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Denatonium can be used to create an aversion to certain behaviors or habits by pairing them with the extremely bitter taste of denatonium.
Denatonium was discovered in 1958 during research on local anesthetics by T.& H. Smith of Edinburgh, Scotland, and registered under the trademark.
Denatonium is not known to pose any long-term health risks.
CAS Number: 3734-33-6
Molecular Formula: C28H34N2O3
Molecular Weight: 446.58
EINECS Number: 223-095-2
Synonyms: Denatonium, Bitrex, Denatonium benzoate, Denatonium (benzoate), Denatonium anhydrous, Denatonii benzoas, Denatonii benzoas [INN-Latin], Denatonium [INN], Denatonium [USAN], Denatonium [BAN], Denatonium [WHO-DD], Denatonium [INCI], Denatonium [MI], Denatonium, ≥98%, Denatonium, analytical standard, Denatonium, certified reference material, TraceCERT®, Denatonium, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, Bitrex®, Aversion, Anispray, Gori, THS-839, WIN 16568, WIN-16568, NSC-157658, NSC157658, NSC-759299, NSC759299, ECX-95BY, Caswell No. 083BB, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 009106, EINECS 223-095-2, UNII-M5BA6GAF1O, CHEMBL1371493, MFCD00031578, DTXSID8034376, DTXCID6014376, NCGC00017043-01, NCGC00017043-02, NCGC00091886-04, NCGC00164432-01, NCGC00255373-01, Tox21_110754, Tox21_110754_1, Tox21_301587, Pharmakon1600-01505987, MLS002154073, AKOS015888129, SCHEMBL49511, CCG-213592, CS-4750, HY-B1146, HMS1571A03, HMS2093L12, HMS2098A03, HMS2233O05, HMS3373C04, HMS3715A03, AC-14888, AS-15511, SMR001233385, SY075333, D2124, FT-0622841, F16467, A823606, Q414815, W-106547, M5BA6GAF1O, VWTINHYPRWEBQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N, CAS-3734-33-6, 3734-33-6 (benzoate), Lidocaine benzyl benzoate, Lignocaine benzyl benzoate, LIDOCAINE BENZYL BENZOATE HYDRATE, Benzoate de denatonium, Benzoate de denatonium [INN-French], Benzoato de denatonio, Benzoato de denatonio [INN-Spanish], Benzoato di denatonio, Benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)ammonium benzoate, Benzyldiethyl(2,6-xylylcarbamoylmethyl)ammonium benzoate, Benzyldiethyl[(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate, Benzyldiethyl[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)carbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate, ((2,6-Xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)diethyl benzyl ammonium benzoate, Benzyl-[(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoyl)methyl]diethylammonium benzoate, Benzyl-[(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoyl)-methyl]diethylammonium benzoate, Benzyl-[(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoyl)methyl]-diethylammonium benzoate, Benzyl-[2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-diethylammonium benzoate, benzyl-[2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2-oxoethyl]-diethylazanium;benzoate, benzyl-[2-(2,6-dimethylanilino)-2-oxo-ethyl]-diethyl-ammonium benzoate, Ammonium, benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)-, benzoate, Ammonium, benzyldiethyl((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl)-, benzoate (1:1), Ammonium,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]-, benzoate, Benzenemethanaminium, N-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate, Benzenemethanaminium, N-[2-[(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate, Benzenemethanaminium,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-N,N-diethyl-, benzoate, N-benzyl-2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethan-1-aminium benzoate, N-benzyl-2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethanaminium benzoate, N-benzyl-2-(2,6-dimethylphenylamino)-N,N-diethyl-2-oxoethanaminium benzoate, N-(2-((2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino)-2-oxoethyl)-N,N-diethylbenzenemethanaminium benzoate, N,N-Diethyl-N-[(2,6-dimethylphenylcarbamoyl)methyl]benzylammonium benzoate, Benzyldiethyl[(2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl]ammonium benzoate.
Denatonium salts are usually colorless and odorless solids, but are often traded as solutions.
Denatonium is used in denatured alcohol, antifreeze, preventive nail biting preparations, respirator mask fit-testing, animal repellents, liquid soaps, shampoos, and Nintendo Switch game cards to prevent accidental swallowing or choking by children.
The name denatonium reflects the substance's primary use as a denaturant and its chemical nature as a cation, hence -onium as a Neo-Latin suffix.
Denatonium has been also added into special nail polish agents, to avoid child’s bad habit of biting fingers, as well as being the repellent for expulsing large beasts.
However, the effect of Long-term exposure to this substance on human health is still unclear.
Denatonium is among the most bitter of substances known and is detectable at concentrations of approximately 10 ppb.
Denatonium, also called Benzenemethanaminium and Benzyl diethyl ((2,6-xylylcarbamoyl)methyl) ammonium benzoate, is the bitterest compound known.
However, the effect of Long-term exposure to this substance on human health is still unclear.
Connect Chemicals is the appointed distributor of the Denatonium product range of Wincom is a leading manufacturer of Denatonium located in the United States.
Denatonium is for taste a version purposes for poison prevention.
Denatonium not only leaves a bitter flavor in the liquids, but also leaves a bitter residue on objects, like screens and keyboards, that may transfer to hands and cause problems (such as when eating).
