Quick Search
Denatonium Benzoate is used in nail-biting and thumb-sucking deterrent solutions.
Denatonium Benzoate is incorporated into antifreeze and windshield washer fluids.
Denatonium Benzoate is applied in pesticides and rodenticides to discourage ingestion.
CAS Number: 3734-33-6
EC Number: 223-095-2
MDL number: MFCD00031578
Molecular Formula: C21H29N2O.C7H5O2 / C28H34N2O3
Molecular Weight: 446.58 g/mol
SYNONYMS:
Bitrex, phenylmethyl-[2- [(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]- 2-oxoetil]-diethylammonium benzoate, Aversion, Denatonii benzoas, N-(2-((2,6-Dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethylbenzeneme- thanaminium benzoate, Benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)ammonium benzoate, benzyl-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbamoylmethyl]-diethyl-azanium, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009106, ((2,6-Xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)diethyl benzyl ammonium benzoate, Benzoato de denatonio, Benzoate de denatonium, Anispray, Lidocaine benzyl benzoate, Benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate, Benzenemethan-aminium, n-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxo-ethyl)-n,n-diethyl-, benzoate, benzyl-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbamoylmethyl]-diethyl-azanium benzoate, Ammonium, benzyldiethyl[ (2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]-, benzoate, Bitter+Plus, DENATONIUM BENZOATE, BITREX, denatonium, ,benzoate, REJEXIT (R), Bitrex? Denatonium Benzoate, Acetylthio-2-Methylpro-Panoyl Chloride, benzyldiethyl (2,6-xylylcarbamoylmethyl)-ammonium, Vilex, ths-839, Benzenemethanaminium, N-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl) amino) -2-oxoethyl)-N, N-diethyl-, benzoate, Benzyldiethyl((2,6- xylylcarbamoyl) methyl) ammonium benzoate, Lidocaine benzyl benzoate, ammonium, benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)-, benzoate, benzenemethanaminium, N-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate, benzenemethanaminium, N-[2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate, benzenemethanaminium, N-[2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate (1:1), benzyl diethyl (2,6-xylyl carbamoyl methyl) ammonium benzoate, benzyl-[(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoyl)methyl]diethylammonium benzoate, benzyl-[2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-diethylazanium benzoate, N-benzyl-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethanaminium benzoate, benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)ammonium benzoate, benzyldiethyl(2,6-xylyl- carbamoyl- methyl)- ammonium benzoate, benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate, bitrex, denatoniumbenzoate, N,N-diethyl-N-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl- carbamoyl)- methyl]- benzyl- ammonium benzoate, N-(2-((2,6-dimethyl phenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethyl benzene methanaminium benzoate, N-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethylbenzeneme- thanaminium benzoate, ((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)diethyl benzyl ammonium benzoate, phenylmethyl-[2- [(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]- 2-oxoetil]-diethylammonium benzoate, Aversion, Denatonii benzoas, N-(2-((2,6-Dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethylbenzeneme- thanaminium benzoate, Benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)ammonium benzoate, benzyl-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbamoylmethyl]-diethyl-azanium, ((2,6-Xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)diethyl benzyl ammonium benzoate, Anispray, Lidocaine benzyl benzoate, Benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate, Benzenemethan-aminium, n-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxo-ethyl)-n,n-diethyl-, benzoate, benzyl-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbamoylmethyl]-diethyl-azanium benzoate, Ammonium, benzyldiethyl[ (2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]-, benzoate, N-Benzyl-2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethan-1-aminium benzoate, N-Benzyl-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethan-1-aminium benzoate, DENATONIUM BENZOATE, 3734-33-6, Bitrex, Lidocaine benzyl benzoate, Aversion, Denatonium (benzoate), Anispray, THS-839, Denatonium benzoate anhydrous, Benzoato de denatonio, Benzoate de denatonium, Denatonii benzoas, Caswell No. 083BB, WIN 16568, Denatonii benzoas [INN-Latin], Lignocaine benzyl benzoate, UNII-M5BA6GAF1O, M5BA6GAF1O, EINECS 223-095-2, Benzoate de denatonium [INN-French], Benzoato de denatonio [INN-Spanish], Denatonium benzoate [USAN:INN], MFCD00031578, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009106, NSC 157658, DTXSID8034376, NSC-157658, ECX-95BY, Benzenemethanaminium, N-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate, Benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)ammonium benzoate, 3734-33-6 (benzoate), DENATONIUM BENZOATE [MI], DTXCID6014376, DENATONIUM BENZOATE [INN], UNII-4YK5Z54AT2, DENATONIUM BENZOATE [WHO-DD], NSC157658, WIN-16568, LIDOCAINE BENZYL BENZOATE HYDRATE, Benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate, NCGC00017043-02, Ammonium, benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)-, benzoate, CAS-3734-33-6, Gori, Bitrex (TN), Benzenemethanaminium,N-[2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate, Benzenemethanaminium, N-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate (1:1), Denatonii benzoas (INN-Latin), Denatonium benzoate (NF), Benzoate de denatonium (INN-French), Benzoato de denatonio (INN-Spanish), Benzenemethanaminium, N-[2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate, DENATONIUM BENZOATE (II), DENATONIUM BENZOATE [II], N-(2-((2,6-DIMETHYLPHENYL)AMINO)-2-OXOETHYL)-N,N-DIETHYLBENZENEMETHANAMINIUM BENZOATE, N-benzyl-2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethan-1-aminium benzoate, DTXSID50235522, DENATONIUM BENZOATE [USAN], DENATONIUM BENZOATE [VANDF], DENATONIUM BENZOATE (MART.), DENATONIUM BENZOATE [MART.], DENATONIUM BENZOATE (USP-RS), DENATONIUM BENZOATE [USP-RS], Denatonium benzoate [USAN:INN:BAN], Denatonium benzoate granules, Benzenemethanaminium, N-[2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate (1:1), N-Benzyl-2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethanaminium benzoate, Benzoato