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DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
CAS Number: 7173-51-5
SYNONYM: didecyl-dimethylammonium chloride; DDAC; Dimethyldidecylammonium chloride; 1-Decanaminium; N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride; Didecyldimethylammonium chloride ; Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; Quaternium-12; Ammonium, didecyldimethyl-, chloride; didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyl-1-decanaminium chloride; DDMAC; Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; Didecyldimethylammonium chloride;
DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
CAS Number: 7173-51-5
SYNONYM: didecyl-dimethylammonium chloride; DDAC; Dimethyldidecylammonium chloride; 1-Decanaminium; N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride; Didecyldimethylammonium chloride ; Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; Quaternium-12; Ammonium, didecyldimethyl-, chloride; didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyl-1-decanaminium chloride; DDMAC; Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; Didecyldimethylammonium chloride; N-decyl-N,N-dimethyldecan-1-aminium chloride; Astop; DDAC; Quaternium 12; Arquad 10; Bardac 22; Britewood Q; Dimethyldidecylammonium chloride; Bio-Dac; Quaternium-12; Quartamin D; 1-Decanaminium, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride; Dodigen 1881; Bardac 2270E; Maquat 4480E; Bardac 2250; Bardac 2280; DIDECYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUMCHLORIDE; DIDECYLDIMONIUM CHLORIDE; BTC 99; DDC 80; didecyl dimethylammonium chloride; BTC 1010; N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyl-1-decanaminium chloride; Ammonium, didecyl dimethyl-, chloride; didecyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride; Decanaminium, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride (1:1); Acticide DDAC; Acticide DDQ; catiogen DDM; Cation DDC; Catiogen DDM-PG; Asepas 3; Septapav KhS 70; Acticide DDQ 40; Microbiocide B 74; DDC 80; Cation DDC-80; New Des 50; Bardac 2240; K-Sanit BP 80; Arquad 210-80; Dairyland brand chg teat dip; Didecyldimethylammounium chloride; didecyl(dimethyl)azanium chloride; didecyl(dimethyl)ammonium chloride; BTC 2250; AQ 210; Bardac-22; didecyl(dimethyl)ammonium; N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyl 1-decanaminium chloride; 1-Decanaminium,N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-,chloride; N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyldecan-1-ammonium chloride; Didecyldimethylammonium chloride, analytical standard; Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride, 80% aqueous solution; Didecyldimethylammonium chloride; DDAC ; Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride ; Didecyldimethylammonium chlorid ; Didecyldimonium chloride ; N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-1-decanaminium chloride ; Quaternium-12; didecyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride ; Didecyldimonium chloride; DİDESİL DİMETİL AMONYUM KLORÜR; DİDESİL DİMETİL; AMONYUM KLORÜR; DİDESİL DİMETHYL AMONYUM KLORÜR; DIDESIL DIMETHYL AMONYUM CHLORİDE ; Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; 7173-51-5; Didesil dimetil amonyum klorür; Didecyldimethylammonium chloride; Astop; Quaternium 12;DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Arquad 10; N-decyl-N,N-dimethyldecan-1-aminium chloride;Britewood Q;Dimethyldidecylammonium chloride;DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Bio-Dac;Quaternium-12; Odex Q; Quartamin D 10E; Quartamin D 10P; Nissan Cation 2DB; Timbercote 2000; Bardac 22; Slaoff 91;Aliquat 203;DDAC;Querton 210CL; Dodigen 1881; Bardac 2270E; Calgon H 130; Caswell No. 331A; Maquat 4480E; Bardac 2250;Bardac 2280;H 130 (molluscicide); Arquad 210-50; Bio-dac 50-22; Tret-O-Lite XC 507;UNII-JXN40O9Y9B;1-Decanaminium, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride; BTC 99;DDC 80; didecyl dimethylammonium chloride; BTCO 1010; D 10P; BTC 1010; N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyl--decanaminium chloride; Ammonium, Didesil dimetil amonyum klorür; didecyldimethyl-, chloride;DIDECYLDIMETHYLAMMONIUMCHLORIDE;EINECS 230-525-2; EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 069149; didecyl(dimethyl)azanium chloride; CHEBI:79935; didecyl(dimethyl)ammonium chloride;AK112217;W-104509;1-Decanaminium, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride (1:1);20256-56-8 (Parent);Dairyland brand chg teat dip;HSDB 7611; Didesil dimetil amonyum klorür; Bardac-22;Alfa Bergamon (TN);Calgon H130; MolPort-006-109-784;RUPBZQFQVRMKDG-UHFFFAOYSA-M;N-dimethyl-1-decanaminium chloride; Tox21_300598; GK7231; KM1428; MFCD00066262; AKOS015901447; DIDECYLDIMETHYL AMMONIUM CHLORIDE; NCGC00254240-01; 126851-24-9; AN-19339;DA-17489; LP011723;LS-17335;P137;SC-23378;CAS-7173-51-5;KB-201002; RT-004229; FT-0082723; FT-0629457;DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) ST24031400;DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) N-Decyl-N,N-dimethyl 1-decanaminium chloride; Didesil dimetil amonyum klorür; Didesil dimetil amonyum klorür; 1-Decanaminium; Didesil dimetil amonyum klorür; N-dcyl-N,N-dimethyl-,chloride; C15436; D07822; A837307; C-28115; Didecyldimethylammonium chloride, analytical standard; I14-15307; 154765-32-9; 446279-85-27173-51-5; Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride; Didecyldimethylammonium chloride; Didesil dimetil amonyum klorür; N-decyl-N,N-dimethyldecan-1-aminium chloride; Astop; Quaternium 12; Arquad 10; Bardac 22; DDAC; Britewood Q; Dim thyldidecylammonium chloride;DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Bio-Dac; Quaternium-12; Odex Q; Quartamin D 10E; Quartamin D 10P; DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Nissan Cation 2DB; Timbercote 2000; Slaoff 91; Aliquat 203; Querton 210CL; 1-Decanaminium, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride; Dodigen 1881; Bardac 2270E; Calgon H 130; Caswell No. 331A; Maquat 4480E; Bardac 2250; Bardac 2280; H 130 (molluscicide); Didesil dimetil amonyum klorür; didesil dimetil amonyum klorid; DDAC; DDBAC; DDBAC 50; DDBAC 80; DDAC 80; DDAC 50; didedil dimetil amonyum klorür; didesil