Denatonium is not intended for use in any products or chemicals in which the intention is human ingestion.
Denatonium is a white powder with a water solubility of 42 grams per liter.
One gram of Denatonium can produce an extremely bitter and unpleasant taste in 100 liters of water (30 gallons).
Denatonium is so bitter that humans and pets can't stand it.
Denatonium is the active ingredient in products such as Tree Guard and Bitrex.
Denatonium is also used in combination with bad smelling compounds to repel animals.
Denatonium is a bittering agent.
Denatonium is considered the bitterest chemical compound with a range of uses in the manufacture of cleaners, automotive supplies as well as health and beauty items.
Commercially, Denatonium is available as a white crystalline powder, but Denatonium granules or solutions are also available.
Additionally, used in products like soap, animal repellents, antifreeze.
The structure of its cation form is similar to that of a local anesthetic lidocaine with the only difference being an additional benzyl functional group located on the nitrogen atom of the amino.
In pharmaceutical and other industrial applications Denatonium is added to some products as a deterrent to accidental ingestion.
Denatonium is most commonly used at levels of 5–500 ppm.
Denatonium may also be used to replace brucine or quassin as a denaturant for ethanol.
In pharmaceutical formulations, Denatonium has been used as a flavoring agent in placebo tablets, and in a topical formulation Denatonium has been used in an anti-nailbiting preparation.
Denatonium is added to various household products like cleaning agents, detergents, and solvents to deter accidental ingestion.
This helps reduce the risk of poisoning.
Denatonium, often referred to as Bitrex, is a chemical compound primarily used as a bittering agent.
Denatonium is known for being one of the most bitter substances known to humans.
Denatonium is commonly added to a wide range of products to make them unpalatable, thereby discouraging ingestion or consumption, especially by children, pets, or individuals seeking to misuse these products.
Denatonium is now known as the world's most bitter compound.
A concentration of 10ppm solution is already too bitter to bear for most people.
Denatonium does, however, cause a very bitter taste in humans and most animals at concentrations in the parts per million range.
Denatonium's disgusting taste can be used as a deterrent on products that are not intended for consumption and / or is harmful upon consumption.
Nintendo Switch game cards are coated with Denatonium to prevent young children from consuming them.
Denatonium is used as a solvent in the food and beverage industry and in many home and personal care products.
Denatonium, commonly found as Denatonium and Denatonium Saccharide, is the bitterest known chemical compound with bitter thresholds of 0.05 ppm for benzoate and 0.01 ppm for saccharide.
They are used as deterrents (bitterness) to prevent chemical and dangerous products from being swallowed improperly.
Denatonium is used in denatured alcohol, antifreeze, breathing mask compatibility test, repellents, liquid soaps and shampoos.
Denatonium (de-an-TOE-nee-um BEN-zoh-ate) is generally regarded as having the most bitter taste of any compound known to science.
Denatonium is sold under the trade name of Bitrex.
Although Denatonium has a powerful taste, it is colorless and odorless.
The taste is so strong, however, that most people cannot tolerate a concentration of more than 30 parts per million of Denatonium.
Solutions of Denatonium in alcohol or water are very stable and retain their bitter taste for many years.
Exposure to light does not lessen the Denatonium's bitter taste.
Denatonium, also known as denatonium saccharide, is a bitter chemical compound used to denature ethanol so it is not considered an alcoholic beverage and in clinical trials to replicate the bitter taste of some medications.
Ungraded products supplied by TCI America are generally suitable for common industrial uses or for research purposes but typically are not suitable for human consumption or therapeutic use.
Denatonium (Denatrol) with CAS 3734-33-6 is a bittering agent used as an aversion additive in various chemical and manufactured products.
Denatonium is a quaternary ammonium cation.
Denatonium is composed as a salt with any of several anions, such as benzoate or saccharinate.
Denatonium can be obtained by the quaternization of lidocaine, a popular anesthetic, with benzyl chloride or a similar reagent.
To obtain other salts, like the benzoate, the formed denatonium chloride is subjected to an anion exchange reaction with sodium benzoate, or first sodium hydroxide to make denatonium hydroxide followed by neutralization with benzoic acid.
Other similar compounds are procaine and benzocaine.
Denatonium is one of the most bitter substances known.
Just a few parts per million will make a product so bitter that children and pets will not be able to swallow it.
Denatonium makes sweet but highly toxic products such as antifreeze and detergents taste foul.
Research shows that people can detect Denatonium in water at 50 parts per billion.
Denatonium is an inexpensive and efficient alternative to its counterparts such as strychnine, bitter lignin, quinine, wood song glycosides, saponins grapefruit.
Denatonium is commonly used as aversive agent to prevent people from eating other toxic but tasteless substance.
Some automotive products, such as antifreeze and windshield washer fluids, contain Denatonium to prevent accidental ingestion, which could be harmful.
Certain paints and coatings may include Denatonium to discourage consumption, which could be toxic.
Nail polish removers may contain Denatonium to make them taste bad, preventing ingestion.
Some personal care products, like nail polish, perfumes, and cosmetics, use Denatonium to make them unappealing to taste.
In some cases, Denatonium is used in medications to deter misuse or accidental ingestion.
Denatonium is among the most bitter of substances known and is detectable at concentrations of approximately 10 ppb.