di denatonio, ARBINOL B, BENZENEMETHANAMINIUM, N-(2-((2,6-DIMETHYLPHENYL)AMINO)-2-OXOETHYL)-N,N-DIETHYL-, BENZOATE, HYDRATE (1:1:1), SCHEMBL49511, MLS002154073, Denatonium benzoate, >=98%, THS839, Benzyldiethyl(2,6-xylylcarbamoylmethyl)ammonium benzoate, CHEMBL1371493, DTXCID80158013, ((2,6-Xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)diethyl benzyl ammonium benzoate, DENATONIUM BENZOATE [INCI], HMS1571A03, HMS2093L12, HMS2098A03, HMS2233O05, HMS3373C04, HMS3715A03, Pharmakon1600-01505987, HY-B1146, Tox21_110754, Tox21_301587, Denatonium Benzoate, Denatonium, Bitrex®, Bitrex, Denatonium Benzoate, Denatonium Benzenecarboxylate, Denatonium Salt, Benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium Benzoate, Aversion Agent, Bittering Agent, N-Benzyl-2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethan-1-aminium benzoate, N-Benzyl-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethan-1-aminium benzoate, Denatonium, 47324-98-1, 4IK22DF4OU, benzyl-[2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-diethylazanium, DTXSID9043770, BENZYLDIETHYL((2,6-XYLYLCARBAMOYL)METHYL)AMMONIUM, BENZENEMETHANAMINIUM, N-(2-((2,6-DIMETHYLPHENYL)AMINO)-2-OXOETHYL)-N,N-DIETHYL, benzyl-(2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2-oxoethyl)-diethylazanium, RefChem:919844, DTXCID7023770, UNII-4IK22DF4OU, N-Benzyl-2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethan-1-aminium, SPBio_002882, WK3, Prestwick1_000961, Prestwick2_000961, Prestwick3_000961, DENATONIUM [VANDF], DENATONIUM [WHO-DD], BSPBio_000961, SCHEMBL155674, BPBio1_001059, CHEMBL1738972, CHEBI:95255, GTPL12433, ZFQMTVNLDNXRNQ-UHFFFAOYSA-, NCGC00017043-03, SBI-0206878.P001, AB00444483, NS00006955, AB00444483_07, SR-01000944429, SR-01000944429-1, BRD-K34122555-057-06-5, BRD-K34122555-057-11-5, Q27167097, [2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-diethyl-(phenylmethyl)azanium benzoat, InChI=1/C21H28N2O/c1-5-23(6-2,15-19-13-8-7-9-14-19)16-20(24)22-21-17(3)11-10-12-18(21)4/h7-14H,5-6,15-16H2,1-4H3/p+1, N,N-Diethyl-N-[(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoyl)methyl]benzylammonium benzoate, Benzyldiethyl(2,6-xylylcarbamoylmethyl)ammonium benzoate, THS 839, ammonium, benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)-, benzoate, benzenemethanaminium, N-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate, benzenemethanaminium, N-[2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate, benzenemethanaminium, N-[2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate (1:1), benzyl diethyl (2,6-xylyl carbamoyl methyl) ammonium benzoate, benzyl-[(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoyl)methyl]diethylammonium benzoate, benzyl-[2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-diethylazanium benzoate, N- benzyl-2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethanaminium benzoate, benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)ammonium benzoate, benzyldiethyl(2,6-xylyl- carbamoyl- methyl)- ammonium benzoate, benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate, bitrex, denatoniumbenzoate, N,N- diethyl-N-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl- carbamoyl)- methyl]- benzyl- ammonium benzoate, N-(2-((2,6- dimethyl phenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethyl benzene methanaminium benzoate, N-(2-((2,6- dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethylbenzeneme- thanaminium benzoate, ((2,6- xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)diethyl benzyl ammonium benzoate, benzyldiethyl-[2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium, Benzyldiethyl(2,6-xylylcarbamoylmethyl)ammonium benzoate, N,N-Diethyl-N-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl-carbamoyl)methyl]benzylammonium benzoate
Denatonium Benzoate is a highly effective bittering agent used to deter ingestion of toxic products by imparting an extremely bitter taste.
Denatonium Benzoate is commonly added to products such as antifreeze, detergents, floor cleaners, paint strippers, and toilet cleaners for safety purposes.
Denatonium benzoate is a long-lasting deer repellent.
Denatonium Benzoate is known as the most bitter compound used in pharmaceutical and industrial products.
Denatonium Benzoate is not used for treating any medical condition but rather serves as a safety additive.
Denatonium Benzoate is a white, colorless crystalline ingredient and is one of the most bitter substances known.
Denatonium Benzoate has a bitterness threshold of 0.05 ppm.
Denatonium Benzoate, also known as denatonium saccharide, is a bitter chemical compound used to denature ethanol so it is not considered an alcoholic beverage and in clinical trials to replicate the bitter taste of some medications.
Denatonium benzoate, widely recognized as one of the most bitter substances known, serves as an effective aversive agent in various applications.
Denatonium Benzoate is primarily utilized in consumer products to deter ingestion, making it invaluable in industries such as pharmaceuticals, household cleaners, and industrial chemicals.
Its unique properties allow Denatonium Benzoate to be incorporated into products like antifreeze, nail-biting deterrents, and even pet food to prevent accidental consumption.
With its proven track record and versatility, denatonium benzoate stands out as a crucial component in promoting safety across various sectors.
Denatonium Benzoate is a palm oil-free bittering agent added to prevent accidental ingestion of cosmetic products.
Denatonium Benzoate possesses an extremely bitter and unpleasant taste, therefore providing maximum security to the customer.
Denatonium Benzoate has a shelf life of upto 5 years.
One of the most popular products on the market used for a bitterant, Denatonium Benzoate is a staple additive for applications to deter from consumption of potential dangerous chemicals.
As one of the most bitter compounds in existence Denatonium Benzoate is an excellent option for bitterant applications.
Denatonium Benzoate acts as H1 antihistamine.
In addition to this, Denatonium Benzoate is used as a disinfectant.
Denatonium Benzoate is the most bitter chemical compound known, with a bitterness threshold of 0.05 ppm.
The name Denatonium Benzoate reflects the substance’s primary use as a denaturant and its chemical nature as a cation, hence the Latin suffix -onium.
The bitterness of the compound guides most applications of Denatonium Benzoate.