dimetil; didehysildiymetyilamiynokloride; didehysildiymetyilamiynoklorit; didehysildiymetyilamiynoklorite; didehsildiymetyilamiynoklorid; didehsildiymetyilamiynokloride; didehsildiymetyilamiynoklorit; didehsildiymetyilamiynoklorite; dideysildiymethyilamiynoklorid; dideysildiymethyilamiynokloride; dideysildiymethyilamiynoklorit; dideysildiymethyilamiynoklorite; didesildiymethyilamiynoklorid; didesildiymethyilamiynokloride; didesildiymethyilamiynoklorit; didesildiymethyilamiynoklorite; didesildimetilamonyumkhlorid;DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) didesil dimetil amonyumkhlorid; didesildimetilamonyumkhloride; dideysildimetilamonyumkhlorid; didesildimethilamonyumkhlorid; dideysildiymetyilamiynokhlorid; dideysildiymetyilamiynokhloride; dideysildiymetyilamiynokhlorit; dideysildiymetyilamiynokhlorite; didesildiymetyilamiynokhlorid; didesildiymetyilamiynokloride; didesildiymetyilamiynokhlorit; didesildiymetyilamiynokhlorite; didehysildiymetyilamiynokhlorid; didehysildiymetyilamiynokhloride; didehysildiymetyilamiynoklorit; didehysildiymetyilamiynokhlorite; didehsildiymetyilamiynoklorid; didehsildiymetyilamiynokhloride; didehsildiymetyilamiynoklorit; didehsildiymetyilamiynokhlorite; DIDESILDIMETILAMONYUMKHLORID; DIDESIL DIMETIL AMONYUMKHLORID; DIDESILDIMETILAMONYUMKHLORIDE; DIDEYSILDIMETILAMONYUMKHLORID; DIDESILDIMETHILAMONYUMKHLORID; DIDEYSILDIYMETYILAMIYNOKHLORID; DIDEYSILDIYMETYILAMIYNOKHLORIDE; DIDEYSILDIYMETYILAMIYNOKHLORIT; DIDEYSILDIYMETYILAMIYNOKHLORITE; DIDESILDIYMETYILAMIYNOKHLORID; DIDESILDIYMETYILAMIYNOKLORIDE; DIDESILDIYMETYILAMIYNOKHLORIT
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride(DDAC) is an antiseptic/disinfectant that is used in many biocidal applications. DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) causes disruption of intermolecular interactions and dissociation of lipid bilayers. It is a broad spectrum bactericidal and fungicidal and can be used as disinfectant cleaner for linen, recommended for use in hospitals, hotels and industries. It is also used in gynaecology, surgery, ophthalmology, pediatrics, OT, and for the sterilization of surgical instruments, endoscopes and surface disinfection. In mice this disinfectant was found to cause infertility and birth defects when combined with Alkyl (60% C14, 25% C12, 15% C16) dimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride (ADBAC),[3][4]. These studies contradict the older toxicology data set on quaternary ammonia compounds which was reviewed by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (U.S. EPA) and the EU Commission.[5]
Properties
DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Chemical formula C22H48ClN
DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Molar mass 362.08 g/mol
DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Appearance liquid
DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Density 0.87 g/cm3 (20 °C)
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride(DDMAC) cas 7173-51-5
DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Assay: 80%,50%, 40%
DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Appearance: Colorless to pale yellow clear liquid
DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Capacity: 560mt/YEAR
DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Packaging: 180kg/drum 900kg/drum
Sample: available
Categories: Bactericide, Surfactant
Description
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) Details
Chemical Name: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride / DDMAC
CAS No.: 7173-51-5
Molecular Formula: C22H48ClN
Molecular Weight:362.08
MolecularStructure:Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Structure
Appearance:Colorless to pale yellow clear liquid
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Typical Properties
Appearance Colorless to pale yellow clear liquid
Active Assay ≥80﹪
Free amine and its salt ≤1.5%
Ph(10% aqueous) 5-9
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride(DDAC) Usage
1) Water treatment products and Surfactant
2）Be used as a bactericide, disinfectant, better than benzalkonium chloride
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) Packaging and Shipping
Packing: 200kg/drum 1000kg/drum
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) Storage
1.DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) is forbidden to mix with toxic and harmful substances.
2.DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) has certain moisture absorption.
3.DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) should be stored in a sealed way in low temperature, dry, cool and ventilated condition.
4.DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) shelf life is not open for 24 months.
Descriptions
DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) is a broad spectrum algaecide and fungicide used in many biocidal applications. It cause disruption of intermolecular interactions and dissociation of lipid bilayers.
Applications
Algaecides and biocides for cooling water systems. DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)In textile dyeing & printing industry as algaecide, softener, anti-static auxiliary. DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Disinfections for aquiculture and poultry house
3D Status
Conformer generation is disallowed since MMFF94s unsupported atom valence, too flexible, mixture or salt
IUPAC Name
didecyl(dimethyl)azanium;chloride ; Didecyldimonium chloride; DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Molecular Formula
C22H48ClN
Physical Description of DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Liquid
Color/Form
Colorless crystals
Clear yellow liquid /commercial aqueous solution
Solid powder of slight yellowish color at 20 °C
Odor
Mushroom-like odor
Ethanolic odor
Boiling Point
>180 °C; decomposes before boiling at 1 atm /OECD Guideline 103/
Melting Point
94-100 °C /OECD Guideline 102/
Solubility
In water, 0.65 g/L at 20 °C /OECD Guideline 115/
In water, 0.39 g/L at 25 °C /critical micelle concentration/
Soluble in acetone; extremely soluble in benzene; insoluble in hexane
In isopropanol: 827, 797 and 836 g/L at 10, 20 and 30 °C, respectively; in-octanol: 248 g/L at 20 °C; in hexane: 0.000424 g/L at 10 °C
Density
0.87 at 20 °C /OECD Guideline 109/
Vapor Pressure
<4.3X10-5 mm Hg at 25 °C, <1.1X10-5 mm Hg at 20 °C /OECD Guideline 104/
Decomposition of DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
When heated to decomposition it emits very toxic fumes of /nitrogen oxides, ammonia, and hydrogen chloride/.
