9,19,26λ⁵,43,44λ⁵,45λ⁵-heptaaza-15λ⁵-phospha-1-cobaltadodecacyclo[27.14.1.1¹,³⁴.1²,⁹.1¹⁰,¹³.0¹,²⁶.0³,⁸.0²³,²⁷.0²⁵,⁴².0³²,⁴⁴.0³⁹,⁴³.0³⁷,⁴⁵]heptatetraconta-2(47),3,5,7,26,28,32(44),33,37(45),38-decaene-1,2,26,44,45-pentakis(ylium)-15-olate, Cianocobalamina, Cyanocobalaminum, vitaminum b12, Coco12, DODEX INJECTABLE, RefChem:5713, cyanocobalamine injection, B03BA01, VITA-JEC B12 3000, CYANOCOBALAMIN COMPONENT OF DEPINAR, CYANOCOBALAMIN COMPONENT OF DICOPAC KIT, CYANOCOBALAMIN COMPONENT OF RUBRATOPE-60 KIT, CYANOCOBALAMIN (CONSTITUENT OF CYANOCOBALAMIN), 200-680-0, ANTIPERNICIN, Berubigen, Betalin 12, Betaline-12, Calomist, CHEBI:17439, CN-Cbl, Cobavite, Cyancobalamin, Cyanocob(III)alamin, Cyanocobalamin, CYANOCOBALAMIN (EP MONOGRAPH), CYANOCOBALAMIN (MART.), CYANOCOBALAMIN (USP MONOGRAPH), CYANOCOBALAMIN (USP-RS), Cyanocobalamine, CYANOCOBALMIN, cyanoject, Cyomin, Cytamen, DEPINAR COMPONENT CYANOCOBALAMIN, DICOPAC KIT COMPONENT CYANOCOBALAMIN, Dodecavite, Dodex, hydrobexan, Nascobal, Normocytin, NSC-80365, NSC80365, P6YC3EG204, Plecyamin, Redisol, Rubesol, RUBIVAMINE, Rubivite, Rubramin PC, RUBRATOPE-60 KIT COMPONENT CYANOCOBALAMIN, Ruvite, Vi-Twel, Vibisone

Cyanocobalamin appears as dark red crystals or as an amorphous or crystalline red powder.
Cyanocobalamin is very hygroscopic in the anhydrous form, and sparingly soluble in water (1:80).
The vitamin B12 coenzymes are very unstable in light.

The chemical name of Cyanocobalamin is 5,6-dimethyl-benzimidazolyl cyanocobamide.
The molecular formula of Cyanocobalamin is C63H88CoN14O14P.
The cobalt content of Cyanocobalamin is 4.34%.

The molecular weight of Cyanocobalamin is 1355.39.
Cyanocobalamin is a manufactured version of vitamin B12.
Your body needs vitamin B12 to make red blood cells and keep your nervous system healthy.

You can get vitamin B12 from your food or supplements, but sometimes there may not be enough of it in what you eat.
This can happen if you eat a vegan diet or if you do not regularly eat meat, fish or dairy products.
Some conditions or treatments can stop you absorbing enough vitamin B12 from the food you eat.

These include:
*pernicious anaemia
*low stomach acid due to swelling (inflammation) in the stomach lining, or certain medicines
*stomach surgery (gastrectomy)
*inflammation in your intestines because of conditions like Crohn's disease or coeliac disease
*an infection in your stomach or intestine

Cyanocobalamin comes as tablets that may be available on prescription.
Cyanocobalamin can also be given as an injection, but this is generally not available on the NHS.
If your doctor prescribes vitamin B12 injections, they'll usually give you hydroxocobalamin, another type of vitamin B12.

You can also buy vitamin B12 supplements containing cyanocobalamin from pharmacies and shops.
These come as tablets, capsules, mouth sprays and drops.
Cyanocobalamin is an important nutrient that helps your body keep your nerve cells and red blood cells healthy.

Cyanocobalamin also helps your body make DNA.
Your body doesn’t make Cyanocobalamin on its own.
You have to consume food and drinks that have Cyanocobalamin to get it.