Denatonium is an aversive agent added to various pesticides, plant food sticks and rodenticides to suppress swallowing especially when young children come in contact with these poisonous substances.
In pharmaceutical and other industrial applications it is added to some products as a deterrent to accidental ingestion.
Denatonium is most commonly used at levels of 5–500 ppm.
Denatonium may also be used to replace brucine or quassin as a denaturant for ethanol.
In pharmaceutical formulations, Denatonium has been used as a flavoring agent in placebo tablets, and in a topical formulation it has been used in an antinailbiting preparation.
Denatonium is generally regarded as a nonirritant and nonmutagenic substance.
However,there has been a single report of contact urticaria attributed to Denatonium occurring in a 30-year-old man who developed asthma and pruritus after using an insecticidal spray denatured with Denatonium.
Denatonium is an ionized compound made up of a negatively charged benzoic acid and quaternary ammonium cation (denatonium).
Denatonium is bitter at 1 to 10 ppm and most products will become undrinkable at 30 to 100 ppm.
Denatonium is also stable and inert.
In addition, so little is needed that the properties of the product remain unchanged.
Denatonium can act as a bronchodilator by activating bitter taste receptors in the airway smooth muscle.
Denatonium is applied on surfaces of toys as a bittering agent to prevent substantial consumption of hazardous materials.
Denatonium is also applied on outdoor cables and wires to discourage rodents from chewing on parts and equipment.
The bitterness of the compound guides most of the Denatonium applications.
Denatonium is used to denature ethanol so that Denatonium is not treated as an alcoholic beverage in terms of taxation and sales restrictions.
A particular designation states that ethanol has been denatured using Denatonium.
Denatonium is often included in placebo drugs used in clinical trials to mimic the bitter taste of some drugs.
Denatonium (Bitrex) also discourages the consumption of harmful alcohols such as methanol and additives such as ethylene glycol.
Denatonium is also added to many harmful liquids, including solvents (such as nail polish remover), paints, polishes, toiletries and other personal care products, special nail polish to prevent nail biting, and various other household products.
Denatonium is also added to less hazardous aerosol products (such as gas jets) to avoid inhaled substance abuse of volatile vapors.
In 1995, the US state of Oregon required the addition of Denatonium to products such as antifreeze and windshield washer fluid containing sweet-tasting ethylene glycol and methanol to prevent.
In December 2012, US manufacturers voluntarily agreed to add Denatonium to antifreeze sold nationwide.
Denatonium is a rather more convenient name than phenylmethyl-[2- [(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-diethylammonium.
Denatonium is a quaternary ammonium cation, with two ethyl arms, one benzyl and one larger amide one, and usually comes as a benzoate - a salt of benzoic acid.
Denatoniums claim to fame is simple, unpleasant but valuable - Denatonium is the most bitter substance yet discovered.
The bitterest compound known Denatonium is used as an alcohol denaturant and flavor in pharmaceuticals.
Denatonium is also used in antifreeze, nail biting preventions, respirator mask fit-testing, animal repellents, liquid soaps and shampoos.
Further, Denatonium is used in air care products.
Denatonium acts as H1 antihistamine.
In addition to this, Denatonium is used as a disinfectant.
Ethanol or ethyl alcohol, sometimes just called Alcohol, is the alcohol found in alcoholic beverages.
In the United States alcoholic beverages (liquor, wine, beer, etc.) are heavily taxed.
In order to avoid paying beverage taxes on alcohol that is not meant to be consumed (e.g., for use in cosmetic and personal care products), the alcohol must be denatured per specific formulations given by the U.S.
Discovered in 1958, it also has the tradename "Bitrex" (a trademark of UK company Macfarlan Smith).
As little as ten parts per million make substances unbearably bitter to most humans.
Denatonium is a white, odourless solid that is used as an aversive agent, i.e. an additive that prevents accidental ingestion of a toxic substance by humans, articularly children, and by animals.
Denatonium consists of benzoate (that is, the conjugate base of benzoic acid) and an ester of two PABA molecules.
Its structure is related to lidocaine, differing only by the addition of a benzene and benzoate ion in solution.
Denatonium's also similar in structure to other anesthetics like novocaine and cocaine.
Indeed, Denatonium was discovered during anesthetic research.
Denatonium benzoae, a white crystalline powder like many organic compounds, is not known to pose any long-term health risks although exposure may be irritating.
Government’s Alcohol and Tobacco Tax and Trade Bureau (TTB).
The process adds a small amount of a denaturant to the alcohol to make it taste bad, thus creating alcohol that is not suitable for drinking, but is otherwise similar for other purposes.
When used in products that are not food, beverages or oral drugs, many other countries, like the U.S., also require that alcohol be denatured.
Denatured alcohol is generally identified as Alcohol Denat. or specially Denatured (SD) Alcohol.
Denatonium, t-Butyl Alcohol, Diethyl Phthalate, Methyl Alcohol, Salicylic Acid, Sodium Salicylate, and Methyl Salicylate are examples of denaturants permitted for use by the TTB and concluded to be safe for use in cosmetics.
Other countries have different rules on allowed denaturants so when formulating with local regulations.
Specific denatured alcohols containing these denaturants that are permitted for use in U.S. cosmetics and personal care products are SD Alcohol 3-A, SD Alcohol 30, SD Alcohol 39-B, SD Alcohol 39-C, SD Alcohol 40-B and SD Alcohol 40-C.