Corrosivity of DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Anion is corrosive ... treated wood has the disadvantage of being incompatible with many paints and coatings
DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) pH
pH = 6.8 to 6.9 at 25 °C in a 29.5% water solution
Surface Tension
25.82 mN/m at 20 °C, 1 g/L solution
Other Experimental Properties
Extremely hygroscopic
Colorless liquid. Density: 0.870 g/mL; pH 7.81 /Bardac 2280/
Therapeutic Uses
EXPL THER A double blind trial with 2 concentrations of the combination Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (Hoe S-2922, Bardac-22) with prednicarbate for the treatment of impetiginized eczema in 30 hospitalized patients is described. The study did not reveal any significant differences in effectiveness, although a trend in favor of the higher concentration was apparent.
Agrochemical Category
Microbiocide, Fungicides
ATC Code of DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
D - Dermatologicals
D08 - Antiseptics and disinfectants
D08A - Antiseptics and disinfectants
D08AJ - Quaternary ammonium compounds
D08AJ06 - Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride
Absorption, Distribution and Excretion
DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) (40% aqueous in both radiolabled (14C) and nonradiolabled form), used in a definitive pharmacokinetic study to determine absorption, distribution and excretion and was administered orally (single dose), by gavage, to Charles River CD Rats (Crl CD(SD)Br--5/sex/group) in 3 dose regimens: 1) A single low dose (5 mg/kg), 2) a repeated low dose in diet containing 34 ppm "cold" in the feed daily for 14 days, followed by a 5 mg/kg dose of (14C)]-DDCA (9.01 mCi/mmole, and 99% radiochemical purity) or 3) a single high dose of 50 mg/kg. Excretion of radioactivity was shown to occur primarily in the feces (89-99%), some in urine (<2.5%), and an insignificant amount was expired. Highly ionic DDAC is not readily absorbed from the GI tract...
Metabolism/Metabolites
DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) (40% aqueous in both radiolabled (14C) and nonradiolabled form), used in a definitive pharmacokinetic study to determine absorption, distribution and excretion and was administered orally (single dose), by gavage, to Charles River CD (Crl CD(SD)Br--5/sex/group) ... . In the addendum the metabolic profile was determined in a 2 step experiment. First, another group of rats (10 male Charles River CD (Crl CD(SD)Br) were treated with (14C)-DDAC at 50 mg/kg in order to obtain enough (14C) residues to use as standards. The (14C) metabolites were characterized by TLC, HPLC and MS. The second part of the experiment involved using the "standard" metabolic profiles to analyze the metabolites from feces samples obtained in the initial study. It was shown that metabolism tends to be sex specific. Females metabolize the parent compound more so than males. Metabolism, which may be microbial in nature, involved the oxidation of the 2 decyl side chains to form hydroxy and hydroxyketo derivatives.DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Modification of methyl substituents was not evident.
Use and Manufacturing of DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Overview
IDENTIFICATION: Didecyldimethylammonium chloride is a clear, yellow liquid, yellowish powder or colorless crystals. It has a mushroom-like odor. It is moderately soluble in water. USE: Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideis used as an antimicrobial. Applications include commercial and residential where it is used on walls, floors, tables, toilets and fixtures. Solutions are introduced into humidifiers, ultrasonic tanks, reverse osmosis units, cooling systems and water storage tanks. It is used to disinfectant egg shells, milking equipment and udders, agricultural tools and vehicles. It is used as a sanitizer for swimming pools, and decorative ponds and fountains. It is a wood preservative. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride is registered for these antimicrobial uses by the U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs. EXPOSURE: Exposure to Didecyldimethylammonium chloride is most often from skin or eye contact, but can also include inhalation or ingestion. When Didecyldimethylammonium chloride is released to the environment, it will absorb to surfaces. It will move slowly or not at all in soil. It will not volatilize from soil or water surfaces. It will moderately build up in aquatic organisms. Microbes in the environment will break it down. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride released to air will be in or on particles that eventually fall to the ground. RISK: Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideis corrosive and can cause irreversible eye damage and skin burns. When using aerosol applications, swallowing or breathing in mists can be fatal. To prevent these short-term effects, the U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs requires that personal protective equipment like chemical resistant gloves and apron be used, when applying certain products containing didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride. The U.S. EPA Office of Pesticide Programs determined that Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideis not likely to cause cancer, reproductive effects, or birth defects. This determination was based on results from studies with laboratory animals. The potential for Didecyldimethylammonium chloride to cause cancer in humans has not been assessed by the U.S. EPA IRIS program, the International Agency for Research on Cancer, or the U.S. National Toxicology Program 13th Report on Carcinogens. (SRC)
Use Classification of DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Agrochemicals -> Fungicides
Cosmetics -> Antistatic; Emulsifying; Hair conditioning; Surfactant
Uses Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
Absorbent DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Agent for soaking up liquid (product use or application unknown) DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Adhesive General adhesives and binding agents for a variety of uses DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Adhesive, water_based, consumer_use Term applied when the only information the source indicates is 'consumer' or 'consumer product' ; also applied to terms that the source indicates are f DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Adsorbent DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) Adhesion of molecules to a surface DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Agricultural Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride Relating to agricultural, including the raising and farming of animals and growing of crops DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Agricultural, animal Related to animals (but non-veterinary) e.g., animal husbandry, farming of animals/animal production, raising of animals for food or fur, animal feed, products for household pets DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Agricultural, animal, cattle, dairy Related to dairy cattle, the operation of dairy facilities, or manufacture of dairy products DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Agricultural, crop Products used on crops, or related to the growing of crops DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Antimicrobial Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Type of pesticide used to destroy or inhibit the growth of disease-causing mechanisms, can be impregnated into clothing DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Aquaculture Aquafarming, or the farming of aquatic organisms DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Beverage, food_service Related to food and beverage service activities DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Building_construction Related to the building or construction process for buildings or boats (includes activities such as plumbing and electrical work, bricklaying, etc) DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Child_use Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Related to products specifically designed for children (e.g. toys, children's cosmetics, etc) DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Cleaning_washing Related to all forms of cleaning/washing, including cleaning products used in the home, laundry detergents, soaps, de-greasers, spot removers, etc; modifiers included when specific information is known, such as drycleaning, laundry, soap, window/floor, etc DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Cleaning_washing, bathroom, consumer_use Term applied when