Cyanocobalamin is found mostly in animal products, like fish, meat, dairy and eggs.
Cyanocobalamin’s also in fortified foods (foods with vitamins and minerals added to them), like cereals, breads, plant-based milks and nutritional yeast.

Adults need around 2.4 micrograms (mcg) of Cyanocobalamin a day.
And women who are pregnant or breastfeeding need more.
The amount of Cyanocobalamin babies and children need varies based on age.

Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B12 used to treat and prevent vitamin B12 deficiency except in the presence of cyanide toxicity.
Cyanocobalamin is generally well tolerated.
Cyanocobalamin was first manufactured in the 1940s.

Cyanocobalamin is available as a generic medication and over the counter.
In 2023, Cyanocobalamin was the 104th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 6 million prescriptions.
Cyanocobalamin is also produced in the body (and then excreted via urine) after intravenous hydroxycobalamin is used to treat cyanide poisoning.

Cyanocobalamin is a vitamin available in many formulations to correct vitamin B12 deficiency.
Cyanocobalamin (commonly known as Vitamin B12) is a highly complex, essential vitamin, owing its name to the fact that it contains the mineral, cobalt.

Cyanocobalamin is produced naturally by bacteria, and is necessary for DNA synthesis and cellular energy production.
Cyanocobalamin has many forms, including the cyano-, methyl-, deoxyadenosyl- and hydroxy-cobalamin forms.
The cyano form is the most widely used form in supplements and prescription drugs.

Several pharmaceutical forms of cyanocobalamin have been developed, including the tablet, injection, and nasal spray forms.
This drug was initially approved by the FDA in 1942.
Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic and stable form of Vitamin B₁₂, a water‑soluble vitamin essential for human health.

Cyanocobalamin belongs to the cobalamin family, which are cobalt‑containing coordination complexes important for DNA synthesis, nervous system function, and blood formation.
Cyanocobalamin is an active form of Vitamin B12.

Cyanocobalamin is essential for healthy nerves and red blood cells, as well as DNA production.
Cyanocobalamin is an active form of Vitamin B12.
Cyanocobalamin is essential for healthy nerves and red blood cells, as well as DNA production.

Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic version of Vitamin B12 given to people to help increase their B12 levels and treat Vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia.
Being deficient in Vitamin B12 can cause extreme tiredness and muscle weakness, among many other things.
Cyanocobalamin is a dietary supplement.

Your body needs vitamin B12 (cyanocobalamin) for several processes, such as promoting red blood cell growth, maintaining nerve cell health, and making DNA (genetic material).
Cyanocobalamin (commonly known as Vitamin B12) is a highly complex, essential vitamin, owing its name to the fact that it contains the mineral, cobalt.

This vitamin is produced naturally by bacteria, and is necessary for DNA synthesis and cellular energy production.
Vitamin B12 has many forms, including the cyano-, methyl-, deoxyadenosyl- and hydroxy-cobalamin forms.
The cyano form, is the most widely used form in supplements and prescription drugs.

Several pharmaceutical forms of cyanocobalamin have been developed, including the tablet, injection, and nasal spray forms.
This drug was initially approved by the FDA in 1942.
Cyanocobalamin is a metabolite found in or produced by Escherichia coli.

Cyanocobalamin is a Vitamin B12.
Cyanocobalamin is a cobalt-containing coordination compound generated by intestinal microbes, and a natural water-soluble vitamin of the B-complex family that must combine with Intrinsic Factor for absorption by the intestine.

Cyanocobalamin is necessary for hematopoiesis, neural metabolism, DNA and RNA production, and carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism.
B12 improves iron functions in the metabolic cycle and assists folic acid in choline synthesis.
B12 metabolism is interconnected with that of folic acid.

Vitamin B12 deficiency causes pernicious anemia, megaloblastic anemia, and neurologic lesions.
Cyanocobalamin is a metabolite found in or produced by Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

USES and APPLICATIONS of CYANOCOBALAMIN:
Cyanocobalamin's used to treat and prevent vitamin B12 deficiency anaemia (when you have low levels of this vitamin in your body).
Cyanocobalamin works by increasing your levels of vitamin B12.
Use of Cyanocobalamin is not recommended in those who are allergic to cobalt or have Leber's disease.