Denatonium (THS-839) is the most bitter chemical compound known,used as aversive agents (bitterants) to prevent inappropriate ingestion.
In addition, little is needed for the properties of the product to remain unchanged.
Often found as Denatonium and denatonium saccharide, denatonium is the bitterest known chemical compound, with bitter thresholds being 0.05. ppm for benzoate and 0.01 ppm for saccharide.
Denatonium was discovered in 1958 during research on local anesthetics by MacFarlan Smith of Edinburgh, Scotland, and registered under the Bitrex trademark.
Dilutions as little as 10 ppm are unbearably bitter for most people.
Denatonium is chemical structure includes a benzoate group, which is a benzene ring attached to a carboxylic acid group, along with a denatonium cation.
The denatonium cation is the component responsible for its intensely bitter taste.
Denatonium is considered one of the most bitter substances known to humans.
Denatonium is often used as a reference point for measuring bitterness.
The bitter taste is so extreme that even in minute quantities, it can make a product unpalatable.
Denatonium is generally considered safe when used as intended in the recommended concentrations.
Denatonium is non-toxic and is not absorbed significantly through the skin, making it safe for use in a wide range of consumer products.
The use of Denatonium is subject to regulations in many countries.
There may be restrictions on its use in certain products, and there are guidelines on the maximum allowable concentration in specific applications.
Denatonium is also commonly known by its brand name Bitrex.
Bitrex is often used in marketing and labeling to indicate that a product contains Denatonium as a bittering agent.
Apart from the previously mentioned applications, Denatonium is used in various other products, such as denatured alcohol (to deter its consumption), some types of pesticides (to prevent oral ingestion), and even in some nail polishes to discourage nail-biting.
In some therapeutic contexts, Denatonium is used in taste aversion therapy.
This involves pairing the bitter taste of Denatonium with a specific behavior (e.g., smoking or nail-biting) to create a psychological aversion to that behavior.
Denatonium (THS-839) is used in denatured alcohol, antifreeze, nail biting preventions, respirator mask fit-testing, animal repellents, liquid soaps, and shampoos.
Denatonium, commonly available as Denatonium (trade name Bitrex), is the bitterest known chemical compound with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for benzoate and 0.01 ppm for saccharide.
Scientists in Scotland discovered Denatonium during research on anesthetic lidocaine derivatives.
Denatonium’ s extremely bitter taste has proven effective in reducing ingestion by humans and animals.
Denatonium is often included in placebo drugs used in clinical trials to match the bitter taste of certain drugs.
Denatonium activates bitter taste receptors in many cell types and plays important roles in chemical release, ciliary beating and smooth muscle relaxation through intracellular dependent pathways.
Denatonium is one of the bitterest known substances. Just a few parts per million make a product so painful that kids and pets can't swallow Denatonium.
Sweet but highly toxic products such as Denatonium, antifreeze and detergents make their taste bad.
Studies show that humans can detect 50 parts per billion of Denatonium in water.
Denatonium is bitter at 1 to 10 ppm and most products will become undrinkable at 30 to 100 ppm. Denatonium is also stable and inert.
Denatonium salts are usually colorless and odorless solids, but are often sold as solutions.
They are used as deterrent agents (bitterness) to prevent inappropriate ingestion.
Denatonium is used in denatured alcohol, antifreeze, preventative nail biting preparations, respiratory mask compatibility tests, animal repellents, liquid soaps, shampoos, and even Nintendo Switch playing cards to prevent children from accidentally swallowing or suffocating.
Denatonium is the active ingredient in products such as "Off Limits Dog Training Spray", "Anit-Chew Bitter Spray for Pets", "Ultra-Bitter Training Aid Spray", and "Bitter YUCK! No Chew Dog, Cat & Horse Spray".
Some examples of products which contain Denatonium are antifreeze, detergents (in ethanol), floor cleaner, paint stripper and toilet cleaner.
Denatonium is not known to pose any long-term health risks.
The name Denatonium is a portmanteau word that reflects the primary use of the substance as a denaturant and Denatonium’s chemical structure as a cation, hence the New Latin suffix -onium.
Denatonium is a quaternary ammonium cation.
Denatonium is a salt compound with an inert anion such as benzoate or saccharide.
The structure of denatonium is related to the local anesthetic lidocaine, which differs only by the addition of a benzyl group to amino nitrogen.
Other similar compounds are procaine and benzocaine.
One of the chemical names of the compound is lidocaine benzylbenzoate, but denatonium only refers to the quaternary ammonium cation species itself and does not require benzoate counterion.
Denatonium is a rather more convenient name than phenylmethyl-[2- [(2,6-dimethylphenyl)amino]-2-oxoethyl]-diethylammonium.
Denatonium is a quaternary ammonium cation, with two ethyl arms, one benzyl and one larger amide one, and usually comes as a benzoate - a salt of benzoic acid.
Denatonium's claim to fame is simple, unpleasant but valuable - Denatonium is the most bitter substance yet discovered.
This unreactive, colourless, odourless compound was first produced accidentally in 1958 by Scottish pharmaceutical manufacturer T & H Smith, later Macfarlan Smith, where researchers were experimenting with variants of an anaesthetic for dentists called lignocaine.
