CYANOETHYLENE

Cyanoethylene is an organic compound with the formula CH2CHCN. 
Cyanoethylene is a colorless volatile liquid although commercial samples can be yellow due to impurities.
Cyanoethylene has a pungent odor of garlic or onions.

CAS Number: 107-13-1
EC Number: 203-466-5
IUPAC Name: Prop-2-enenitrile
Chemical Formula: C3H3N

Other names: Acrylonitrile, 2-Propenenitrile, 107-13-1, Polyacrylonitrile, Prop-2-enenitrile, Vinyl cyanide, Propenenitrile, Cyanoethylene, Carbacryl, Fumigrain, Acritet, Acrylon, Ventox, Nitrile acrylique, Cyanure de vinyle, Acrylnitril, Miller's fumigrain, Acrylonitrile monomer, 25014-41-9, Akrylonitryl, Nitrile acrilico, Cianuro di vinile, Akrylonitril, Propenitrile, Propenonitrile, Vinylkyanid, TL 314, ENT 54, RCRA waste number U009, NSC 6362, Acrylsaeurenitril, UNII-MP1U0D42PE, UN 1093, POLY(ACRYLONITRILE), VCN, MP1U0D42PE, CHEBI:28217, MFCD00001927, DSSTox_CID_29, DSSTox_RID_75329, DSSTox_GSID_20029, Vinylkyanid [Czech], Akrylonitril [Czech], Akrylonitryl [Polish], Caswell No. 010, acrylonitrile, Acrilonitrile, Cyanoethene, Bulana, CCRIS 8, Dralon T, Nitrile acrilico [Italian], Nitrile acrylique [French], Cyanure de vinyle [French], Acrylnitril [German, Dutch], Cianuro di vinile [Italian], PAN (polymer), AN, CAS-107-13-1, Acrylonitrile polymer, Barex 210 Resin, HSDB 176, Acrylonitrile, polymers, NCI-C50215, Acrylonitrile homopolymer, EINECS 203-466-5, UN1093, Acrylonitrile Vinyl cyanide, RCRA waste no. U009, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 000601, Poly(acrylonitrile), fibers, acrylonitril, BRN 0605310, Acrylofume, acrylonitrile, AI3-00054, Acrylonitrile, >=99%, contains 35-45 ppm monomethyl ether hydroquinone as inhibitor, Acrylonitrile polymers, 1-Cyanoethyleneradical, poly(1-cyanoethylene), Acrylonitrile-[15N], CH2CHCN, starbld0049880, Acrylonitrile, inhibited, EC 203-466-5, 2-Propenenitrile, homopolymer, C3NH3, WLN: NC1U1, 4-02-00-01473 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), Acrylnitril(GERMAN, DUTCH), CHEMBL445612, DTXSID5020029, NSC6362, NSC7763, Acrylonitrile, analytical standard, ZINC901212, Acrylonitrile resin (medium M.Wt), Acrylonitrile, for synthesis, 99%, Acrylonitrile, stab. with 4-methoxyphenol, BP-21192, Acrylonitrile 1000 microg/mL in Methanol, Acrylonitrile, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%, Acrylonitrile, SAJ special grade, >=99.0%, Acrylonitrile contains 35-45 ppm MEHQ as inhibitor, J-001708, Acrylonitrile 1000 microg/mL in Methanol, Second Source, Acrylonitrile, inhibited [UN1093] [Flammable liquid], Z1262252913, (stabilized with 35-45 ppm 4-hydroxy anisole (H750015)), PROPENITRILE, VINYL CYANIDE, CYANOETHYLENE, ACRYLIC ACID NITRILE, ACRYLONITRILE, 2-Propenenitrile, ACRYLONITRILE, 100MG, NEAT, ACRYLONITRILE, 99+%, ACRYLNITRILE OEKANAL, STABILIZED, ACRYLONITRILE, STAB., ACRYLONITRILE, 1X1ML, MEOH, 5000UG/ML, ACRYLONITRILE 99.5+% GC STANDARD, Acrylonitrile(StabilisedWith0.005%), ACRYLONITRILE A BASIC RAW MATERIAL FOR THE MANUFAC, Acrylonitrile; Vinyl cyanide, Acrylonitrile, 99%, stabilized, Acrylonitrile, stabilized with ~40ppm 4-methoxyphenol, ACRYLONITRILE, 5000MG, NEAT, Acritet, Acrylnitril, acrylonitril(german, dutch), Acrylon, Acrylonitrile monomer, acrylonitrile(dot), Acrylonitrile, inhibited, acrylonitrile, inhibited, acrylonitrilemonomer, Acrylsαurenitril, ai3-00054, Akrylonitril, Akrylonitryl, akrylonitryl(polish), Carbacryl, caswellno.010, CH2CHCN, Cianuro di vinile, cianurodivinile, Cyanoethene, Cyanotehylene, Cyanure de vinyle, cyanuredevinyle, cyanuredevinyle(french), ENT 54, ent54, Fumigrain, miller’sfumigrain, Miller's fumigrain, nci-c50215, Nitrile acrilico, Nitrile acrylique, nitrileacrilico, nitrileacrylique, nitrileacrylique(french), prop-2-enenitrile, Propenenenitrile, Propenenitrile, Propenonitrile, Rcra waste number U009