Cyanocobalamin is less preferred than hydroxocobalamin for treating vitamin B12 deficiency because it has a slightly lower bioavailability.
Some studies have shown Cyanocobalamin to possess an antihypotensive effect.
Vitamin B12 is an essential nutrient meaning that it cannot be made by the body but is required for life.

Cyanocobalamin is the most widely used form of vitamin B 12, and has hematopoietic activity apparently identical to that of the antianemia factor in purified liver extract.
Hydroxycobalamin is equally as effective as cyanocobalamin, and they share the cobalamin molecular structure.

Other uses for this medicine: Cyanocobalamin may be prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.
Cyanocobalamin nasal spray is used to maintain normal vitamin B12 blood levels in patients with pernicious anemia who have achieved healthy vitamin B12 levels after receiving vitamin B12 shots and do not have nervous system problems.

Cyanocobalamin is also used to prevent vitamin B12 deficiency in adults who require higher amounts of vitamin B12.
Cyanocobalamin is also used to treat vitamin B12 deficiency caused by certain food limitations (eg, strict vegetarians), medicines, or malabsorption-related problems.

Cyanocobalamin is a man-made form of vitamin B12.
Cyanocobalamin is available only with your doctor's prescription.
Cyanocobalamin is available in the following dosage forms: Spray

Cyanocobalamin injection, USP is a sterile solution of cyanocobalamin for intramuscular or subcutaneous injection.
Each mL contains 1,000 mcg cyanocobalamin.
Each vial also contains Sodium Chloride, 0.50%.

Benzyl Alcohol, 1.5%, is present as a preservative.
Sodium acetate and glacial acetic acid are present as buffer.
Hydrochloric acid and/or sodium hydroxide may have been added during manufacture to adjust the pH (range 4.5-7.0).

Cyanocobalamin is used by mouth, by injection into a muscle, or as a nasal spray.
Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B12 that is used to increase vitamin B12 levels.

Cyanocobalamin is available in a variety of forms over the counter as a supplement and by prescription as an injection or nasal spray.
Cyanocobalamin is commonly used in supplements and pharmaceuticals to prevent or treat vitamin B₁₂ deficiency.

-Cyanocobalamin injection is used to treat or prevent vitamin B12 deficiency caused by the following conditions:
*Addisonian (pernicious) anemia
*Stomach or bowel problems
*Worm infestation
*Pancreas or bowel cancer
*Folic acid deficiency

-Medical use of Cyanocobalamin:
Cyanocobalamin is usually prescribed after surgical removal of part or all of the stomach or intestine to ensure adequate serum levels of vitamin B12.
Cyanocobalamin is also used to treat pernicious anemia, vitamin B12 deficiency (due to low intake from food or inability to absorb due to genetic or other factors), thyrotoxicosis, hemorrhage, malignancy, liver disease and kidney disease.

Cyanocobalamin injections are often prescribed to gastric bypass patients who have had part of their small intestine bypassed, making it difficult for B12 to be acquired via food or vitamins.
Cyanocobalamin is also used to perform the Schilling test to check ability to absorb vitamin B12.

-Other uses for Cyanocobalamin:
Cyanocobalamin injection is also sometimes used to treat inherited conditions that decrease the absorption of vitamin B12 from the intestine.
Cyanocobalamin injection is also sometimes used to treat methylmalonic aciduria (an inherited disease in which the body cannot break down protein) and is sometimes given to unborn babies to prevent methylmalonic aciduria after birth.
Talk to your doctor about the possible risks of using this drug for your condition.
Cyanocobalamin may be prescribed for other uses; ask your doctor or pharmacist for more information.

-Cyanocobalamin on its own is used to treat or prevent Vitamin B12 deficiency in certain groups of people like:
*People with megaloblastic anaemia (abnormally large red blood cells)
*People with autoimmune disease (e.g. pernicious anaemia or atrophic gastritis where there is insufficient intrinsic factor in the stomach needed for vitamin B12 absorption)
*People with had stomach or intestinal surgery &/or digestive system disorders
*People with peripheral neuropathy (a nerve disorder)
*Vegans or vegetarians
*Elderly
Cyanocobalamin is also available in various combinations (e.g. B1, B6 & B12) to help manage symptoms of nerve problems such as numbness or tingling in the hands or feet.