Dilutions of as little as 10 ppm are unbearably bitter to most humans.
Denatonium is used as an alcohol denaturant and flavor in pharmaceuticals.
For example, it has been added into industrial alcohol, ethylene glycol or methanol which has similar taste as ordinary wine, antifreeze, paint, toilet cleaners, animals disperse, liquid soaps and shampoos.
Moreover, Denatonium has been also added into special nail polish agents, to avoid child’s bad habit of biting fingers, as well as being the repellent for expulsing large beasts.
Denatonium, often referred to as the "most bitter substance in the world," is a chemical compound that belongs to a class of chemicals known as bittering agents.
Denatonium is often used to make various products unpalatable by adding an extremely bitter taste to them.
Denatonium is a kind of quaternary ammonium salt formed by the combination of the quaternary ammonium cation and inert anion such as benzoic acid or saccharin anion.
Denatonium is used in some nail polish removers to make them taste bitter and unpalatable, preventing nail-biting.
Some personal care items, such as nail polish, perfumes, and cosmetics, may contain denatonium to discourage tasting or swallowing.
In specific medications and pharmaceutical formulations, denatonium is used to prevent misuse or accidental ingestion.
Denatonium is added to denatured alcohol to deter its consumption, as it is not intended for drinking.
Certain paints and coatings may incorporate denatonium to discourage consumption, which could be harmful.
Denatonium is a white, odorless, and mostly tasteless crystalline powder.
Denatonium is added to cleaning agents, detergents, and other household chemicals to prevent accidental ingestion and reduce the risk of poisoning.
Denatonium is included in automotive products like antifreeze and windshield washer fluids to deter ingestion, particularly by children and pets.
Melting point: 164-168 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 555.91°C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.1256 (rough estimate)
vapor pressure: 0Pa at 25℃
refractive index: 1.5800 (estimate)
Flash point: 100℃
storage temp.: Inert atmosphere,Room Temperature
solubility: methanol: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
form: Solid
color: White to Off-White
Odor: at 100.00?%. bland
Water Solubility: 42.555g/L at 25℃
Merck: 14,2891
BRN: 8179408
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: VWTINHYPRWEBQY-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 2.2 at 25℃
Denatonium also applies to outdoor cables and wires to prevent rodents from chewing on parts and equipment.
Denatonium is a deterrent agent added to various pesticides, plant food sticks, and rodenticides to suppress swallowing, especially when young children come into contact with these toxic substances.
Until now, the most common use of Denatonium is to denature alcohol so that Denatonium is unfit for human consumption and is exempted from the tariffs ormally valid for alcohol.
In recent years, its inclusion in household products, garden products, and cosmetics has been intensely promoted to prevent children from accidentally swallowing it.
A concentrated solution of Denatonium is available in the USA, which will be sold directly to the public in addition to household products.
Efficacy and safety studies on Denatonium are limited and may be subject to different interpretations when considered in the context of a potential bittering.
Denatonium is used in many personal care products such as make-up, lotion, fragrance, shaving, oral care, skin care and hair care products, where it functions as antifoam, cosmetic astringent, solvent and viscosity reducing agent.
In OTC antimicrobial drug products, Alcohol also functions as an antimicrobial agent to kill germs.
Commonly found as Denatonium (or under trade names like Bitrex or Aversion) and denatonium saccharide, denatonium is the bitterest known compound.
Denatonium’ s repellent qualities equally help fight rodents such as rats or mice.
Denatonium is a potent bitter taste receptor agonist widely used for activation of different cell pathways.
Taste signals have been associated with food recognition and food avoidance, and the bitter taste causes a deterrent response and is supposed to protect chickens from consuming poisons and harmful toxic substances.
The results of the study revealed that dietary supplementation with medium and high doses of Denatonium induced apoptosis and autophagy, respectively, damaging epithelial cells of the heart and kidneys and reducing the growth.
In some regions, denatonium is added to tobacco products like cigarettes and chewing tobacco to discourage their consumption, particularly by children and young individuals.
Insect repellents, pet shampoos, and other products that pets might be tempted to lick or consume sometimes contain denatonium to deter this behavior.
This helps protect pets from ingesting potentially harmful substances.
Some stationery items, such as glues and correction fluids, use denatonium to prevent misuse by children and to discourage tasting or swallowing these products.
In healthcare settings, denatonium can be used to discourage the ingestion of certain medical products or solutions, particularly when they are unpalatable or potentially toxic if swallowed.
Various industrial and agricultural chemicals might incorporate denatonium to reduce the risk of ingestion, especially when there's a potential for accidental exposure.
In manufacturing processes, denatonium can be used to protect workers from the accidental ingestion of chemical substances that may be used in their processes.
Some fire extinguishers may use denatonium to prevent misuse by discouraging people from tasting or ingesting the contents.
Some oral care products, like mouthwash, may include denatonium to prevent accidental swallowing, especially by children.
In products like varnishes and wood coatings, denatonium can deter individuals from attempting to ingest or chew on treated surfaces.
According to Chemistry World, Denatonium was an accidental formulation by researchers at T&H Smith, a Scottish pharmaceutical company that was the forerunner of Macfarlan Smith Ltd. In 1958, lab staff were working with lignocaine, a dental anesthetic, when they discovered the extreme bitterness of Denatonium in powder form.