In terms of its molecular structure, it consists of a vinyl group linked to a nitrile. 
Cyanoethylene is an important monomer for the manufacture of useful plastics such as polyCyanoethylene. 
Cyanoethylene is reactive and toxic at low doses.
Cyanoethylene was first synthesized by the French chemist Charles Moureu (1863–1929) in 1893.

Occurrence
Cyanoethylene is not naturally formed on Earth. 
Cyanoethylene has been detected at the sub-ppm level at industrial sites. 
Cyanoethylene persists in the air for up to a week. 
Cyanoethylene decomposes by reacting with oxygen and hydroxyl radical to form formyl cyanide and formaldehyde.
Arylonitrile is harmful to aquatic life.

Cyanoethylene has been detected in the atmosphere of Titan, a moon of Saturn.
Computer simulations suggest that on Titan conditions exist such that the compound could form structures similar to cell membranes and vesicles on Earth, called azotosomes.

Production
Cyanoethylene is produced by catalytic ammoxidation of propylene, also known as the SOHIO process. 
In 2002, world production capacity was estimated at 5 million tonnes per year, rising to about 6 million tonnes by 2017.
Acetonitrile and hydrogen cyanide are significant byproducts that are recovered for sale.
In fact, the 2008–2009 acetonitrile shortage was caused by a decrease in demand for Cyanoethylene.

2CH3−CH=CH2 + 2 NH3 + 3 O2 → 2 CH2=CH–C≡N + 6 H2O
In the SOHIO process, propylene, ammonia, and air (oxidizer) are passed through a fluidized bed reactor containing the catalyst at 400–510 °C and 50–200 kPag. 
The reactants pass through the reactor only once, before being quenched in aqueous sulfuric acid. 
Excess propylene, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and dinitrogen that do not dissolve are vented directly to the atmosphere, or are incinerated. 

The aqueous solution consists of Cyanoethylene, acetonitrile, hydrocyanic acid, and ammonium sulfate (from excess ammonia). 
A recovery column removes bulk water, and Cyanoethylene and acetonitrile are separated by distillation. 
Historically, one of the first successful catalysts was bismuth phosphomolybdate (Bi9PMo12O52) supported on silica as a heterogeneous catalyst.[15] Further improvements have since been made.

Alternative routes
Various green chemistry routes to Cyanoethylene are being explored from renewable feedstocks, such as lignocellulosic biomass, glycerol (from biodiesel production), or glutamic acid (which can itself be produced from renewable feedstocks). 
The lignocellulosic route involves fermentation of the biomass to propionic acid and 3-hydroxypropionic acid, which are then converted to Cyanoethylene by dehydration and ammoxidation.

The glycerol route begins with its dehydration to acrolein, which undergoes ammoxidation to give Cyanoethylene.
The glutamic acid route employs oxidative decarboxylation to 3-cyanopropanoic acid, followed by a decarbonylation-elimination to Cyanoethylene.
Of these, the glycerol route is broadly considered to be the most viable, although none of these green methods are commercially competitive.

Uses:
Cyanoethylene is used principally as a monomer to prepare polyCyanoethylene, a homopolymer, or several important copolymers, such as styrene-Cyanoethylene (SAN), Cyanoethylene butadiene styrene (ABS), Cyanoethylene styrene acrylate (ASA), and other synthetic rubbers such as Cyanoethylene butadiene (NBR). 
Hydrodimerization of Cyanoethylene affords adiponitrile, used in the synthesis of certain nylons:

2 CH2=CHCN + 2 e− + 2 H+ → NCCH2CH2CH2CH2CN
Cyanoethylene is also a precursor in the industrial manufacture of acrylamide and acrylic acid.