INDICATIONS AND USAGE FOR CYANOCOBALAMIN:
Cyanocobalamin is indicated for vitamin B 12 deficiencies due to malabsorption which may be associated with the following conditions:
Addisonian (pernicious) anemia
Gastrointestinal pathology, dysfunction, or surgery, including gluten enteropathy or sprue, small bowel bacteria overgrowth, total or partial gastrectomy

Fish tapeworm infestation
Malignancy of pancreas or bowel
Folic acid deficiency

It may be possible to treat the underlying disease by surgical correction of anatomic lesions leading to small bowel bacterial overgrowth, expulsion of fish tapeworm, discontinuation of drugs leading to vitamin malabsorption, use of a gluten-free diet in nontropical sprue, or administration of antibiotics in tropical sprue.
Such measures remove the need for long-term administration of cyanocobalamin.

Requirements of vitamin B 12 in excess of normal (due to pregnancy, thyrotoxicosis, hemolytic anemia, hemorrhage, malignancy, hepatic and renal disease) can usually be met with oral supplementation.
Cyanocobalamin injection, USP is also suitable for the vitamin B 12 absorption test (Schilling test).

CYANOCOBALAMIN- CLINICAL PHARMACOLOGY:
Vitamin B 12 is essential to growth, cell reproduction, hematopoiesis, and nucleoprotein and myelin synthesis.
Cyanocobalamin is quantitatively and rapidly absorbed from intramuscular and subcutaneous sites of injection; the plasma level of the compound reaches its peak within 1 hour after intramuscular injection.

Absorbed vitamin B 12 is transported via specific B 12 binding proteins, transcobalamin I and II to the various tissues.
The liver is the main organ for vitamin B 12 storage.
Within 48 hours after injection of 100 or 1,000 mcg of vitamin B 12, 50 to 98% of the injected dose may appear in the urine.

The major portion is excreted within the first eight hours.
Intravenous administration results in even more rapid excretion with little opportunity for liver storage.
Gastrointestinal absorption of vitamin B 12 depends on the presence of sufficient intrinsic factor and calcium ions.

Intrinsic factor deficiency causes pernicious anemia, which may be associated with subacute combined degeneration of the spinal cord.
Prompt parenteral administration of vitamin B 12 prevents progression of neurologic damage.
The average diet supplies about 5 to 15 mcg/day of vitamin B 12 in a protein-bound form that is available for absorption after normal digestion.

Vitamin B 12 is not present in foods of plant origin, but is abundant in foods of animal origin.
In people with normal absorption, deficiencies have been reported only in strict vegetarians who consume no products of animal origin (including no milk products or eggs).

Vitamin B 12 is bound to intrinsic factor during transit through the stomach; separation occurs in the terminal ileum in the presence of calcium, and vitamin B 12 enters the mucosal cell for absorption.
It is then transported by the transcobalamin binding proteins.

A small amount (approximately 1% of the total amount ingested) is absorbed by simple diffusion, but this mechanism is adequate only with very large doses.
Oral absorption is considered too undependable to rely on in patients with pernicious anemia or other conditions resulting in malabsorption of vitamin B 12.

HOW SHOULD I TAKE OR USE CYANOCOBALAMIN?
Cyanocobalamin is available in tablet or injection form.
Take this medication as prescribed by your healthcare professional.
Do not stop taking Cyanocobalamin without checking with your healthcare professional.

You may take Cyanocobalamin with or without food.
Cyanocobalamin should usually be taken in the morning, as they may help with energy levels.
If Cyanocobalamin is taken at night or close to bedtime, it might cause wakefulness or alertness.

According to the Office of Dietary Supplements of the National Institutes of Health, naturally occurring vitamin B12 exists in several forms and contains the mineral cobalt, so compounds with vitamin B12 activity are collectively called 'cobalamins'.
Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of vitamin B12 most commonly found in dietary supplements and prescription medications.
Once ingested, cyanocobalamin is converted in the body into active forms of Vitamin B12.