the only information the source indicates is 'consumer' or 'consumer product' ; also applied to terms that the source indicates are for consumer use, yet the descriptor term is ambivalent about usage (e.g., cleaning_washing products may be for industrial or consumer use, when the source indicates consumer use, the consumer_use term is also applied) - see appendix for full list of unambiguous consumer related terms plus ambiguous consumer related terms which if indicated are labeled with 'consumer_use' DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Cleaning_washing, carpet, consumer_use Term applied when the only information the source indicates is 'consumer' or 'consumer product' ; also applied to terms that the source indicates are f DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Cleaning_washing, consumer_use Term applied when the only information the source indicates is 'consumer' or 'consumer product' ; also applied to terms that the source indicates are f DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Cleaning_washing, disinfectant General disinfectants/sanitizing agnets, disinfectants related to drugs (modified by 'drug'), and disinfectants used in drinking water, or animal feed (modified by 'drinking_water' and 'feed') DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Cleaning_washing, drycleaning Products or chemicals found or used in drycleaning establishments DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Cleaning_washing, flooring Flooring materials (carpets, wood, vinyl flooring), or related to flooring such as wax or polish for floors DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Cleaning_washing, flooring, consumer_use Term applied when the only information the source indicates is 'consumer' or 'consumer product' ; also applied to terms that the source indicates are f DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Cleaning_washing, fur Related to the raising of fur animals, or fur products (such as fur apparel) DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Cleaning_washing, laundry, consumer_use Term applied when the only information the source indicates is 'consumer' or 'consumer product' ; also applied to terms that the source indicates are for consumer use, yet the descriptor term is ambivalent about usage (e.g., cleaning_washing products may be for industrial or consumer use, when the source indicates consumer use, the consumer_use term is also applied) - see appendix for full list of unambiguous consumer related terms plus ambiguous consumer related terms which if indicated are labeled with 'consumer_use' DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Cleaning_washing, textile Textiles used for clothing or furniture upholstery, processes related to textiles (e.g. DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Cleaning_washing, textile, detergent Detergents with wide variety of applications; modifiers included when known DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Cleaning_washing, tools, consumer_use Term applied when the only information the source indicates is 'consumer' or 'consumer product' ; also applied to terms that the source indicates are for consumer use, yet the descriptor term DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) is ambivalent about usage (e.g., cleaning_washing products may be for industrial or consumer use, when the source indicates consumer use, the consumer_use term is also applied) - see appendix for full list of unambiguous consumer related terms plus ambiguous consumer related terms which if indicated are labeled with 'consumer_use' DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Colorant Didecyl dimethyl ammonium chloride Term used for colorants, dyes, or pigments; includes colorants for drugs, textiles, personal care products (cosmetics, tatoo inks, hair dye), DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) food colorants, and inks for printing; modifiers included when application is known DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Conductive Conductive materials or agents (able to conduct something, typically heat or electricity) DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Construction General construction (as opposed to those things labeled building_construction); i.e. when source only indicates 'construction,' construction of roads, or engineering DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Consumer_use Term applied when the only information the source indicates is 'consumer' or 'consumer product' ; also applied to terms that the source indicates are for consumer use, yet the descriptor term is ambivalent about usage (e.g., cleaning_washing products may be for industrial or consumer use, when the source indicates consumer use, the consumer_use term is also applied) - see appendix for full list of unambiguous consumer related terms plus ambiguous consumer related terms which if indicated are labeled with 'consumer_use' DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Disinfectant Didecyldimethylammonium chloride General disinfectants/sanitizing agnets, disinfectants related to drugs (modified by 'drug'), and disinfectants used in drinking water, or animal feed (modified by 'drinking_water' and 'feed') DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Drug, human, hygiene, biocidal Pharmaceutical related DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Drug, veterinary, biocide Chemical which can deter, destroy, or control a harmful organism by chemical or biological means (type of pesticide) DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Facility, drycleaning, laundry Laundry products (such as cleaning/washing agents), or laundry facilities DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Facility, food_production Related to food production (restaurants, catering, etc) DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Facility, food_service Related to food and beverage service activities DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Facility, laundry Laundry products (such as cleaning/washing agents), or laundry facilities DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Feed, animal, disinfectant General disinfectants/sanitizing agnets, disinfectants related to drugs (modified by 'drug'), and disinfectants used in drinking water, or animal feed (modified by 'drinking_water' and 'feed') DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Filler Fillers for paints, textiles, plastics, etc DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Fishing Related to the activity of fishing DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Fluid_property_modulator Includes antifoaming agents, coagulating agents, dispersion agents, emulsifiers, flotation agents, foaming agents, viscosity adjustors, etc DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Food_additive, preservatives Includes preservatives used in cosmetics, film, wood preserving agents, foods, etc (note food preservatives are also indicated as food_additive) DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Food_contact Includes food packaging, paper plates, cutlery, small appliances such as roasters, etc.; DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) does not include facilities that manufacture food DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Food_service Related to food and beverage service activities DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Fragrance Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Fragrances or odor agents, can be used in home products (cleaners, laundry products, air fresheners) or similar industrial products; usage indicated when known; more specific modifiers included when known DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Fragrance, consumer_use Term applied when the only information the source indicates is 'consumer' or 'consumer product' ; DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride) also applied to terms that the source indicates are for consumer use, yet the descriptor term is ambivalent about usage (e.g., cleaning_washing products may be for industrial or consumer use, when the source indicates consumer use, the consumer_use term is also applied) - see appendix for full list of unambiguous consumer related terms plus ambiguous consumer related terms which if indicated are labeled with 'consumer_use' DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Hunting Related to the activity of hunting DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Industrial, adhesive General adhesives and binding agents for a variety of uses DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Industrial, cleaning_washing