Cyanoethylene (CH₂=CHCN) is a toxic, colorless to pale-yellow liquid, harmful to the eyes, skin, lungs, and nervous system. Cyanoethylene may cause cancer. Workers may be harmed from exposure to Cyanoethylene. 
The level of exposure depends upon the dose, duration, and work being done.

Cyanoethylene is used in many industries. Cyanoethylene is used to make certain plastics, rubbers, and chemicals, and in the past, as a pesticide. Some examples of workers at risk of being exposed to Cyanoethylene include the following:

Workers involved in the manufacturing of acrylic fibers and plastics
Employees who work in the coatings and adhesive industries
Workers in the manufacture of other chemicals like adiponitrile
Factory workers producing nitrile rubber products

Cyanoethylene is a colorless, volatile liquid with a pungent, onion-like odor. 
Cyanoethylene is widely used in industry to produce rubber, resins, plastics, elastomers and synthetic fibers and to manufacture carbon fibers used in aircraft, defense and aerospace industries.

Cyanoethylene is a colorless, liquid, man-made chemical with a sharp, onion- or garlic-like odor. 
Cyanoethylene can be dissolved in water and evaporates quickly. 
Cyanoethylene is used to make other chemicals such as plastics, synthetic rubber, and acrylic fibers. 
A mixture of Cyanoethylene and carbon tetrachloride was used as a pesticide in the past, however, all pesticide uses have stopped.

Cyanoethylene, stabilized appears as a clear colorless liquid with a strong pungent odor. Flash point 32°F. Prolonged exposure to the vapors or skin contact harmful. 
Density 6.7 lb / gal. 
Vapors heavier than air. Combustion produces toxic oxides of nitrogen. 
Requires storage and handling in closed systems. 
Used in insecticides and to make plastics, fibers and other chemicals. 

Cyanoethylene is primarily used in the manufacture of acrylic and modacrylic fibers. 
Cyanoethylene is also used as a raw material in the manufacture of plastics (Cyanoethylene-butadiene-styrene and styrene-Cyanoethylene resins), adiponitrile, acrylamide, and nitrile rubbers and barrier resins.

Used as a monomer in the production of acrylic fibers and Cyanoethylene-butadiene-styrene resins. 
Also used to produce adiponitrile.
Was used in the past as a fumigant and to make nitrile resins for beverage bottles
Used in the plastics, coatings, and adhesive industries

Used for indoor and outdoor furniture, rugs, knitwear, apparel (usually blended with other fibers), synthetic textile prostheses, and anode bags in electroplating
Used to make various synthetic fibers and resins

Cyanoethylene is used as a monomer for acrylic and modacrylic fibers and whiskers, in copolymers with styrene and butadiene (ABS resins), in the manufacture of adiponitrile, and in nitrile rubbers. 
Cyanoethylene is no longer used as a fumigant and nitrile resins made with Cyanoethylene are no longer used to make beverage bottles.

Industry Uses    
Adhesives and sealant chemicals
Intermediates
Repackaging operations (Barges to shore tank, shore tank to rail cars, tank trucks and ships)

General Manufacturing Information
Industry Processing Sectors
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing
All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
Organic fiber manufacturing

Paint and coating manufacturing
Petrochemical manufacturing
Plastic material and resin manufacturing
Synthetic rubber manufacturing
Wholesale and retail trade

Cyanoethylene is a colourless, volatile, flammable liquid, with a faintly pungent odour. 
Cyanoethylene is not naturally occurring. 
Cyanoethylene is also known as vinyl cyanide and cyanoethylene.

Uses of Cyanoethylene
Cyanoethylene is used in the manufacture of acrylic and modacrylic fibres for use in clothing and textiles, such as fleece jumpers, sportswear, carpets and upholstery. 
Acrylic fibres are also used as a precursor in the production of carbon fibre. 
Cyanoethylene is used in the production of plastics and resins such as Cyanoethylene-butadiene-styrene (ABS), styrene-Cyanoethylene (SAN) and nitrile rubber for fuel hoses and O-ring seals. 
Cyanoethylene is also used as a chemical intermediate in the production of other chemicals, such as acrylamide and adiponitrile.

Cyanoethylene is an important raw material for organic synthesis. 
Mainly used in the manufacture of polyCyanoethylene fiber (acrylic), nitrile rubber, ABS resin, AS resin, polyacrylamide, Acrylate, adiponitrile, water-resistant agent and adhesive. 
Also used in other organic synthesis and pharmaceutical industry, and used as a grain fumigant.
In addition, this product is also an aprotic polar solvent.