One designation in particular, SD-40B, indicates that ethanol has been denatured using Denatonium Benzoate benzoate.
Denatonium Benzoate is commonly included in placebos used in clinical trials to mimic the bitter taste of certain medications.
Denatonium Benzoate benzoate is an ingredient in certain nail polishes and varnishes designed to discourage nail biting, as the bitter Denatonium Benzoate serves as an aversive.
Denatonium Benzoate also discourages consumption of poisonous alcohols such as methanol and additives such as ethylene glycol.
Denatonium Benzoate is also added to many kinds of harmful liquids, including solvents (such as nail polish remover), paints, varnishes, toiletries and other personal care items, and various other household products.
Denatonium Benzoate is also added to less hazardous aerosol products (such as gas dusters) to discourage inhalant abuse of the volatile vapors.
In 1995, the U.S. state of Oregon required that Denatonium Benzoate benzoate be added to products containing sweet-tasting ethylene glycol and methanol such as antifreeze and windshield washer fluid to prevent poisonings of children and animals.
In December 2012, U.S. manufacturers voluntarily agreed to add Denatonium Benzoate benzoate to antifreeze sold nationwide.
Denatonium Benzoate and capsicum oleoresin (CO) mixed with polyvinyl chloride (PVC) matrix can also be used to prepare rodent-proof polymer composites.
Denatonium Benzoate has anti-chewing, surface morphology, thermomechanical and rheological properties, and good rodent-proofing effect.
Denatonium Benzoate, also known by its trade name Bittrex, holds the title of the bitterest compound known to science.
Discovered in 1958 by Macfarlan Smith, this quaternary ammonium compound has become an essential additive across various industries due to its unparalleled bitterness.
Denatonium Benzoate (C28H34N2O3) is a chemical compound renowned for its extremely bitter taste, which is detectable even at minute concentrations.
Denatonium Benzoate's primary function is to serve as an aversive agent, deterring ingestion of potentially harmful substances.
Due to its efficacy, Denatonium Benzoate is widely utilized in consumer products to enhance safety by preventing accidental consumption.
Denatonium Benzoate is a quaternary ammonium cation with a benzoate anion.
The primary characteristic of Denatonium Benzoate is its extreme bitterness.
Its detection threshold is as low as 0.05 ppm (parts per million), making Denatonium Benzoate effective even in very low concentrations.
This bitterness is primarily due to Denatonium Benzoate's interaction with bitter taste receptors on the human tongue, specifically the TAS2R family of receptors.
Denatonium Benzoate’s unparalleled bitterness makes it an invaluable compound in enhancing the safety of various products.
Denatonium Benzoate's applications range from household items to industrial products, pharmaceuticals, and animal repellents, demonstrating its versatility and importance.
Proper storage and handling are essential to maintain Denatonium Benzoate's effectiveness and ensure safety.
For professionals in the chemical field, understanding the properties and applications of Denatonium Benzoate benzoate is crucial for its optimal utilization in enhancing product safety.
Denatonium Benzoate, also known as Denatonium Benzoate saccharide, is a bitter chemical compound used to denature ethanol so it is not considered an alcoholic beverage and in clinical trials to replicate the bitter taste of some medications.
Denatonium Benzoate is a rather more convenient name than phenylmethyl-[2- [(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-diethylammonium.
Denatonium Benzoate is a quaternary ammonium cation, with two ethyl arms, one benzyl and one larger amide one, and usually comes as a benzoate - a salt of benzoic acid.
Its claim to fame is simple, unpleasant but valuable - Denatonium Benzoate is the most bitter substance yet discovered.
This unreactive, colourless, odourless compound, Denatonium Benzoate, was first produced accidentally in 1958 by Scottish pharmaceutical manufacturer T & H Smith, later Macfarlan Smith, where researchers were experimenting with variants of an anaesthetic for dentists called lignocaine.
It was soon discovered that just a few parts per million of Denatonium Benzoate were enough for this aggressively unpleasant compound to render a substance distasteful to humans.
Bitterness is one of the five basic tastes alongside sweetness, saltiness, sourness and the savoury taste umami.
Although Denatonium Benzoate is a myth that the tongue has different receptors for the tastes in specific regions of its surface, our tongues are more sensitive to some tastes than others - and bitterness is the one that grabs our attention most strongly.
Denatonium Benzoate seems likely that this is because many toxic substances stimulate the bitter taste reaction, though perversely some substances many of us like to consume - coffee, hops in beer and the quinine in tonic water, for instance - also have a bitter kick.
Denatonium Benzoate is soluble in water and alcohol; insoluble in ether
Denatonium Benzoate was discovered in 1958 by a scientist named W. Barnes, who was working for the chemical firm of T. & H. Smith, in Edinburgh, Scotland.
Barnes was interested in developing a new anesthetic, more powerful than those already available to physicians.
He decided to focus his research on lidocaine, a very popular anesthetic, and compounds chemically related to it.
In one line of his experiments, Barnes added a single benzoyl group (benzoic acid with a hydrogen removed: C6H5COO?) to a nitrogen atom in lidocaine.
The resulting compound was Denatonium Benzoate.
Although the compound had little effectiveness as an anesthetic, Barnes noted that Denatonium Benzoate had a peculiar odor and taste.
Denatonium Benzoate has many other applications.
For example, Denatonium Benzoate can be used in a dilute solution to brush on the fingernails of people who are compulsive fingernail-biters.
Some parents use a similar solution on the thumbs of children who suck their thumbs more than they should.
Denatonium Benzoate is also used as an animal repellent.
Products containing Denatonium Benzoate can be sprayed on trees, brushes, crops, and other material to prevent deer from grazing on those products.
One of Denatonium Benzoate's first applications was as a treatment on pig's tails to prevent pigs from biting each other.
The coatings on electric cables are sometimes impregnated with a Denatonium Benzoate solution to discourage rats from chewing on them.
Despite its bitter taste, Denatonium Benzoate appears to pose little or no hazard to human health.
Denatonium Benzoate is a bittering agent.
Denatonium Benzoate is considered the bitterest chemical compound with a range of uses in the manufacture of cleaners, automotive supplies as well as health and beauty items.
Commercially, this compound is available as a white crystalline powder, but Denatonium Benzoate granules or solutions are also available.