Related to all forms of cleaning/washing, including cleaning products used in the home, laundry detergents, soaps, de-greasers, spot removers, etc; modifiers included when specific information is known, such as drycleaning, laundry, soap, window/floor, etc DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Industrial_manufacturing DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Inert Didecyldimethylammonium chloride DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, beverage Beverages for human consumption (e.g., juice, water, alcohol), or related to beverages for human consumption (e.g. machinery for production of beverages, or facilities serving beverages) DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, building_material, wood Wood used as a building material, wood preservatives DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, chemical General term used only when the only information known from the source is 'chemical,' typically related to manufacturing of chemicals, or laboratory chemicals DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, cigarettes Chemicals in cigarettes, or tobacco related products, or related to the manufacturing of tobacco products DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, cleaning_washing, polish Car wax/polish, floor wax, general polishing agents, polish for metals, plastics, rubber, lacquers, leather, furniture, etc DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, detergent Detergents with wide variety of applications; modifiers included when known DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, drug Drug product, or related to the manufacturing of drugs; modified by veterinary, animal, or pet if indicated by source DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, export Related to manufacturing for export (additional information unknown) DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, food Food for human consumption, does not include food additives (see food_additive); also includes manufacture of food, facilities related to food (with appropriate modifiers) DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, food, meat Related to the farming of meats (including cattle, poultry, swine), and the manufacturing of meat for human consumption DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, furniture Furniture, or the manufacturing of furniture (can include chairs and tables, and more general furniture such as mattresses, patio furniture, etc.) DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, metals Related to metals - manufacturing of metals, casting of metals, production of metals, surface treatment of metals, etc DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, paint Various types of paint for various uses, modifiers included when more information is known DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, paper Related to the manufcturing of pulp or paper products, or paper products in general DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, personal_care, cosmetics, perfume Fragrance used as a personal care product DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, plastics Plastic products, industry for plastics, manufacturing of plastics, plastic additives (modifiers included when known) DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, rubber Rubber products (e.g. tires) and their manufacture DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, soap Soaps, includes personal care products for cleansing the hands or body, and soaps/detergents for cleaning products, homes, etc DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Manufacturing, textile Textiles used for clothing or furniture upholstery, processes related to textiles (e.g. softeners, antiwrinkle agents), or the processing/manufacturing of textiles DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Paint Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Various types of paint for various uses, modifiers included when more information is known DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Paint, volatile_organic Volatile and semivolative organic compounds DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Paint, water_based Modifier included when source indicates the product is water based DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Personal_care, cosmetics, hair_dye, colorant Term used for colorants, dyes, or pigments; includes colorants for drugs, textiles, personal care products (cosmetics, tatoo inks, hair dye), food colorants, and inks for printing; modifiers included when application is known DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Substances used for preventing, destroying or mitigating pests DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide, active_ingredient Active ingredients in a product (often active ingredients in pesticide, if so also tagged with 'pesticide') DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide, antimicrobial Type of pesticide used to destroy or inhibit the growth of disease-causing mechanisms, can be impregnated into clothing DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide, antimicrobial, active_ingredient Active ingredients in a product (often active ingredients in pesticide, if so also tagged with 'pesticide') DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide, bactericide Type of pesticide that kills bacteria DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide, biocide, active_ingredient Active ingredients in a product (often active ingredients in pesticide, if so also tagged with 'pesticide') DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide, active_ingredient Active ingredients in a product (often active ingredients in pesticide, if so also tagged with 'pesticide') DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide, antimicrobial Type of pesticide used to destroy or inhibit the growth of disease-causing mechanisms, can be impregnated into clothing DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide, antimicrobial, active_ingredient Active ingredients in a product (often active ingredients in pesticide, if so also tagged with 'pesticide') DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide, bactericide Type of pesticide that kills bacteria DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide, biocide, active_ingredient Active ingredients in a product (often active ingredients in pesticide, if so also tagged with 'pesticide') DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide, active_ingredient Active ingredients in a product (often active ingredients in pesticide, if so also tagged with 'pesticide') DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide, antimicrobial Type of pesticide used to destroy or inhibit the growth of disease-causing mechanisms, can be impregnated into clothing DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide, antimicrobial, active_ingredient Active ingredients in a product (often active ingredients in pesticide, if so also tagged with 'pesticide') DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide, bactericide Type of pesticide that kills bacteria DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Pesticide, biocide, active_ingredient Active ingredients in a product (often active ingredients in pesticide, if so also tagged with 'pesticide') DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Solvent, paint_remover Paint and varnish removers DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Sports_equipment Sporting equipment (e.g. soccer balls, basketball rims, fishing rods, tents, boating accessories, fitness equipment, boats/boating equipment, etc) DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Surface_treatment Surface treatments for metals, hardening agents, corrosion inhibitors, polishing agents, rust inhibitors, water repellants, etc (surfaces to be applied to often not indicated in source description) DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
Water_treatment Didecyldimethylammonium chloride Includes water softeners, lime removers, and the products used in the process of the collection, purification, and distribution of water DDMAC (Didecyldimethylammonium chloride)
For Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (USEPA/OPP Pesticide Code: 069149) ACTIVE products with label matches. /SRP: Registered for use in the U.S. but approved pesticide uses may change periodically and so federal, state and local authorities must be consulted for currently approved uses./
Algaecide, bacteriocide, fungicide, fungistat, microbiocide, microbiostat disinfectant, viricide, tuberculocide, molluscide, sanitizer, wood preservative, deodorant, and insecticide.