Cyanoethylene has historically been used in combination with carbon tetrachloride as a pesticide fumigant for flour-milling and bakery equipment and for storing tobacco. 
This use of Cyanoethylene has since been discontinued because it can cause adverse health effects.

Nature
colorless volatile transparent liquid, sweet, slightly odorous. 
Soluble in acetone, benzene, carbon tetrachloride, ethyl ether, ethanol and other organic solvents. 
Slightly soluble in water, and water to form an azeotropic mixture. 
Pure products are easy to self-polymerize, especially in the absence of oxygen or exposure to visible light, more easily polymerized, in the presence of concentrated alkali can be strongly polymerized.

Preparation Method
at present the most industrial production value or propylene ammoxidation. 
With propylene, ammonia, air and water as raw materials, according to its quantitative ratio into the fluidized bed or fixed bed reactor, under the action of phosphorus molybdenum bismuth or antimony iron catalyst with silica gel as carrier, at a temperature of 400 to 500 ° C. 
And a normal pressure, Cyanoethylene is formed. 

Then, the unreacted ammonia is removed with dilute sulfuric acid through the neutralization column, and then the gas such as Cyanoethylene is absorbed with water through the absorption column to form an aqueous solution. 
The aqueous solution is separated from acetonitrile through the extraction column, and the hydrocyanic acid is removed in the dehydrocyanic acid column, after dehydration, distillation and Cyanoethylene products, the single-pass yield of up to 75%, by-products of acetonitrile, hydrogen cyanide and ammonium sulfate.

Cyanoethylene is a colourless, flammable liquid. Its vapours may explode when exposed to an open flame. Cyanoethylene does not occur naturally. 
Cyanoethylene is produced in very large amounts by several chemical industries in the United States, and its requirement and demand are increasing in recent years. 
Cyanoethylene is a heavily produced, unsaturated nitrile. 
Cyanoethylene is used to make other chemicals such as plastics, synthetic rubber, and acrylic fibres. 
Cyanoethylene has been used as a pesticide fumigant in the past; however, all pesticide uses have been discontinued. 

This compound is a major chemical intermediate used in creating products such as pharmaceuticals, antioxidants, and dyes, as well as in organic synthesis. 
The largest users of Cyanoethylene are chemical industries that make acrylic and modacrylic fibres and high-impact ABS plastics. 
Cyanoethylene is also used in business machines, luggage, construction material, and manufacturing of styrene-Cyanoethylene (SAN) plastics for automotive, household goods, and packaging material. Adiponitrile is used to make nylon, dyes, drugs, and pesticides.

Usage History    
On the eve of World War II, it was discovered that Cyanoethylene copolymer can improve the oil resistance and solvent resistance of synthetic rubber and people began to be taken it seriously. 
During the war, it was developed in Germany of the manufacturing process through epoxidation of ethylene, followed by addition with hydrogen cyanide to produce cyanide ethanol, and finally dehydration. 
Cyanoethylene was later developed of addition of hydrogen cyanide to acetylene under the catalysis of cuprous chloride. 

After 1960, it had been developed of new production process in the Ohio standard oil company, using propylene as raw material for ammoxidation reaction to obtain it.
 This process has led to great changes in industrial production. 
Owing to the availability of raw materials and the reduction in the cost, there is a sudden surge in production of Cyanoethylene. 
In 1983, the world's annual output reached 3 million tons, of which the production amount of Ohio standard oil can account for 90%.

Cyanoethylene is easy to undergo polymerization, being able to produce polyCyanoethylene fiber (under the trade name of acrylic or bulk). Its short fiber is similar to wool, also known as artificial wool. 
Cyanoethylene feels soft by hand with excellent elasticity. 
Cyanoethylene can co-polymerize with vinyl acetate to generate synthetic fibers (under the commercial name of Austrian Lun). In 1950, it was first put into industrial production by the United States DuPont. 

The majority of Cyanoethylene is used for synthetic fiber with the amount accounting for about 40~60% of the total. 
With copolymerization with butadiene copolymerization, it can generate oil-resistant nitrile rubber. 
Cyanoethylene dimerization and hydrogenation can be lead to adiponitrile, with then hydrogenation being able to obtain hexamethylene diamine, which is one of the raw materials of polyamide (nylon 66). 
The co-polymer of Cyanoethylene and butadiene, styrene terpolymer is a high-quality engineering plastics, referred to as ABS resin.