Due to its extreme taste, Denatonium was used as a deterrent agent.
Denatonium is also available under the trade name Bitrex, which is a token of the words pain and rex for the king.
Denatonium is a salt compound with an inert anion such as benzoate or saccharide.
Denatonium is structure is similar to lidocaine and is closely related to Novocain and benzocaine.
Denatonium was soon discovered that just a few parts per million of Denatonium were enough for this aggressively unpleasant compound to render a substance distasteful to humans.
Denatonium was discovered in 1958 by Macfarlan Smith of Edinburgh, Scotland, during research on local anesthetics.
Dilutions as little as 10 ppm are unbearably bitter for most people.
Denatonium salts are usually colorless and odorless solids, but are often sold as solutions.
Denatonium, an extremely bitter derivative of lignocaine, has been used worldwide as an alcohol denaturant for over 30 years.
The recent recognition of its application to deter ingestion of potentially toxic products has led to its use as an inert ingredient in pesticides, automotive chemicals and household items.
A standard research protocol has been developed to determine the applicability of the use of Denatonium in certain formulations.
This ensures compatibility, stability and optimum Denatonium concentration to affect a bitter taste in the formulated product.
Denatonium is currently known as the world's most painful ingredient.
The vast majority of its applications are related to its bitter taste.
Denatonium is now known as the world's most bitter compound.
A concentration of 10ppm solution is already too bitter to bear for most people.
The vast majority of its applications are related to its bitter flavor.
Denatonium is an inexpensive and efficient alternative to its counterparts such as strychnine, bitter lignin, quinine, wood song glycosides, saponins grapefruit.
Denatonium is commonly used as aversive agent to prevent people from eating other toxic but tasteless substance.
Denatonium has been added into industrial alcohol, ethylene glycol or methanol which has similar taste as ordinary wine, antifreeze, paint, toilet cleaners, animals disperse, liquid soaps and shampoos.
Denatonium was first synthesized in the 1950s and is usually prepared by reacting denatonium chloride with benzyl benzoate.
Denatonium is among the most bitter of substances known and is detectable at concentrations of approximately 10 ppb.
In pharmaceutical and other industrial applications it is added to some products as a deterrent to accidental ingestion.
Denatonium is most commonly used at levels of 5–500 ppm.
Denatonium may also be used to replace brucine or quassin as a denaturant for ethanol.
In pharmaceutical formulations, Denatonium has been used as a flavoring agent in placebo tablets, and in a topical formulation it has been used in an anti-nailbiting preparation.
Strychnine is a cheap and efficient alternative to its counterparts such as bitter lignin, quinine, wood song glycosides, saponins grapefruit.
Denatonium is widely used as a deterrent agent to prevent people from eating other toxic but tasteless substances.
For example, industrial alcohol, which tastes similar to ordinary wine, antifreeze, paint, toilet cleaners, animal dispersion, liquid soaps and shampoos, has been added to ethylene glycol or methanol.
Denatonium is also added to special nail polish ingredients as a repellent to avoid the child's bad finger biting.
Denatonium is stable up to 140 ° C and over a wide pH range.
Denatonium should be stored in a cool and dry place in a well-sealed container (such as steel with polyethylene lining).
Aqueous or alcoholic solutions retain their pain for several years, even when exposed to light. Denatonium is a bittering agent.
Denatonium is considered the bitterest chemical compound with a range of uses in the manufacture of cleaners, automotive supplies as well as health and beauty items.
Commercially, this compound is available as a white crystalline powder, but Denatonium granules or solutions are also available.
Humans can typically sense sweet, sour, salty, savory and bitter-tasting stuff.
Of these flavors, bitter-tasting chemicals elicit the most reaction.
The gene determines a person’s ability to detect the bitterness associated with substances such as quinine, which is an ingredient in tonic water.
Denatonium, usually available as Denatonium (trade names Bitrex) is the most bitter chemical compound known, with bitterness thresholds of 0.05 ppm for the benzoate and 0.01 ppm for the saccharide.
The extremely bitter taste proved effective in reducing ingestion by humans and animals.
Denatonium is commonly included in placebo medications used in clinical trials to match the bitter taste of certain medications.
Denatonium is also the standard for this type of bitter flavor.
At a concentration of 0.008 moles per cubic meter, the human tongue can detect the presence of quinine.
For Denatonium, a concentration of 0.000008 moles per cubic meter is discernible to humans.
Bitterants such as Denatonium are useful as aversive additives to prevent accidental ingestion of hazardous automotive compounds.
In Europe and in some U.S. states, addition of Denatonium is required in ethylene glycol or anti-freeze and windshield washer fluids.
Common household products such as window cleaners, disinfectants, laundry detergent and insecticide include a certain amount of Denatonium to discourage consumption by mouth.
Denatonium is applied on surfaces of toys as a bittering agent to prevent substantial consumption of hazardous materials.
Denatonium is also applied on outdoor cables and wires to discourage rodents from chewing on parts and equipment.
Denatonium is an aversive agent added to various pesticides, plant food sticks and rodenticides to suppress swallowing especially when young children come in contact with these poisonous substances.
By far, the most common use of Denatonium is to denature alcohol, making Denatonium unfit for human consumption and exempt from tariffs that normally apply to alcohol.