Use Category Use Sites
Industrial Processes and Water Systems Industrial recirculating water systems, cooling water, disposal water, oil field operations, oil field water flood or salt water disposal
Swimming Pools Swimming pools, outside spas, whirlpools, hot tubs
Aquatic Areas Greenhouses/nurseries, golf courses, recreational parks, amusement parks, universities, cemeteries
Wood Treatment Pressure treatment, double vacuum, and dip/spray surface treatment
Agricultural Premise and Equipment Hatcheries, swine/poultry/turkey farms, dressing plants, farrowing barns, mushroom farm, citrus farm, animal housing facilities, florists/flower shops, greenhouses, nurseries
Residential and Public Access Premise Homes, mobile homes, cars, trucks, campgrounds, playgrounds, trailers, campers, boats, public facilities
Medical Premise and Equipment Hospitals, health care facilities, medical/dental offices, nursing homes, medical research facilities, autopsy rooms, newborn nurseries, acute care institutions, alternate care institutions, funeral homes, mortuaries, day care facilities, sick rooms
Commercial Institutional and Industrial Premise and Equipment Athletic/recreational facilities, exercise facilities, schools, colleges, dressing/locker rooms, transportation terminals, libraries, motel, hotels, barber/beauty salons, health clubs, emergency vehicles, correctional facilities, factories, commercial florists, convenience stores, offices, commercial and institutional laundry mats
Food Handling/Storage Establishments Premises and Equipment Restaurants, food service establishments, food storage, handling, processing plants/facilities, beverage processing plants, bars, cafeterias, supermarkets, dairies, egg processing plants, institutional kitchens, breweries, fast food operations, rendering plants, school lunchrooms, packing plants
General purpose disinfectant, sanitizer; mildew preventative in commercial laundries; water treatment in cooling towers and oil field flood waters; wood preservative.
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride is an active ingredient in a large number of disinfectant products registered with EPA and labeled with a claim to inactivate "avian influenza A" viruses on hard, non-porous surfaces.
Industry Uses Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
Pesticide Formulation
Processing aids, specific to petroleum production
Surface active agents
Consumer Uses Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
Automotive care products
Cleaning and furnishing care products
Fuels and related products
Non-TSCA use
Personal care products
Formulations/Preparations Didecyldimethylammonium chloride
The National Pesticide Information Retrieval System (NPIRS) identifies 74 companies with active labels for products containing the chemical didecyldimethylammonium chloride. To view the complete list of companies, product names and percent Didecyldimethylammonium chloride in formulated products click the following url and enter the CAS Registry number in the Active Ingredient field.
This chemical is listed as an Extended High Production Volume (EHPV). Chemicals listed as EHPV were produced in or imported into the U.S. in >1 million pounds according to the 2002 Toxic Substances Control Act (TSCA) Inventory Update. The EHPV program is a voluntary initiative that allows companies to demonstrate that adequate screening data exist for organic HPV chemicals.
Non-confidential 2012 Chemical Data Reporting (CDR) information on the production and use of chemicals manufactured or imported into the United States. Chemical: 1-Decanaminium, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride. National Production Volume: 2,228,752 lb/yr.
Industry Processing Sectors
All other chemical product and preparation manufacturing
Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities
Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing
EPA TSCA Commercial Activity Status
1-Decanaminium, N-decyl-N,N-dimethyl-, chloride (1:1)
Used in waterborne copper-based wood preservative products ... introduced in New Zealand in 1978 ... to counteract basidiomycetes and soft rot fungi ... not suitable for wood in contact with the ground used in Canada in antisapstain formulations for treatment of freshly sawn lumber, in disinfectant formulations, and as a molluscicide. use as a molluscicide at pipe ends ... adding / didecyldimethylammonium chloride / to the intake and bentonite clay as an absorbant in the outfall.
Abstract and Figures
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride(DDAC) is used in many types of biocidal products including tableware, carpets, humidifiers, and swimming pools, etc. In spite of increased chances of Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideexposure through inhalation, studies on the inhalation toxicity of DDAC are not common even though the toxicity of Didecyldimethylammonium chloridemight be significantly higher if it were to be administered through routes other than the respiratory system. DDAC aerosols were exposed to Sprague-Dawley rats in whole body exposure chambers for a duration of 13 weeks. The Mass Median Aerodynamic Diameters of the Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideaerosol were 0.63 μm, 0.81 μm, and 1.65 μm, and the geometric standard deviations were 1.62, 1.65, and 1.65 in the low (0.11 ± 0.06 mg/m³), the middle (0.36 ± 0.20 mg/m³) and the high (1.41 ± 0.71 mg/m³) exposure groups, respectively. Body weight was confirmed to be clearly influenced by exposure to Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideand mean body weight was approximately 35% lower in the high (1.41 ± 0.71 mg/m³) male group and 15% lower in the high (1.41 ± 0.71 mg/m³) female group compared to that of the control group. In the bronchoalveolar lavage fluid assay, the levels of albumin and lactate dehydrogenase had no effect on DDAC exposure. The lung weight increased for the middle (0.36 ± 0.20 mg/m³) and the high (1.41 ± 0.71 mg/m³) concentrations of the Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideexposure group, and inflammatory cell infiltration and interstitial pneumonia were partially observed in the lungs of the middle (0.36 ± 0.20 mg/m³) and the high (1.41 ± 0.71 mg/m³) exposure groups. However, severe histopathological symptoms, including proteinosis and/or fibrosis, were not found. Based on the results of the changes in the body weight and lung weight, it is considered that the NOAEL (no-observed adverse effect) level for the 13-week exposure duration is 0.11 mg/m³.
Quaternary Ammonium Compounds (QACs) are widely found in disinfectants used in hospitals. Benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) predominate in the disinfecting formulations. These compounds are strong irritants and can play a role in the induction of Occupational Asthma among the professionals of health and cleaning. In order to evaluate the potential health effect of these quaternary ammonium compounds to hospital employers, the development of an analytical method for their quantification in indoor air was developed. Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideaerosols are trapped by adsorption on XAD-2 resin SKC tube. The air in hospital buildings was sampled using a constant debit Gillian pump at a flow of 1.0 l/min (+/-5%). Ion Chromatography (IC) was chosen for the analysis of Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideespecially for its high sensitivity and specificity. The Limit of Detection (LOD) by IC for Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideis 0.56 mug/ml. Therefore the LOD of atmospheric Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideis 28 microg/m(3) with an air volume of 100 l and a desorption volume of 5 ml. All Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideair samples were lower than the LOD of the analytical method by IC. Under the standard conditions of use of the disinfecting solutions (Surfanios, Ampholysine Plus and Amphospray 41), the insignificant volatility of Didecyldimethylammonium chloride would not seem to be able to contaminate the indoor hospital atmosphere during the disinfection process. However, the Didecyldimethylammonium chloridecan contaminate working atmospheres if it is put in suspension by aerosolisation.