Chemical properties    
Cyanoethylene is a clear, colorless to pale-yellow liquid with molecular formula C3H3N and molecular weight of 53.06. 
The yellowing color is upon exposure to light and indicate photo-alteration to saturate derivate. 
Cyanoethylene is practically odorless, or with a very slight odor that may be describe as sweet, irritating, unpleasant, onion or garlic-like or pungent. 
Odor can only be detected above PEL. Boiling point of 77.3°C and melting point of −82 °C. 
The specific gravity is 0.8004 @ 25 deg C, pH is from 6.0 to 7.5 (5% aqueous solution), vapor density of 1.8 (Air=1), Vapor pressure 109 mm Hg @ 25°C. The Henry law constant is 1.38×10−4 atm cu m/mole @ 25°C.

Food fumigants    
In 1941~1942, the German Degesch Gesellsch company recommended to use Cyanoethylene as a food fumigant.

The mixture of Cyanoethylene and carbon tetrachloride can be used to control the vast majority of stored cereals pests. 
The results showed that Cyanoethylene and carbon tetrachloride, when formulated into mixture in a ratio of 1:1, can be used to control the Phthorimaea operculella Zell occurring in potato under storage without damaging the tubers.

Usage method: 
Because Cyanoethylene and carbon tetrachloride are of high boiling point, upon atmospheric fumigation, in order to be quickly evaporated, it was developed of a simple method which uses cotton cord core to pass through the shallow iron disk bottom. 
During the beginning of the fumigation, inject a liquid fumigant into the dish and then blow the air through the fan to the cotton core until the evaporation is complete.

Uses:
Cyanoethylene is primarily used in the manufacture of acrylic and modacrylic fibers. 
Cyanoethylene is also used as a raw material in the manufacture of plastics (Cyanoethylene-butadiene-styrene and styrene-Cyanoethylene resins), adiponitrile, acrylamide, and nitrile rubbers and barrier resins. 
A mixture of Cyanoethylene and carbon tetrachloride was used as a pesticide in the past, however, all pesticide uses have stopped. 
Cyanoethylene is a commercially important industrial chemical that has been used extensively since 1940s with the rapid expansion of the petrochemical industry.

The production of ABS and SAN resins consumes the second largest quantity of Cyanoethylene. 
The ABS resins are produced by grafting Cyanoethylene and styrene onto polybutadiene or a styrene–butadiene copolymer and contain about 25 wt% Cyanoethylene. 
These products are used to make components for automotive and recreational vehicles, pipe fittings, and appliances. 
The SAN resins are styrene–Cyanoethylene copolymers containing 25–30 wt% of Cyanoethylene. 
The superior clarity of SAN resin allows it to be used in automobile instrument panels, for instrument lenses and for houseware items.

Cyanoethylene is used in the production of acrylic fibers, resins, and surface coating; as an intermediate in the production of pharmaceuticals and dyes; as a polymer modifier, and as a fumigant. 
Cyanoethylene may occur in fire-effluent gases because of pyrolyses of polyCyanoethylene materials. 
Cyanoethylene was found to be released from the Cyanoethylene–styrene copolymer and Cyanoethylene–styrene–butadiene copolymer bottles when these bottles were filled with food-simulating solvents such as water, 4% acetic acid, 20% ethanol, and heptane and stored for 10 days to 5 months. 
The release was greater with increasing temperature and was attributable to the residual Cyanoethylene monomer in the polymeric materials.

Description    
Cyanoethylene is very toxic and irritant but is also a sensitizer. Cyanoethylene caused both irritant and allergic contact dermatitis in a production manufacture.
Chemical Properties    Cyanoethylene is a colorless, flammable liquid. 
Its vapors may explode when exposed to an open flame. 
Cyanoethylene does not occur naturally.

Cyanoethylene is produced in very large amounts by several chemical industries in the United States and its requirement and demand has increased in recent years. 
The largest users of Cyanoethylene are chemical industries that make acrylic and modacrylic fi bers, high impact Cyanoethylene-butadiene-styrene (ABS) plastics. 
Cyanoethylene is also used in business machines, luggage, and construction material, in the manufacturing of styrene-Cyanoethylene (SAN) plastics for automotive and household goods, and in packaging material. Adiponitrile is used to make nylon, dyes, drugs, and pesticides.