Denatonium is generally regarded as having the most bitter taste of any compound known to science.
Denatonium is sold under the trade name of Bitrex.
Although Denatonium has a powerful taste, Denatonium is colorless and odorless.
The taste is so strong, however, that most people cannot tolerate a concentration of more than 30 parts per million of Denatonium.
Solutions of Denatonium in alcohol or water are very stable and retain their bitter taste for many years.
Denatonium activates bitter taste receptor, mainly, TAS2R4, TAS2R8, TAS2R10, TAS2R13 on many cell types and plays important roles in chemical release, ciliary beating and smooth muscle
elaxation through intracellular Ca(2+)-dependent pathways.
Denatonium’ s bitter properties make Denatonium an excellent repellent and when added to phytosanitary products it contributes to inhibiting the feeding of animals on treated trees and plants.
Denatonium is odorless, colorless and non-reactive, making Denatonium a suitable additive that does not interfere with the primary purpose of the base compound.
Denatonium is used as an alcohol denaturant, possibly a combination of 20 in United States pictures.
Among these flavors, Denatonium with a bitter taste cause the most reactions.
Sensitivity to bitter flavors depends on genetics: The TAS2R38 gene determines a person's ability to detect bitterness associated with substances such as quinine, a component in tonic water.
People can typically feel things that taste sweet, sour, salty, salty, and bitter.
Denatonium is also the standard for this kind of bitter taste.
At a concentration of 0.008 moles per cubic meter, the human tongue can detect the presence of quinine.
For Denatonium, a concentration of 0.000008 moles per cubic meter can be noticed by humans.
Bitter substances such as Denatonium are useful as deterrent additives to prevent accidental ingestion of dangerous automotive compounds.
In Europe and some US states, ethylene glycol or Denatonium must be added to antifreeze and windshield washer fluids.
Common household products such as window cleaners, disinfectants, laundry detergents, and insecticides contain certain amounts of Denatonium to deter oral consumption.
Denatonium is applied to the surfaces of toys as a painful substance to prevent significant consumption of hazardous substances.
Uses Of Denatonium:
Denatonium is added to tobacco products like cigarettes and chewing tobacco to discourage their consumption, particularly by children and young individuals.
Insect repellents, pet shampoos, and other products that pets might be tempted to lick or consume sometimes contain Denatonium to deter this behavior, protecting pets from ingesting potentially harmful substances.
Some stationery items, such as glues and correction fluids, use Denatonium to prevent misuse by children and to discourage tasting or swallowing these products.
In healthcare settings, Denatonium can be used to discourage the ingestion of certain medical products or solutions, particularly when they are unpalatable or potentially toxic if swallowed.
Various industrial and agricultural chemicals might incorporate Denatonium to reduce the risk of ingestion, especially when there's a potential for accidental exposure.
In manufacturing processes, Denatonium can be used to protect workers from the accidental ingestion of chemical substances that may be used in their processes.
Some fire extinguishers may use Denatonium to prevent misuse by discouraging people from tasting or ingesting the contents.
Some oral care products, like mouthwash, may include Denatonium to prevent accidental swallowing, especially by children.
In products like varnishes and wood coatings, Denatonium can deter individuals from attempting to ingest or chew on treated surfaces.
In industrial settings, Denatonium can be added to surfactants and detergents to prevent misuse and accidental ingestion.
Denatonium is used worldwide as a denaturant for alcohol.
Denatonium is included in the FDA Inactive Ingredients Database (topical gel and solution).
Denatonium is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), plant protection products, polishes and waxes, anti-freeze products, air care products, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, finger paints, polymers, water softeners and cosmetics and personal care products.
Denatonium is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing and health services.
Denatonium is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, machinery and vehicles, plastic products, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), electrical, electronic and optical equipment and furniture.
Denatonium is used in the following areas: agriculture, forestry and fishing and health services.
Denatonium is used for the manufacture of: plastic products, machinery and vehicles and electrical, electronic and optical equipment.
Release to the environment of Denatonium can occur from industrial use: in processing aids at industrial sites, in the production of articles and for thermoplastic manufacture.
Denatonium is a bittering agent which is used to give a bitter taste to toxic products in order to make the product more difficult to ingest.
Examples of products which contain Denatonium are: antifreeze, detergents, floor cleaner, paint stripper and toilet cleaner.
Denatonium is added to numerous household products, such as cleaning agents, detergents, and solvents, to discourage accidental ingestion.
This helps prevent poisoning, particularly in homes with children or pets.
Some automotive products, including antifreeze and windshield washer fluids, contain Denatonium to deter accidental ingestion, which can be toxic.
Denatonium is used in certain paints and coatings to make them unpalatable.
This discourages individuals from consuming paint, which can be hazardous.
Nail polish removers may contain Denatonium to make them taste extremely bitter, preventing individuals, especially children, from accidentally ingesting them.
Some personal care products like nail polish, perfumes, and cosmetics may include Denatonium to make them unappealing to taste, reducing the risk of misuse.
Other release to the environment of Denatonium is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
The bitterest compound known Denatonium is used as an alcohol denaturant and flavor in pharmaceuticals.
Denatonium is also used in antifreeze, nail biting preventions, respirator mask fit-testing, animal repellents, liquid soaps and shampoos.