Applications
Foods
One of the first steps toward modernized sterilization was made by Nicolas Appert who discovered that thorough application of heat over a suitable period slowed the decay of foods and various liquids, preserving them for safe consumption for a longer time than was typical. Canning of foods is an extension of the same principle and has helped to reduce food borne illness ("food poisoning"). Other methods of sterilizing foods include food irradiation[3][4] and high pressure (pascalization).[5] One process by which food is sterilized is heat treatment. Heat treatment ceases bacterial and enzyme activity which then leads to decreasing the chances of low quality foods while maintaining the life of non-perishable foods. One specific type of heat treatment used is UHT (Ultra-High Temperature) sterilization. This type of heat treatment focuses on sterilization over 100 degrees Celsius. Two types of UHT sterilization are moist and dry heat sterilization. During moist heat sterilization, the temperatures that are used vary from 110 to 130 degrees Celsius. Moist heat sterilization takes between 20 and 40 minutes, inversely proportional to the food temperature. The use of dry heat sterilization uses longer times of susceptibility that may last up to 2 hours and that use much higher temperatures compared to moist heat sterilization. These temperatures may range from 160 to 180 degrees Celsius.
Medicine and surgery
Joseph Lister was a pioneer of antiseptic surgery.
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) is used for various purposes, such as a fungicide for coolants, an antiseptic for wood, and disinfectant for cleaning. Despite the increasing likelihood of DDAC inhalation, available data on its toxicity from inhalation are scarce. Therefore, this study was aimed at confirming the toxicity of DDAC after inhalation exposure for 2 wk. Male Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to approximately 0.15 mg/m3, 0.6 mg/m3, and 3.6 mg/m3 DDAC aerosols in whole-body exposure chambers. After Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideexposure for 2 wk, effects of Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideon body weight, blood, bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL), and the lungs were verified. The mass median aerodynamic diameter of DDAC aerosols was 1.86 μm and the geometric standard deviation was 2.75. The concentrations of Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideaerosols for the low, medium, and high groups were 0.15 ± 0.15 mg/m3, 0.58 ± 0.40 mg/m3, and 3.63 ± 1.56 mg/m3, respectively. Body weight gain was significantly influenced by Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideexposure. In the high group, a body weight decrease of 2.6 g was observed, whereas a 25.8 g increase was observed in the normal control group after the first 3 days. The low and medium groups showed 23.3 g and 20.4 g increases, respectively, after the first 3 days. Decreases in body weight were recovered during the next 4 days. In contrast, no changes were noted in hematological and blood biochemistry parameters after Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideexposure. Furthermore, only mild effects were observed on bronchoalveolar cell differentiation counts and cell damage parameters in the BAL fluids of the medium and high groups. Although inflammatory cell infiltration and interstitial pneumonia were partially observed, fibrosis was not found in the lungs of the medium and high groups. In conclusion, body weight gain and the lungs were mainly affected by DDAC exposure. The noobserved-adverse-effect level (NOAEL) for DDAC was determined as 0.15 mg/m3.
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDAC) is a dialkyl-quaternary ammonium compound that is used in numerous products for its bactericidal, virucidal and fungicidal properties. There have been clinical reports of immediate and delayed hypersensitivity reactions in exposed individuals; however, the sensitization potential of DDAC has not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of these studies was to evaluate the irritancy and sensitization potential of DDAC following dermal exposure in a murine model. Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideinduced significant irritancy (0.5 and 1%), evaluated by ear swelling in female Balb/c mice. Initial evaluation of the sensitization potential was conducted using the local lymph node assay (LLNA) at concentrations ranging from 0.0625–1%. A concentration-dependent increase in lymphocyte proliferation was observed with a calculated EC3 value of 0.17%. Dermal exposure to Didecyldimethylammonium chloridedid not induce increased production of IgE as evaluated by phenotypic analysis of draining lymph node B-cells (IgE + B220+) and measurement of total serum IgE levels. Additional phenotypic analyses revealed significant and dose-responsive increases in the absolute number of B-cells, CD4 + T-cells, CD8 + T-cells and dendritic cells in the draining lymph nodes, along with significant increases in the percentage of B-cells (0.25% and 1% DDAC) at Day 10 following 4 days of dermal exposure. There was also a significant and dose-responsive increase in the number of activated CD44 + CD4 + and CD8 + T-cells and CD86 + B-cells and dendritic cells following exposure to all concentrations of DDAC. These results demonstrate the potential for development of irritation and hypersensitivity responses to DDAC following dermal exposure and raise concerns about the use of this chemical and other quaternary ammonium compounds that may elicit similar effects.
Quaternary ammonium compounds (QAC) are commonly used as water-based surface disinfectants due to their low volatility and they are increasingly being used in hospitals, hotels and in consumer products (Zhang et al. 2015) due to their broad antimicrobial capabilities. In healthcare settings they are frequently used in clinical settings for the decontamination of surgical instruments, endoscopes and other medical instruments. The use of QAC as antiseptics, disinfectants, detergents and preservatives has increased their incorporation into consumer products that are utilized orally (mouthwash) or applied to the skin or eyes for the purpose of decreasing microbial contamination and reducing the incidence of pathogen-induced illness.
