DIETHYL SULFATE

Diethyl sulfate (DES) is a highly toxic, combustible, and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with the formula (C2H5)2SO4.
Diethyl sulfate occurs as a colorless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint odor and is corrosive to tissue and metals.

CAS Number: 64-67-5
EC Number: 200-589-6
IUPAC Name: Diethyl sulfate
Chemical formula: C4H10O4S

Other names: Diethyl sulfate, 64-67-5, Diethyl sulphate, Sulfuric acid, diethyl ester, DIETHYLSULFATE, Diaethylsulfat, Sulfuric acid diethyl ester, Diethylester kyseliny sirove, NSC 56380, MFCD00009099, K0FO4VFA7I, DTXSID1024045, CHEBI:34699, NSC-56380, DTXCID604045, Diethyl tetraoxosulfate, Diaethylsulfat [German], DES (VAN), CAS-64-67-5, Diethyl Monosulfate, CCRIS 242, HSDB 1636, Diethylester kyseliny sirove [Czech], EINECS 200-589-6, UNII-K0FO4VFA7I, UN1594, diethylsulphate, diethyl-sulphate, AI3-15355, Ethyl sulfate (Et2SO4), DES, Diethyl sulfate, Ethyl sulfate, NSC 56380, diethylsulfuric acid, EtOSO3Et, Diethyl sulfate, 98%, Ethyl sulfate (Et2SO4), EC 200-589-6, SCHEMBL1769, WLN: 2OSWO2, Sulphuric acid diethyl ester, DIETHYL SULFATE [MI], DIETHYLSULFATE [HSDB], BIDD, DIETHYL SULFATE [IARC], CHEMBL163100, BCP25766, NSC56380, Tox21_202402, Tox21_300169, STL268863, AKOS009157686, UN 1594, Diethyl sulfate [UN1594] [Poison], NCGC00164138-01, NCGC00164138-02, NCGC00164138-03, NCGC00253940-01, NCGC00259951-01, D0525, NS00008605, Sulfuric acid, diethyl ester, Diethyl sulphate, Q421338, J-520306, F0001-1737, InChI=1/C4H10O4S/c1-3-7-9(5,6)8-4-2/h3-4H2, 1-2H

Diethyl sulfate is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols. 
Diethyl sulfate is used to manufacture dyes and textiles.
Diethyl sulfate is a highly toxic and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with formula CAS number 64-67-5. 
Diethyl sulfate occurs as a colorless viscous liquid with a peppermint odor.

Diethyl sulfate is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols.
Diethyl sulfate is primarily used as an ethylating agent in the manufacture of dyes, pigments and textile chemicals, and as a finishing agent in textile production.
Diethyl sulfate is anticipated to be a human carcinogen. 

A nested case control study of 17 benign brain tumours in workers at a petrochemical plant found the risk of brain cancer to be associated with exposure to diethyl sulfate. 
Diethyl sulfate is reported to cause tumours both locally and systemically

Evidence in animals and humans suggest that carcinogenicity may be due to a mutagenic mode of action. 
However, insufficient data exists to recommend a suitable TWA.

Diethyl sulfate (DES) is a highly toxic, combustible, and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with the formula (C2H5)2SO4. 
Diethyl sulfate occurs as a colorless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint odor and is corrosive to tissue and metals. 

Diethyl sulfate is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols. 
Diethyl sulfate is also used as a potent ethylating agent. 
Diethyl sulfate is used to manufacture dyes and textiles.

Diethyl sulfate, also known as DES, belongs to the class of organic compounds known as sulfuric acid diesters. 
These are organic compounds containing the sulfuric acid diester functional group with the generic structure ROS(OR')(=O)=O, (R,R'=organyl group). 

Based on a literature review a significant number of articles have been published on Diethyl sulfate. 
Diethyl sulfate has been identified in human blood as reported by (PMID: 31557052 ). 
Diethyl sulfate is not a naturally occurring metabolite and is only found in those individuals exposed to this compound or Diethyl sulfate derivatives. 
Technically Diethyl sulfate is part of the human exposome. 