Further, Denatonium is used in air care products.
In addition to this, Denatonium is used as a disinfectant.
Denatonium is often added to various alcohol-based products like hand sanitizers, rubbing alcohol, and disinfectants to discourage ingestion, especially in situations where these products might be mistaken for consumable beverages.
Denatonium acts as H1 antihistamine.
In specific medications and pharmaceutical formulations, Denatonium is used to deter misuse or accidental ingestion, particularly in cases where the drug could be harmful if ingested.
Denatonium is added to denatured alcohol to make it unpalatable.
This is important in preventing the consumption of alcohol that is not meant for drinking, such as industrial or cleaning purposes.
In some pesticides, Denatonium is used to prevent oral ingestion.
This safeguards against accidental poisoning, particularly in cases where pesticides might be attractive to children or animals.
In certain therapeutic contexts, Denatonium is used in behavioral therapy.
By associating a negative, extremely bitter taste with a specific behavior or habit (e.g., smoking or nail-biting), it aims to create a psychological aversion to that behavior.
Denatonium may be added to some adhesives to deter people from attempting to chew or ingest adhesive products.
Beyond cleaning agents and detergents, Denatonium can also be found in various other household chemicals like drain cleaners, toilet bowl cleaners, and paint thinners.
Some insecticides and rodenticides use Denatonium to prevent ingestion, especially by children or pets.
Certain garden products, such as fertilizers and herbicides, contain Denatonium to reduce the risk of ingestion.
In some regions, Denatonium's added to tobacco products like cigarettes and chewing tobacco to discourage ingestion, particularly by children and young individuals.
Insect repellents, pet shampoos, and other products that pets might be tempted to lick or consume sometimes contain Denatonium to deter this behavior.
Some stationery items, such as glues and correction fluids, use Denatonium to prevent misuse by children.
In healthcare settings, Denatonium can be used to discourage the ingestion of certain medical products or solutions.
Denatonium is used in products like engine coolant and antifreeze to prevent accidental ingestion by humans or animals.
Denatonium is a bittering agent used to make toxic products more difficult to ingest.
Some aerosol sprays, such as air fresheners and cleaning sprays, contain Denatonium to prevent inhalation or ingestion.
In some regions, Denatonium is added to fuel products to prevent fuel theft and to reduce the risk of fuel ingestion, which can be harmful.
Denatonium can be used in animal repellents to prevent animals from chewing or consuming treated items.
Denatonium is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polymers, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), polishes and waxes, fertilisers, anti-freeze products and plant protection products.
Release to the environment of Denatonium can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Denatonium is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products, polymers, biocides (e.g. disinfectants, pest control products), plant protection products, anti-freeze products and polishes and waxes.
In products like varnishes and wood coatings, Denatonium can deter individuals from attempting to ingest or chew on treated surfaces.
In some cases, Denatonium's used in dental products like mouthguards and orthodontic devices to discourage biting or chewing on them.
Denatonium is added to cleaning agents, detergents, and solvents to deter accidental ingestion and reduce the risk of poisoning, particularly in households with children or pets.
Denatonium is included in automotive products such as antifreeze and windshield washer fluids to discourage ingestion, especially by children and pets.
Certain paints and coatings may contain Denatonium to discourage consumption, which could be harmful.
This is particularly relevant in construction and industrial settings.
Denatonium is used in some nail polish removers to make them taste bitter and unpalatable, helping to prevent nail-biting.
Some personal care items, such as nail polish, perfumes, and cosmetics, may contain Denatonium to discourage tasting or swallowing.
This is intended to prevent misuse or accidental ingestion.
In specific medications and pharmaceutical formulations, Denatonium is used to deter misuse or accidental ingestion, especially in cases where the drug could be harmful if ingested.
Denatonium is added to denatured alcohol to make it unpalatable and discourage its consumption, as it is not intended for drinking.
In behavioral therapy and psychological treatments, Denatonium can be used to create an aversion to certain behaviors or habits by pairing them with the extremely bitter taste of denatonium.
Safety Profile Of Denatonium:
Denatonium is essential to handle and store the substance properly to prevent environmental contamination.
Denatonium is generally regarded as a nonirritant and nonmutagenic substance.
Denatonium is extremely bitter and can cause extreme discomfort and nausea if ingested.
Contact with Denatonium can cause eye and skin irritation.
While it is not toxic at the concentrations typically used in products, accidental ingestion can lead to adverse reactions such as vomiting and gastrointestinal discomfort.
Denatonium is extremely bitter and can cause extreme discomfort and nausea if ingested.
While it is not toxic at the concentrations typically used in products, accidental ingestion can lead to adverse reactions such as vomiting and gastrointestinal discomfort.
Denatonium is essential to use personal protective equipment (PPE) such as gloves and safety goggles when handling the substance to prevent skin and eye contact.
Inhalation of Denatonium dust or aerosols may irritate the respiratory tract, leading to coughing or throat irritation.
Proper ventilation in areas where Denatonium is handled can help minimize this risk.
Large-scale spills or releases of Denatonium into the environment could potentially have adverse effects.
Proper handling, storage, and disposal are necessary to prevent environmental contamination.
While Denatonium is not known to pose significant environmental hazards, large-scale spills or releases into waterways could potentially have ecological consequences.