HOW SHOULD CYANOCOBALAMIN BE USED?
Cyanocobalamin comes as a solution (liquid) to be injected into a muscle or just under the skin.
Cyanocobalamin is usually injected by a healthcare provider in an office or clinic.
You will probably receive cyanocobalamin injection once a day for the first 6-7 days of your treatment.

As your red blood cells return to normal, you will probably receive Cyanocobalamin every other day for 2 weeks, and then every 3-4 days for 2-3 weeks.
After your anemia has been treated, you will probably receive Cyanocobalamin once a month to prevent your symptoms from coming back.

Cyanocobalamin injection will supply you with enough vitamin B12 only as long as you receive injections regularly.
You may receive cyanocobalamin injections every month for the rest of your life.
Keep all appointments to receive cyanocobalamin injections even if you feel well.
If you stop receiving cyanocobalamin injections, your anemia may return and your nerves may be damaged.

WHY IS CYANOCOBALAMIN PRESCRIBED?
Cyanocobalamin injection is used to treat and prevent a lack of vitamin B12 that may be caused by any of the following: pernicious anemia (lack of a natural substance needed to absorb vitamin B12 from the intestine); certain diseases, infections, or medications that decrease the amount of vitamin B12 absorbed from food; or a vegan diet (strict vegetarian diet that does not allow any animal products, including dairy products and eggs).

Lack of vitamin B12 may cause anemia (condition in which the red blood cells do not bring enough oxygen to the organs) and permanent damage to the nerves.
Cyanocobalamin injection also may be given as a test to see how well the body can absorb vitamin B12.

Cyanocobalamin injection is in a class of medications called vitamins.
Because Cyanocobalamin is injected straight into the bloodstream, it can be used to supply vitamin B12 to people who cannot absorb this vitamin through the intestine.

WHAT IS CYANOCOBALAMIN USED FOR?
Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B12 commonly used for the following.
To maintain vitamin B12 levels in certain people with pernicious anemia
To prevent or treat low vitamin B12 levels from various causes
Schilling test, which is a vitamin B12 absorption test
These uses may vary depending on the specific cyanocobalamin product prescribed or used.
Cyanocobalamin may also be used for other conditions as determined by your health care provider.

HOW DOES CYANOCOBALAMIN WORK (MECHANISM OF ACTION)?
Cyanocobalamin is a form of vitamin B12, which is an essential nutrient.
This means you need to eat Cyanocobalamin or receive it because your body does not make it on its own.
Your body uses vitamin B12 to keep nerve and blood cells healthy, make DNA, and prevent pernicious anemia.

In the United States, most people get enough vitamin B12 from their diet.
Cyanocobalamin is found in animal products, such as meat, milk, and eggs.
For most adults, the recommended daily intake of vitamin B12 is 2.4 micrograms (mcg).
However, some people either do not get enough from their diet or have trouble absorbing it.
When this happens, you can use cyanocobalamin to replace what you are not getting from your diet.

METHYLCOBALAMIN VS. of CYANOCOBALAMIN: WHAT’S THE DIFFERENCE?
Both cyanocobalamin and methylcobalamin are forms of vitamin B12.
Cyanocobalamin is synthetic while methylcobalamin is natural.
But the body can convert synthetic forms into natural ones.

Vitamin B12, also known as cobalamin, is an important water-soluble vitamin involved in red blood cell production, brain health, and DNA synthesis.
A deficiency in this key vitamin can cause serious symptoms, including fatigue, nerve damage, digestive issues, and neurological problems like depression and memory loss.
Therefore, many people turn to vitamin B12 supplements to help meet their needs and prevent a deficiency.

SYNTHETIC VS. NATURAL, CYANOCOBALAMIN:
Vitamin B12 supplements are typically derived from two sources: cyanocobalamin or methylcobalamin.
Both are nearly identical and contain a cobalt ion surrounded by a corrin ring.
However, each have a different molecule attached to the cobalt ion.
While methylcobalamin contains a methyl group, cyanocobalamin contains a cyanide molecule.

Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of vitamin B12 that’s not found in nature.
Cyanocobalamin’s used more frequently in supplements, as it’s considered more stable and cost effective than other forms of vitamin B12.
When cyanocobalamin enters your body, it’s converted into either methylcobalamin or adenosylcobalamin, which are the two active forms of vitamin B12 in humans.