All QAC are permanently charged ions with four alkyl side chains. Their structures contain at least one hydrophobic hydrocarbon chain linked to a positively charged nitrogen atom and other alkyl groups that are mostly short-chain substitutes such as methyl or benzyl groups. The biocidal activity is conferred through alkyl chain length (McBain et al. 2004). The ability to adapt and optimize QAC structure to target specific microbial species has recently increased the utilization of these compounds for use in consumer products (Carson et al. 2008). Dialkyl QAC represent the newest generation of QAC and exhibit a wide spectrum of activity. These new synthetic polymeric QAC contain multiple positively-charged amine centers that confer anti-microbial, anti-static, and surfactant properties in solution. One of the newer QAC in common use is Didecyldimethylammonium chloride(DDAC). Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideis a broad-spectrum bactericidal and fungicidal biocide that exhibits antimicrobial activity against several pathogens such as Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa (Walsh et al. 2003), Legionella pneumophilia (Skaliy et al. 1980), Stachybotrys chartarum and enveloped and non-enveloped viruses (Argy et al. 1999). It is used in several types of applications including: industrial processes, swimming pools and aquatic areas, wood treatment, healthcare and food handling and storage (Ohnuma et al. 2011).
QAC have been used for over 50 years and have generally been regarded as safe; however, there is very limited published research describing the toxicity of these compounds, especially regarding the newer formulations such as Didecyldimethylammonium chloride. A study conducted by Ohnuma et al. (2011) examined the pulmonary defense system following a single intratracheal instillation of Didecyldimethylammonium chloride(60 and 150 μg/kg) in C57BL/6J mice. Those authors found that exposure to the high dose induced lung injury as early as 1-d post-exposure, as evidenced by increased lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) activity and protein concentrations in the bronchoalveolar (BAL) fluid. There was also an increase in total cells in the BAL (specifically macrophages, neutrophils and lymphocytes), along with increases in interleukin (IL)-6 production by 7-days post-exposure. The authors also suggested that Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideexposure altered oxidative stress and antimicrobial markers (evaluated by gene expression) in the lungs and systemic co-exposure with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) generated a further enhancement in pulmonary inflammation suggesting a potential increase in susceptibility to bacterial agents.
A more recent study investigated the effects of Didecyldimethylammonium chloride following a 2-week inhalation exposure (Lim & Chung 2014) in Sprague-Dawley rats. Aside from decreases in body weight at the highest exposure concentration (3.6 mg/m3), no changes in hematological and blood biochemistry parameters were observed and mild changes were observed in BAL cell counts and cell damage parameters. Interestingly, a recent study observed that, following the introduction of DDAC in an animal facility there was decreased reproductive performance of the laboratory mice. Additional examination identified decreases in fertility and fecundity including increased time to first litter, longer pregnancy intervals, fewer pups per litter and fewer pregnancies in mice following Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideexposure (Melin et al. 2014).
Epidemiological data and case studies indicate that healthcare workers have an elevated risk for development of sensitization and allergic asthma from either dermal or inhalation exposure to chemicals compared to non-healthcare workers (Warshaw et al. 2008). Biocides such as QAC have been identified to be among the most common allergens in the healthcare profession (Bernstein et al. 1994; Purohit et al. 2000; Shaffer & Belsito 2000; Suneja & Belsito 2008; Gonzalez et al. 2014). A study evaluating 142 patients with suspected allergies to the most commonly used QAC, i.e. benzalkonium chloride (BAC) and benzethonium chloride (BEC), confirmed sensitization by patch test to these compounds in 20% of the patients and identified potential co-reactions between the two QAC in 85% of the subjects who tested positive (Dao et al. 2012).
While there have been fewer overall reported cases of sensitization to the newer formulations of QAC, allergic contact dermatitis and immediate-type allergic reactions caused by DDAC exposure have been recently reported. Four cases, which were confirmed by patch testing or open epicutaneous tests, describe contact dermatitis presenting in hospital and laboratory workers on the hands/wrists and face following exposure to DDAC present in a disinfectant (Dejobert et al. 1997; Dibo & Brasch 2001; Ruiz Oropeza et al. 2011). In addition, there is also a confirmed case of allergic contact dermatitis of the foot resulting from exposure to DDAC that was present in a shoe refresher spray (Mowitz & Ponten 2015). There has also been one case of immediate allergy reported in an individual in catering school who was exposed to Didecyldimethylammonium chloridein a cleaning product. This individual suffered from urticaria, facial angioedema and dyspnea within 10 min of exposure. A 20-min open epicutaneous test with the diluted cleaning product and Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideconfirmed immediate-type hypersensitivity (Houtappel et al. 2008). All symptoms in the individuals resolved when exposure to Didecyldimethylammonium chloridewas eliminated.
While these studies suggest a role for QACs and Didecyldimethylammonium chloride (DDMAC) in allergic disease, the exact mechanism of action for sensitization to these compounds remains to be investigated and explained. Due to the high potential for human exposure, epidemiological studies suggesting an association with allergic disease and the lack of dermal toxicological data, this study was performed to evaluate the irritancy and skin sensitization potential of Didecyldimethylammonium chlorideusing a murine model in an effort to assess its role in the development of allergic disease.
Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride (DDAC) is an antiseptic/ disinfectant that is used in many biocidal applications.
It is a broad spectrum bactericide, used as disinfectant cleaner for its enhanced surfactancy for linen, recommended for use in hospitals, hotels and industries. It is also used in gynaecology, surgery, ophthalmology, pediatrics, OT, and for the sterilization of surgical instruments, endoscopes and surface disinfection.
Didecyldimethylammonium chloride is a fourth generation quaternary ammonium compound which belongs to the group of cationic surfactants.They break the intermolecular bond and cause disruption of lipid bi-layer. This product have several biocidal applications. In addition to these applications, sometimes Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride , is used as plants strenghtners. Didecyldimethylammonium chloride is used for surface disinfection such as floor, walls, tables, equipments etc. and also for water disinfection in various applications through out food and beverage, dairy, poultry, pharmaceutical industries and institutions.
Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride , is a typical quaternary ammonium biocide for indoor and outdoor hard surfaces, utensils, laundry, carpets, swimming pools, decorative ponds, re-circulating cooling water systems, etc. Inhalation exposure to Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride , is also estimated to be relatively low for various occupational handlers such as in agricultural premises and equipment, food handling/storage premises and equipment, and commercial, institutional and industrial premises and equipment. It is added directly to water to suppress microorganisms; the application rate of Didecyldimethylammonium Chloride, varies according to its usage, i.e., approximately 2 ppm for swimming pools, compared with 2,400 ppm for hospitals, health care facilities, and athletic/recreational facilities.