Bitterants such as Denatonium Benzoate are useful as aversive additives to prevent accidental ingestion of hazardous automotive compounds.
In Europe and in some U.S. states, addition of Denatonium Benzoate is required in ethylene glycol or anti-freeze and windshield washer fluids.
Common household products such as window cleaners, disinfectants, laundry detergent and insecticide include a certain amount of Denatonium Benzoate to discourage consumption by mouth.
Denatonium Benzoate is generally regarded as having the most bitter taste of any compound known to science.
Although Denatonium Benzoate has a powerful taste, it is colorless and odorless.
The taste is so strong, however, that most people cannot tolerate a concentration of more than 30 parts per million of Denatonium Benzoate.
Solutions of Denatonium Benzoate in alcohol or water are very stable and retain their bitter taste for many years.
Exposure to light does not lessen the compound's bitter taste.
Denatonium Benzoate is an organic ion and one of the bitterest chemical compounds known, with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for the benzoate and 0.01 ppm for the saccharinate.
Denatonium Benzoate was discovered in 1958 during research on local anesthetics by T. & H. Smith of Edinburgh, Scotland, and registered under the trademark Bitrex.
Dilutions of as little as 10 ppm are unbearably bitter to most people.
Denatonium Benzoate salts are usually colorless and odorless solids, but are often traded as solutions.
They are used as aversive agents (bitterants) to prevent inappropriate ingestion.
The name Denatonium Benzoate reflects the substance's primary use as a denaturant and its chemical nature as a cation, hence -onium as a Neo-Latin suffix.
Denatonium Benzoate is recognized not only by human bitter taste receptors, but also by taste receptors from cartilaginous fishes (sharks and rays) in vitro, which diverged from humans about 462 million years ago and belongs to a different branch of the jawed vertebrates.
[2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-diethyl-(phenylmethyl)ammonium is an amino acid amide.
Denatonium Benzoate, chemically known as benzyldiethyl (2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)-methyl-ammoniumbenzoate, is a quaternary ammonium compound.
Denatonium Benzoate is a white, odorless solid that is almost insoluble in water, soluble in ethanol, and insoluble in ether.
Denatonium Benzoate is the most bitter substance known to man, and its taste is still detectable when diluted to 1 part in 20 million parts of water.
Denatonium Benzoate was used as an effective denaturant in the early days and is the first choice for denaturing ethanol used in toiletries, rubbing alcohol, and some skin disinfectants.
In addition, Denatonium Benzoate can also be used as pesticides, coatings, polymer composites, and biochemical reagents.
USES and APPLICATIONS of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
Uses of Denatonium Benzoate: Antifreeze, Biocides, Bitterant, Body Wash, Coolant, Fragrances, Nail Polish, Pesticides, Skin Care, Windshield Washer Fluid, Rodent Bait, Pesticides, Adhesives & Cements, Denaturant, Disinfectant, Fuel, Hand Sanitizers, I & I Cleaners, Masking Agent, Moisturizing Creams and Lotions, Nail Polish Remover, Sanitizer, Shower Gels.
Denatonium Benzoate is added to household cleaners to prevent accidental swallowing
Denatonium Benzoate is used in nail-biting and thumb-sucking deterrent solutions
Denatonium Benzoate is incorporated into antifreeze and windshield washer fluids
Denatonium Benzoate is applied in pesticides and rodenticides to discourage ingestion
Denatonium Benzoate is used in topical medications to deter accidental licking or swallowing.
Commonly added to household products, personal care items, and medications, Denatonium Benzoate helps prevent accidental ingestion due to its intensely bitter taste.
Common product applications for Denatonium Benzoate include: Automotive products – Engine coolants and windshield washer fluid, Denatured alcohol and other solvents, Detergents, cleaners, and sanitizers, Household products such as candles and fragrances, Pest control products and repellants.
Denatonium Benzoate is commonly used as a denaturant for alcohols and gasohol, tallow, rancid oils, etc.
Denatonium Benzoate can also be used in nail polish to fight against nail biting.
Denatonium Benzoate finds application in skin care, hair care (shampoos), makeup and toiletries.
Denatonium Benzoate is used in the formulation of liquid soaps and shampoos.
Denatonium Benzoate is applied to electrical wires and Industrial materials to protect from deterring animals and rodents.
Denatonium Benzoate is used in various industrial products, such as coatings and adhesives, to enhance safety by discouraging misuse or accidental ingestion of harmful substances.
Denatonium Benzoate is useful as an aversive additive to prevent accidental ingestion.
Denatonium Benzoate is added to placebos in clinical trials to mimic the bitter taste of certain medications.
Denatonium Benzoate is used in the formulation of liquid soaps and shampoos.
Denatonium Benzoate is applied to electrical wires and Industrial materials to protect from deterring animals and rodents.
Denatonium Benzoate is used in various industrial products, such as coatings and adhesives, to enhance safety by discouraging misuse or accidental ingestion of harmful substances.
The bitterness of the compound guides most applications of Denatonium Benzoate.
Denatonium Benzoate (Bitrex) has been used in the United States for over 20 years as an alcohol denaturant.
Denatonium Benzoate is added to many kinds of household and industrial products including cleaning agents, antifreeze, and other chemicals that can be harmful if ingested, to prevent accidental swallowing or choking by children.
Denatonium Benzoate is used in the production of certain personal care products such as nail polish remover, hair tonics, and other similar products to deter ingestion.
Denatonium Benzoate is also used in clinical trials in placebos to mimic the bitter taste of certain medications.
Additionally, Denatonium Benzoate is used in research as an aversive stimulus for animal studies, as it is harmless to the subjects, but extremely unpleasant.
One of the first and most important uses of Denatonium Benzoate was as an additive to methanol (methyl alcohol; wood alcohol).
Although ethanol (ethyl alcohol; grain alcohol) has some harmful effects on humans, especially if taken in excess, Denatonium Benzoate is relatively safe to drink in beer, wine, and other alcoholic drinks.
By contrast, methanol is highly toxic.
Anyone who accidentally or intentionally consumes methanol is likely to experience serious health effects, including death.
By adding a small amount of Denatonium Benzoate to methanol, consumers are discouraged—and usually prevented—from drinking the substance.