Unlike cyanocobalamin, methylcobalamin is a naturally occurring form of vitamin B12 that can be obtained through supplements, as well as food sources like fish, meat, eggs, and milk.
Cyanocobalamin is a synthetic form of vitamin B12 found only in supplements, while methylcobalamin is a naturally occurring form that you can get through either food sources or supplements.

WHY IS CYANOCOBALAMIN PRESCRIBED?
Cyanocobalamin is used to treat and prevent a lack of vitamin B12 in the body.
Cyanocobalamin is in a class of medications called vitamins.
Cyanocobalamin works by providing vitamin B12 that is needed by the body to break down proteins, maintain the nervous system, and make red blood cells.

HOW SHOULD CYANOCOBALAMIN BE USED?
Cyanocobalamin comes as a tablet to take by mouth.
Cyanocobalamin is usually taken with a meal or as directed by your doctor.
Take cyanocobalamin exactly as directed.
Ask your doctor or pharmacist to explain any part you do not understand.
Do not take more or less of Cyanocobalamin or take it more often than prescribed by your doctor.

KEY FACTS of CYANOCOBALAMIN:
You'll usually take cyanocobalamin tablets every day to prevent or treat vitamin B12 deficiency.
However, you may also need vitamin B12 injections at first to boost your levels.
Cyanocobalamin may take a few weeks before your vitamin B12 levels and symptoms (such as extreme tiredness or lack of energy) start to improve.

Most people do not have any side effects from cyanocobalamin tablets.
Some people may be able to stop taking cyanocobalamin when their vitamin B12 blood levels are back to normal.
You may have regular blood tests while taking cyanocobalamin, to monitor the levels of vitamin B12 in your blood.

WHAT IS CYANOCOBALAMIN DEFICIENCY?
Cyanocobalamin deficiency, sometimes called cobalamin deficiency, happens when your body is either not getting enough or not absorbing enough vitamin B12 from the foods you eat.
Cyanocobalamin is an important nutrient that helps your body make red blood cells and DNA, the genetic material in all of your cells.
Cyanocobalamin’s essential to how your body functions.
Without treatment, Cyanocobalamin deficiency can cause physical, neurological and psychological problems.

HOW DOES MY BODY ABSORB CYANOCOBALAMIN?
Two things need to happen for your body to absorb Cyanocobalamin from the food you eat:
Hydrochloric acid in your stomach removes Cyanocobalamin from the food it is in.
Cyanocobalamin combines with something called intrinsic factor, a protein your stomach makes.
Your digestive system can then absorb Cyanocobalamin.

WHAT IS CYANOCOBALAMIN DEFICIENCY ANEMIA?
Cyanocobalamin deficiency anemia happens when your body doesn’t have enough healthy red blood cells.
As Cyanocobalamin helps make red blood cells, a lack of vitamin B12 can cause anemia.
But you can also have a Cyanocobalamin deficiency without having anemia.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of CYANOCOBALAMIN:
CAS Number: 68-19-9
EC Number / EINECS: Not directly listed in core databases (often vitamin B₁₂ compounds don’t have a unique ECHA EC number as simple chemicals do)
PubChem CID: 16212801
ChemSpider ID: 24921423
IUPAC Name: Coα-[α-(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)]-Coβ-cyanocobamide
Molecular Formula: C₆₃H₈₈CoN₁₄O₁₄P
Molecular Weight: ~1355.38 g/mol

CAS Number: 68-19-9
EC Number / EINECS: Not directly listed in core databases (often vitamin B₁₂ compounds don’t have a unique ECHA EC number as simple chemicals do)
PubChem CID: 16212801
ChemSpider ID: 24921423
IUPAC Name: Coα-[α-(5,6-Dimethylbenzimidazolyl)]-Coβ-cyanocobamide
Molecular Formula: C₆₃H₈₈CoN₁₄O₁₄P