Chemical Reactivity    
Reactivity with Water No reaction, Reactivity with Common Materials:
Attacks copper and copper alloys, these metals should not be used. 
Penetrates leather, so contaminated leather shoes and gloves should be destroyed. 
Attacks aluminum in high concentrations, 
Stability During Transport: Stable, 

Neutralizing Agents for Acids and Caustics: Not pertinent, 
Polymerization: May occur spontaneously in absence of oxygen or on exposure to visible light or excessive heat, violently in the presence of alkali. 
Pure ACN is subject to polymerization with rapid pressure development. 
The commercial product is inhibited and not subject to this reaction; 
Inhibitor of Polymerization: Methylhydroquinone (35-45 ppm).

Purification Methods    
Wash Cyanoethylene with dilute H2SO4 or dilute H3PO4, then with dilute Na2CO3 and water. 
Dry it with Na2SO4, CaCl2 or (better) by shaking with molecular sieves. 
Fractionally distil it under N2. 
Cyanoethylene can be stabilised by adding 10ppm tert-butyl catechol. 

Immediately before use, the stabilizer can be removed by passage through a column of activated alumina (or by washing with 1% NaOH solution if traces of water are permissible in the final material), followed by distillation. 
Alternatively, shake it with 10% (w/v) NaOH to extract inhibitor, and then wash it in turn with 10% H2SO4, 20% Na2CO3 and distilled water. 
Dry for 24 hours over CaCl2 and fractionally distil under N2 taking fraction boiling at 75.0-75.5oC (at 734mm). 
Store it with 10ppm tert-butyl catechol. Cyanoethylene is distilled off when required.

Cyanoethylene is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 to < 10 000 000 tonnes per annum.
Cyanoethylene is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Release to the environment of Cyanoethylene can occur from industrial use: for thermoplastic manufacture.
Other release to the environment of Cyanoethylene is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).

Cyanoethylene can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles, electrical batteries and accumulators and machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines).
Cyanoethylene can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), rubber (e.g. tyres, shoes, toys) and plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones).

Widespread uses by professional workers
Cyanoethylene is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, extraction agents, photo-chemicals and polymers.
Cyanoethylene has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Cyanoethylene is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, building & construction work, health services and scientific research and development.
Cyanoethylene is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, rubber products, plastic products and textile, leather or fur.

Release to the environment of Cyanoethylene can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates), of substances in closed systems with minimal release, formulation of mixtures and in processing aids at industrial sites.
Other release to the environment of Cyanoethylene is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use as processing aid.

Formulation
Cyanoethylene is used in the following products: textile treatment products and dyes.
Release to the environment of Cyanoethylene can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.
Uses at industrial sites
Cyanoethylene is used in the following products: polymers.
Cyanoethylene has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).

Cyanoethylene is used for the manufacture of: plastic products, rubber products, chemicals and textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of Cyanoethylene can occur from industrial use: for thermoplastic manufacture, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.

Manufacture
Release to the environment of Cyanoethylene can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.

Cyanoethylene is a clear, colorless liquid with a slightly pungent odor. 
Cyanoethylene is also a hazardous chemical substance and regulated as such throughout most of the world. 
However, its hazards and properties are well understood. 

When appropriate safety procedures are in place, and employees follow those procedures, no excessive danger from the chemical exists.
Cyanoethylene is essential, however, that employees and affected individuals remain aware and informed. 
Some of the primary hazards include reactivity, polymerization, fire and toxicity. 
Cyanoethylene is reactive with, and must be kept away from, strong oxidizers, especially bromine. 
Use extreme care to keep Cyanoethylene away from strong bases, strong acids, copper, copper alloys, ammonia and amines. 

Contact with these chemicals can cause a chemical reaction resulting in a fire or explosion. 
Chemical compatibility should also be determined before Cyanoethylene comes in contact with any other chemical. 
Since pure Cyanoethylene may self-polymerize, causing rapid build-up of pressure and resulting in an explosion hazard, Innovene adds inhibitor prior to shipment. 
This additive inhibits self-polymerization, but does not eliminate all possibility of polymerization. 
Fires involving Cyanoethylene can release toxic gases such as hydrogen cyanide, oxides of nitrogen or carbon monoxide. 

Its vapors can easily form explosive mixtures in air. 
Since these vapors are heavier than air, they can also travel along the ground and be ignited by open flames or sparks which are some distance from the site of release. 
The vapors of Cyanoethylene, if inhaled at certain concentrations, can produce serious acute (short-term) toxicity, including loss of consciousness or death. 

The duration of exposure is also a factor, as is the contact of Cyanoethylene liquid or vapor with the skin. 
However, if administered effectively, commercially available antidotes can preclude serious harm. 
Additionally, long term exposure to  Cyanoethylene has been shown to cause cancer in laboratory animals.