Denatonium Benzoate can be added to paints.
Paints containing DB can be used as topcoats for toxic (i.e., lead) paints, and its bitter taste can prevent the ingestion of toxic paints.
In the biological field, Denatonium Benzoate is an agonist of bitter taste receptors (TAS2Rs).
TAS2Rs can be detected in many non-sensory tissues.
Studies have shown that Denatonium Benzoate has anti-inflammatory and anti-hyperalgesic effects in carrageenan-induced exudative inflammation and hyperalgesia models.
This activity may be related to the reduction of PGE2 levels.
In addition, DB is also a potent potentiator of glucose-independent islet hormone secretion.
Denatonium Benzoate (0.5-1 mM) enhanced insulin secretion at both 2.8 mM and 16.7 mM glucose.
This effect was no longer present at 5 mM Denatonium Benzoate, possibly due to higher levels of apoptosis.
Denatonium Benzoate-stimulated insulin secretion involves closure of KATP channels, activation of T2R signaling in β cells, and release of glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) in islets.
Denatonium Benzoate also enhanced the secretion of glucagon and somatostatin, but the mechanism of action is unclear.
Denatonium Benzoate is used in some animal repellents (especially for such large mammals as deer).
Denatonium Benzoate has been used to safeguard rat poisons from human consumption, as human taste is more sensitive to the compound.
Nintendo Switch and Nintendo Switch 2 game cartridges are coated in Denatonium Benzoate benzoate to prevent young children from consuming them, intentionally or not.
Lithium button cells, which can cause severe internal injuries if swallowed, are sometimes coated with Denatonium Benzoate benzoate to discourage small children from swallowing them.
Denatonium Benzoate benzoate is used to denature ethanol so that it is not treated as an alcoholic beverage with respect to taxation and sales restrictions.
Denatonium Benzoate is widely used as a bittering agent in household, industrial, agricultural, automotive, pharmaceutical, and laboratory products.
Denatonium Benzoate's primary function is to discourage accidental swallowing rather than to provide any chemical or therapeutic effect.
Denatonium Benzoate is commonly added to antifreeze and engine coolants to reduce accidental ingestion by children and animals.
Household cleaning products, disinfectants, detergents, drain cleaners, toilet bowl cleaners, furniture polishes, and industrial maintenance chemicals frequently contain Denatonium Benzoate to increase product safety.
Denatonium Benzoate is also incorporated into pesticides, herbicides, fungicides, fertilizers, rodenticides, and other agricultural formulations where accidental exposure is a concern.
Denatonium Benzoate is applied on surfaces of toys as a bittering agent to prevent substantial consumption of hazardous materials.
Denatonium Benzoate is also applied on outdoor cables and wires to discourage rodents from chewing on parts and equipment.
Denatonium Benzoate is an aversive agent added to various pesticides, plant food sticks and rodenticides to suppress swallowing especially when young children come in contact with these poisonous substances.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Denatonium Benzoate is used in topical preparations, nail-biting deterrent products, veterinary medicines, and certain over-the-counter products requiring taste aversion.
Cosmetic formulations such as nail polish, hand sanitizers, lotions, and personal care products may also contain Denatonium Benzoate to discourage ingestion or nail biting.
Denatonium Benzoate is used in denatured alcohol, antifreeze, preventive nail biting preparations, respirator mask fit-testing, animal repellents, liquid soaps, shampoos, and Nintendo Switch game cards to prevent accidental swallowing or choking by children.
Industrial applications of Denatonium Benzoate include paints, coatings, inks, adhesives, solvents, laboratory reagents, chemical intermediates, lubricants, fuels, alcohol denaturants, aerosol products, and specialty chemical formulations.
Denatonium Benzoate is additionally used in educational laboratories, research facilities, manufacturing plants, and quality control environments where hazardous chemicals require an added level of consumer protection.
In industrial settings, Denatonium Benzoate is used to enhance safety:
Paints and Solvents: Denatonium Benzoate is added to paints, varnishes, and solvents to discourage inhalation and ingestion.
Pesticides and Rodenticides: Denatonium Benzoate is used to deter human ingestion of these toxic substances.
Medical and Pharmaceutical Uses of Denatonium Benzoate: In the pharmaceutical industry, Denatonium Benzoate benzoate is employed to prevent the misuse of medications:
Topical Medications: Denatonium Benzoate is included in topical applications to prevent oral consumption.
Oral Medications: Denatonium Benzoate is occasionally used in bitter coatings for tablets to discourage intentional overdose.
By far, the most common use of Denatonium Benzoate is to denature alcohol, making it unfit for human consumption and exempt from tariffs that normally apply to alcohol.
In livestock farming, Denatonium Benzoate is used to prevent cannibalism in pigs and aspiration mastitis in cattle.
Denatonium Benzoate acts as a repellant when applied to young shoots, branches and other surfaces to discourage nibbling by animals, thereby preventing damage to property.
Denatonium Benzoate is sometimes added to household products to make them taste extremely bitter.
If you accidentally eat or drink such a product, the bitter taste will make you want to spit Denatonium Benzoate out as a reflex.
-Animal Repellents use of Denatonium Benzoate:
Denatonium Benzoate is also effective as an animal repellent:
*Gardening Products:
Denatonium Benzoate is used in garden sprays and granules to deter animals from damaging plants.
*Veterinary Applications of Denatonium Benzoate:
Incorporated in products to prevent animals from licking or chewing on bandages and wounds.
-Some of the other applications in which Denatonium Benzoate has been used include the following:
In liquid laundry detergents;
In fabric conditioners;
In toilet cleaners;
In disinfectants;
In household antiseptics;
In kitchen, bathroom, and floor cleaners;
In paint products and paint brush cleaners;
In personal care products, including bath foam, soaps, perfume and after shave lotions, nail polish remover, shampoo, and shower gel;
In pesticides, such as insecticides, rodenticides, slug bait, and ant bait;
In herbicides;
In a wide variety of automotive care products, such as antifreezes, coolants, and car cleaning materials.
In all of these cases, the purpose of adding Denatonium Benzoate is to change the taste of the product just enough to prevent someone, especially children, from eating a substance that could cause them harm.