Molecular Weight: ~1355.38 g/mol
CAS Number: 68-19-9
PubChem CID: 16212801
Chemical Formula: C₆₃H₈₈CoN₁₄O₁₄P
Molecular Weight: ~1355.38 g/mol
State: Solid
Appearance: Red crystals/powder
Solubility: Water: moderate; organics: less

Vitamin Type: B₁₂ (cobalamin derivative)
Use: Nutrient, supplement, pharmaceutical
Physical state: powder
Color: dark red
Odor: odourless
Melting point/freezing point: Melting point/ range: > 300 °C - Decomposes before melting.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: > 300 °C
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available

Flash point: Not applicable
Autoignition temperature: > 400 °C - Relative self-ignition temperature for solidsdoes not ignite
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH: 6
Viscosity: Viscosity, kinematic: No data available
Viscosity: Viscosity, dynamic: No data available
Water solubility: 12,5 g/l - completely soluble
Partition coefficient n-octanol/water: log Pow: 3,57 - Bioaccumulation is not expected.

Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 1,35 g/cm3 at 20 °C
Relative density: 1,35 at 20 °C
Relative vapour density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties: none

Other safety information: No data available
Appearance (Form): Crystalline powder or crystals
Loss on drying: =<12 % (20 mg, 105°C, 2 hrs) (vacuum)
Appearance (Color): Red to dark red
Infrared spectrum: Conforms
UV spectrophotometry: >=95 % (on dried substance)
Ratio of Absorbances: 3.15 to 3.45 (A361/A(547 to 559))

Ratio of Absorbances: 1.7 to 1.9 (A361/A278)
CAS: 68-19-9
IUPAC Name: (10S,12R,13R,24S,35R,41R)-30,35,40-tris(2-carbamoylethyl)-24,36,41-tris(carbamoylmethyl)-1-cyano-46-hydroxy-12-(hydroxymethyl)-5,6,17,23,28,31,31,36,38,41,42-undecamethyl-15,20-dioxo-11,14,16-trioxa-2λ⁵,9,19,26λ⁵,43,44λ⁵,45λ⁵-heptaaza-15λ⁵-phospha-1-cobaltadodecacyclo[27.14.1.1¹,³⁴.1²,⁹.1¹⁰,¹³.0¹,²⁶.0³,⁸.0²³,²⁷.0²⁵,⁴².0³²,⁴⁴.0³⁹,⁴³.0³⁷,⁴⁵]heptatetraconta-2(47),3,5,7,26,28,32(44),33,37(45),38-decaene-1,2,26,44,45-pentakis(ylium)-15-olate
Molecular Formula: C63H88CoN14O14P
InChI Key: YUWVGNQGDAPKCX-BVWPOUIRNA-L

SMILES: [C@@H]1(C2=CC3=[N+]4C(C(C3(C)C)CCC(N)=O)=C(C3=[N+]5C6C7(N8C(C([C@@]7(C)CC(N)=O)CCC(N)=O)=C(C(=[N+]2[Co+]458([N+]2=CN(C4=CC(=C(C)C=C24)C)[C@@]2([H])OC@@H
CO)C#N)C1(C)CC(N)=O)C)C)C)CCC(N)=O
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 1355.39
MDL Number: MFCD00151092
Molecular Weight: 1355.4 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 12
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 22

Rotatable Bond Count: 26
Exact Mass: 1354.567399 Da
Monoisotopic Mass: 1354.567399 Da
Topological Polar Surface Area: 497 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 93
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 3160
Isotope Atom Count: 0

Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 14
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 3
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 3
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: Dark red crystals or red powder

State: Solid
Melting Point: ~300 °C (decomposes)
Solubility:
• Water: moderately soluble (about 12.5 mg/mL)
• DMSO: soluble
• Ethanol: lower solubility
• Insoluble: in chloroform, acetone and some organics
Optical activity: Complex molecule (vitamin family)

FIRST AID MEASURES of CYANOCOBALAMIN:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Call in ophthalmologist. 
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing: 
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of CYANOCOBALAMIN:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Observe possible material restrictions. 
Take up dry. 
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of CYANOCOBALAMIN:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
Foam 
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of CYANOCOBALAMIN:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection. 
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A 
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of CYANOCOBALAMIN:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed. 
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of CYANOCOBALAMIN:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available