-Household Products use of Denatonium Benzoate:
Denatonium Benzoate benzoate is commonly added to household products to prevent accidental ingestion.
These include:
Cleaning Agents:
Denatonium Benzoate is added to detergents, disinfectants, and other cleaning supplies.
Automotive Fluids:
Denatonium Benzoate is included in antifreeze, windshield washer fluid, and other automotive products to deter ingestion by animals and children.
Cosmetics and Personal Care:
Denatonium Benzoate is used in nail-biting deterrent formulations and some cosmetics to prevent inadvertent swallowing.
SYNTHESIS of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
Denatonium Benzoate is synthesized by quaternization of lidocaine using a suitable organochloride.
The resulting intermediate is reacted with a metal hydroxide and neutralized with benzoic acid to form the quaternary ammonium salt denatonium benzoate.
ADVANTAGES of DENATONIUM BENZOATE IN BITTERANT APPLICATIONS:
Denatonium benzoate is extremely bitter at low concentrations with a taste threshold of 0.05 ppm.
Solutions of 10 ppm denatonium benzoate are intolerably bitter to most people.
KEY PROPERTIES OF DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
Denatonium benzoate is a odorless and colorless crystalline solid with an extremely bitter taste that is most commonly used in solutions.
Denatonium benzoate is a quaternary ammonium salt with a molecular weight of 446.58 g/mol and a molecular formula C28H34N2O3.
Denatonium benzoate is soluble in alcohols, glycols, and water.
Denatonium Benzoate has a melting point of 163 – 171°C.
Denatonium benzoate is bitter due to its interaction with bitter taste receptors.
Denatonium benzoate reacts with bitter taste receptors at very low concentrations to activate a bitter taste response.
FUNCTION(S) of DENATONIUM BENZOATE IN COSMETIC PRODUCTS:
DENATURANT
Denatonium Benzoate makes cosmetic ingredients and products unpalatable (eg alcohol due to bitter substances)
FRAGRANCE FUNCTIONAL
Functional ingredient (excipient) of perfume oils and / or flavours
HOW DENATONIUM BENZOATE WORKS?
Denatonium Benzoate works by triggering the bitter taste receptors on the tongue.
Even at very low concentrations, Denatonium Benzoate produces an extremely unpleasant taste, which discourages ingestion of the product it is mixed into.
Denatonium Benzoate does not have pharmacological effects but serves as a preventive measure.
BENEFITS OF DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
Highly effective at preventing accidental ingestion
Denatonium Benzoate works at extremely low concentrations
Safe and non-toxic when used correctly
Useful in household, industrial, and pharmaceutical products
Denatonium Benzoate reduces the risk of poisoning in children and pets
HOW TO TAKE DENATONIUM BENZOATE?
Denatonium Benzoate is not a medication meant to be ingested.
Denatonium Benzoate is used as an ingredient in products.
For external use products like nail-biting solutions, apply a small amount to the fingernails as directed.
Always follow the product's label instructions or consult with a healthcare provider for safe usage.
Denatonium benzoate is one of the most bitter substances known.
Just a few parts per million will make a product so bitter that children and pets will not be able to swallow it.
Denatonium benzoate is bitter at 1 to 10 ppm and most products will become undrinkable at 30 to 100 ppm.
Denatonium benzoate is also stable and inert.
In addition, so little is needed that the properties of Denatonium Benzoate remain unchanged.
SOLUBILITY of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
Denatonium Benzoate is soluble in isopropyl alcohol, methanol.
Denatonium Benzoate is slightly soluble in acetone.
Denatonium Benzoate is insoluble in ether.
NOTES of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
Denatonium Benzoate is incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
Denatonium Benzoate has moisture sensitive.
BENEFITS of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
Denatonium Benzoate provides one of the most effective methods of discouraging accidental ingestion of hazardous products by children, adults, and animals.
Because humans can detect its bitterness at extremely low concentrations, only very small quantities are required, making Denatonium Benzoate highly economical for manufacturers.
Denatonium Benzoate helps reduce accidental poisonings while maintaining the original physical and chemical characteristics of the formulation.
Another important advantage is its broad compatibility with water-based and solvent-based systems, allowing manufacturers to incorporate Denatonium Benzoate into cleaners, detergents, automotive chemicals, paints, coatings, pesticides, antifreeze, cosmetics, pharmaceutical products, laboratory reagents, and industrial chemicals without major formulation changes.
Denatonium Benzoate also contributes to regulatory compliance in many markets where bittering agents are recommended or required for potentially hazardous consumer products.
PROPERTIES of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
World's most bitter known chemical compound.
Effective at extremely low concentrations.
High bitterness threshold sensitivity.
Strong aversive sensory response.
Water soluble.
Excellent compatibility with aqueous formulations.
Stable under normal storage conditions.
Low volatility.
Odorless.
Colorless in dilute solutions.
Effective in trace amounts.
Chemically stable.
Compatible with many industrial formulations.
Good thermal stability.
Good shelf stability.
Low application dosage.
Suitable for water-based systems.
Suitable for alcohol-based formulations.
Non-corrosive to most packaging materials.
Effective over a broad pH range.
Excellent formulation compatibility.
Highly detectable by taste.
Persistent bitter taste.
Denatonium Benzoate does not significantly alter product appearance.
Effective in preventing accidental ingestion.
MAIN COMPONENTS of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
Denatonium Benzoate consists of two main components:
Denatonium Benzoate Ion:
The active cation responsible for the compound's bitterness.
Benzoate Ion:
The counter-anion that stabilizes the Denatonium Benzoate ion in its salt form.
The synthesis of Denatonium Benzoate benzoate typically involves the quaternization of lidocaine or procaine derivatives with benzyl chloride, followed by the reaction with sodium benzoate to form the final product.
CHARACTERISTICS of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
Denatonium Benzoate is an exceptionally potent bittering compound developed specifically to reduce the risk of accidental poisoning and product misuse.
Because of Denatonium Benzoate's extremely intense bitterness, only minute concentrations are required to produce a strong aversive taste without significantly affecting the physical properties of the finished product.
Denatonium Benzoate is highly soluble in water and many polar solvents, allowing easy incorporation into liquid formulations, gels, coatings, cleaners, and other industrial products.
Denatonium Benzoate exhibits excellent chemical stability under normal storage conditions and remains effective over long periods when properly formulated.
Denatonium Benzoate is compatible with numerous surfactants, polymers, dyes, preservatives, and additives used in household, industrial, automotive, agricultural, and pharmaceutical formulations.
Since Denatonium Benzoate has virtually no odor and contributes little color, it does not interfere with the appearance or fragrance of finished products.
HOW DENATONIUM BENZOATE IS MADE?
The process by which Denatonium Benzoate is made is a proprietary secret of the Macfarlan Smith corporation.
A proprietary secret is a method of making a product for which a company holds a patent and the details of which Denatonium Benzoate does not disclose to the general public.
BIOCHEMISTRY of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
Denatonium Benzoate in humans is recognized by eight distinct bitter taste receptors: TAS2R4, TAS2R8, TAS2R10, TAS2R39, TAS2R43, TAS2R16, TAS2R46, and TAS2R47, being by far the most sensitive to the compound.
Denatonium Benzoate can act as a bronchodilator by activating bitter taste receptors in the airway smooth muscle.
STRUCTURE, SYNTHESIS, AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
Denatonium Benzoate is a quaternary ammonium cation.
Denatonium Benzoate is composed as a salt with any of several anions, such as benzoate or saccharinate.
Denatonium Benzoate can be obtained by the quaternization of lidocaine, a popular anesthetic, with benzyl chloride or a similar reagent.
To obtain other salts, like the benzoate, the formed Denatonium Benzoate chloride is subjected to an anion exchange reaction with sodium benzoate, or first sodium hydroxide to make Denatonium Benzoate hydroxide followed by neutralization with benzoic acid.
Other similar compounds are procaine and benzocaine.
INTERESTING FACTS of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
The claim that Denatonium Benzoate is the most bitter tasting chemical known is based not on scientific tests but on human taste tests alone.
No automated test exists for determining the bitterness of a substance.
HISTORY of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
According to Chemistry World, Denatonium Benzoate was an accidental formulation by researchers at T & H Smith, a Scottish pharmaceutical firm that was the precursor for Macfarlan Smith Ltd.
In 1958, staff at the laboratory was working with lignocaine, a dental anesthetic, when they discovered the extreme bitterness of Denatonium Benzoate in powder form.
Due to the extreme taste, Denatonium Benzoate was used as an aversive agent.
BIOCHEMICAL STRUCTURE of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
The chemical database PubChem assigned a chemical identification number or CID of 19518 to Denatonium Benzoate.
Denatonium Benzoate has a chemical weight of 446.58116 g/mol and a molecular formula of C28 H34N2O3.
Denatonium Benzoate is a compound of salt with an inert anion such as benzoate or saccharide.
Denatonium Benzoate's structure is similar to lidocaine and is closely related to Novocain and benzocaine.
Denatonium Benzoate is odorless, colorless and non-reactive, making it a suitable additive that does not interfere with the primary purpose of the base compound.
HOW DENATONIUM BENZOATE WORKS?
Humans can typically sense sweet, sour, salty, savory and bitter-tasting stuff.
Of these flavors, bitter-tasting chemicals elicit the most reaction.
Sensitivity to bitter flavors depends on genetics: The TAS2R38 gene determines a person’s ability to detect the bitterness associated with substances such as quinine, which is an ingredient in tonic water.
It is also the standard for this type of bitter flavor.
At a concentration of 0.008 moles per cubic meter, the human tongue can detect the presence of quinine.
For Denatonium Benzoate, a concentration of 0.000008 moles per cubic meter is discernible to humans.
PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
Molar mass: 446.581
Melting point: 163 to 170 °C (325 to 338 °F; 436 to 443 K)
Appearance Form: crystalline
Color: white
Odor: odorless
Odor Threshold: No data available
pH: 6,5 - 7,5 at 30 g/l at 20 °C
Melting point/freezing point Melting point/range: 164 - 168 °C - lit.
Initial boiling point and boiling range: 180 °C (decomposition)
Flash point: 100 °C - closed cup - ISO 2719
Evaporation rate: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Vapor density: No data available
Relative density: 0,3846 g/cm3 at 26 °C
Water solubility: 45 g/l at 25 °C - (experimental)
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water log Pow: 2,06 at 25 °C - (ECHA)
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
Viscosity: No data available
Physical Properties:
Appearance: hite crystalline powder (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 168.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Flash Point: > 200.00 °F. TCC ( > 93.33 °C. )
logP (o/w): 0.085 (est)
Soluble in: water, 428.9 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
CBNumber:CB2674421
Molecular Formula:C28H34N2O3
Molecular Weight:446.58
MDL Number:MFCD00031578
MOL File:3734-33-6.mol
Melting point: 164-168 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 555.91 °C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.1256 (rough estimate)
Vapor pressure: 0 Pa at 25 °C
Refractive index: 1.5800 (estimate)
Flash point: 100 °C
Storage temp.: Inert atmosphere, Room Temperature
Solubility: Methanol: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Form: Solid
Color: White to Off-White
Odor: At 100.00%: bland
Water solubility: 42.555 g/L at 25 °C
Merck: 14,2891
BRN: 8179408
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: VWTINHYPRWEBQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 2.2 at 25 °C
CAS DataBase Reference: 3734-33-6 (CAS DataBase Reference)
EWG's Food Scores: 1
FDA UNII: M5BA6GAF1O
EPA Substance Registry System: Denatonium benzoate (3734-33-6)
Chemical formula: C28H34N2O3
Molar mass: 446.581 g/mol
Appearance: White crystalline
Melting point: 163 to 170 °C (325 to 338 °F; 436 to 443 K)
Molecular Weight: 446.6 g/mol
Hydrogen Bond Donor Count: 1
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 3
Rotatable Bond Count: 7
Exact Mass: 446.25694295 g/mol
Monoisotopic Mass: 446.25694295 g/mol
Topological Polar Surface Area: 69.2 Ų
Heavy Atom Count: 33
Formal Charge: 0
Complexity: 473
Isotope Atom Count: 0
Defined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Atom Stereocenter Count: 0
Defined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Undefined Bond Stereocenter Count: 0
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 2
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes
Appearance: White-light color powder
Melting Point: 163-170 °C
Soluble in: Water, ethanol, glycol
Appearance: White crystalline powder or granules
Physical State: Solid
Color: White to off-white
Odor: Odorless or nearly odorless
Taste: Extremely bitter (recognized as the world's most bitter compound)
Chemical Classification: Quaternary ammonium compound
Ionic Character: Cationic
Molecular Formula: C28H34N2O3
Molecular Weight: 446.58 g/mol
CAS Number: 3734-33-6
EC Number: 223-095-2
Melting Point: Approximately 163–170°C (decomposition may occur)
Boiling Point: Not applicable (decomposes before boiling)
Density: Approximately 1.1–1.2 g/cm³
Water Solubility: Highly soluble
Solubility in Ethanol: Soluble
Solubility in Methanol: Soluble
Solubility in Propylene Glycol: Soluble
Solubility in Glycols: Good
Solubility in Organic Solvents: Limited depending on solvent
pH: Slightly acidic to neutral in aqueous solution
Vapor Pressure: Negligible
Flash Point: Not applicable (non-flammable solid)
Autoignition Temperature: Not established
Explosive Properties: Not explosive
Oxidizing Properties: Not oxidizing
Hygroscopicity: Slightly hygroscopic
Thermal Stability: Stable under recommended storage conditions
UV Stability: Good under normal conditions
Volatility: Very low
Surface Activity: Minimal
Biodegradability: Limited information available
Partition Coefficient (log Kow): Low due to ionic nature
Physical state : solid
Form : crystalline
Color : white
Odor : odourless
Melting point/ range : 164 - 168 °C
Method: lit.
Boiling point/boiling range : 180 °C
Method: OECD Test Guideline 103 (decomposition)
Flammability : No data available
Upper explosion limit / Upper flammability limit : No data available
Lower explosion limit / Lower flammability limit: No data available
Flash point : 100 °C(968,9 hPa)
Method: ISO 2719, closed cup
Autoignition temperature : No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available
pH : 6,5 - 7,5 (20 °C)
Concentration: 30 g/l
Viscosity, dynamic : No data available
Viscosity, kinematic : No data available
Flow time : No data available
Solubility(ies): Water solubility : 45 g/l (25 °C) (experimental)
Partition coefficient: noctanol/water: log Pow: 2,06 (25 °C)
Method: OECD Test Guideline 117 (ECHA)
Vapor pressure : No data available
Relative density : No data available
Density : 0,3846 g/cm3 (26 °C)
Method: OECD Test Guideline 109
Relative vapour density : No data available
Explosives : Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties : none
Burning rate : No data available
Evaporation rate : No data available
Minimum ignition energy : 2 - 4 mJ
Molecular weight : 446,58 g/mol
Chemical formula: C28H34N2O3
Molar mass: 446.59 g/mol
Appearance: It appears as a white, crystalline powder.
Melting Point: The compound has a melting point of approximately 163-170°C.
Solubility: Denatonium benzoate is soluble in water and alcohol, making it versatile for various formulations.
ECHA EINECS - REACH Pre-Reg: 223-095-2
FDA UNII: M5BA6GAF1O
Beilstein Number: 8179408
MDL: MFCD00031578
Molecular Weight: 446.59058000
Formula: C28 H34 N2 O3
Appearance: white crystalline powder (est)
Assay: 95.00 to 100.00
Food Chemicals Codex Listed: No
Melting Point: 168.00 °C. @ 760.00 mm Hg
Flash Point: > 200.00 °F. TCC ( > 93.33 °C. )
logP (o/w): 0.085 (est)
Soluble in: water, 428.9 mg/L @ 25 °C (est)
CAS: 3734-33-6
IUPAC Name: benzyl({[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbamoyl]methyl})diethylazanium benzoate
Molecular Formula: C28H34N2O3
InChI Key: VWTINHYPRWEBQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: [O-]C(=O)C1=CC=CC=C1.CCN+(CC(=O)NC1=C(C)C=CC=C1C)CC1=CC=CC=C1
Molecular Weight (g/mol): 446.59
Synonym: denatonium denatonium benzoate
Chloride content: 0.2% max.
Appearance (Color): White
Form: Crystalline powder
Assay (unspecified): 99.5-101.0%
Residue on ignition: 0.1% max.
Loss on Drying: 3.0% max.
Melting Point: 163-170
Name of Product: Denatonium Benzoate (Anhydrous)
IUPAC Name: benzyl-[2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-diethylazanium;benzoate
Synonyms: DENATONIUM BENZOAT, Bitrex, Lidocaine benzyl benzoate
CAS No: 3734-33-6
Molecular Formula: C28H34N2O3
Molecular Weight: 446.6 g/mol
Pubchem CID: 19518
Pubchem SID: 463577164
Available form: Powder form, Granular form, Solution
FIRST AID MEASURES of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
-Description of first-aid measures:
*General advice:
Consult a physician.
*If inhaled:
If breathed in, move person into fresh air.
Consult a physician.
*In case of skin contact:
Wash off with soap and plenty of water.
Consult a physician.
*In case of eye contact:
Flush eyes with water as a precaution.
*If swallowed:
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person.
Rinse mouth with water.
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed:
No data available
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
-Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures:
Use personal protective equipment.
Ensure adequate ventilation.
-Environmental precautions:
Prevent further leakage or spillage if safe to do so.
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Sweep up and shovel.
Keep in suitable, closed containers for disposal.
FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
-Extinguishing media
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Use water spray, alcohol-resistant foam, dry chemical or carbon dioxide.
-Further information:
No data available
EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
-Control parameters:
*Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
*Appropriate engineering controls:
Wash hands before breaks and at the end of workday.
-Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use safety glasses.
*Skin protection:
Handle with gloves.
Wash and dry hands.
Full contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
Splash contact:
Material: Nitrile rubber
Minimum layer thickness: 0,11 mm
Break through time: 480 min
*Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.
HANDLING and STORAGE of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
-Conditions for safe storage:
Keep container tightly closed in a dry and well-ventilated place.
Store in cool place.
-Specific end use(s):
No other specific uses are stipulated
STABILITY and REACTIVITY of DENATONIUM BENZOATE:
-Reactivity:
No data available
-Chemical stability:
Stable under recommended storage conditions.