The exposome can be defined as the collection of all the exposures of an individual in a lifetime and how those exposures relate to health. 
An individual's exposure begins before birth and includes insults from environmental and occupational sources.

Diethyl sulfate is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 to < 10 tonnes per annum.
Diethyl sulfate is used at industrial sites.

Diethyl Sulfate is a colorless, corrosive, oily liquid that darkens with age and has a faint peppermint odor. 
Diethyl sulfate is mainly used as an ethylating agent in organic synthesis and in the dye and textile manufacturing. 

Exposure to this substance results in severe irritation to the eyes, skin and respiratory tract. 
Diethyl sulfate is a possible mutagen and is reasonably anticipated to be a human carcinogen based on evidence of carcinogenicity in experimental animals and may be associated with developing laryngeal cancer. 

Diethyl sulfate is used as an ethylating agent and as a chemical intermediate. 
No information is available on the acute (short-term), chronic (long-term), reproductive, or developmental effects of diethyl sulfate in humans. 

In an epidemiological study, an excess mortality rate from laryngeal cancer was associated with occupational exposure to high concentrations of diethyl sulfate. 
In one study, rats orally exposed to diethyl sulfate developed tumors in the forestomach. 

EPA has not classified diethyl sulfate with respect to potential carcinogenicity. 
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified diethyl sulfate as a Group 2A, probable human carcinogen.
Diethyl sulfate is a highly toxic and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with formula (C2H5)2SO4. 

Molar mass: 154.18 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless liquid
Density: 1.2 g/mL
Melting point: −25 °C

Boiling point: 209 °C
Solubility in water: decomposes in water
XLogP3: 1.1    
Hydrogen Bond Acceptor Count: 4

Rotatable Bond Count: 4
Exact Mass: 154.02997997    
Monoisotopic Mass: 154.02997997    
Topological Polar Surface Area: 61 Ų
 
Heavy Atom Count: 9    
Complexity: 130    
Covalently-Bonded Unit Count: 1    
Compound Is Canonicalized: Yes

Diethyl sulfate occurs as a colorless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint odor and is corrosive.
Diethyl sulfate is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols. 
Diethyl sulfate is used to manufacture dyes and textiles

Diethyl sulfate is a highly toxic and likely carcinogenic chemical compound with formula (C2H5)2SO4. 
Diethyl sulfate occurs as a colourless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint odour and is corrosive.
Diethyl sulphate is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols. 

Diethyl sulfate is used to manufacture dyes and textiles. 
Diethyl sulfate can be prepared by absorbing ethylene into concentrated sulfuric acid or by fuming sulfuric acid into diethyl ether or ethanol. 
Diethyl sulfate is a strong alkylating agent which ethylates DNA and thus is genotoxic. 

Diethyl sulfate is used as an ethylating agent and as a chemical intermediate.  
No information is available on the acute (short-term), chronic (long-term), reproductive, or developmental effects of diethyl sulfate in humans.  
In an epidemiological study, an excess mortality rate from laryngeal cancer was associated with occupational exposure to high concentrations of diethyl sulfate.  

In one study, rats orally exposed to diethyl sulfate developed tumors in the forestomach.  
EPA has not classified diethyl sulfate with respect to potential carcinogenicity.  
The International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified diethyl sulfate as a Group 2A, probable human carcinogen

Due to the use of DES in domestic companies there is a need to develop a sensitive method for the determination of diethyl sulfate in the work environment.
Studies were performed using gas chromatography (GC) technique. 

An Agilent Technologies chromatograph, series 7890A, with a mass selective detector was used in the experiment. 
Separation was performed on a capillary column with Rtx-5MS (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 µm). 

The possibility of using sorbent tubes filled with activated carbon (100 mg/50 mg), silica gel (100 mg/50 mg) and Porapak Q (150 mg/75 mg) for absorption of diethyl sulphate was investigated.
The method of sampling air containing diethyl sulfate was developed. 

Among the sorbents to absorb DES Porapak Q was chosen. 
Determination of the adsorbed vapor includes desorption of DES, using dichloromethane/methanol mixture (95:5, v/v) and chromatographic analysis of so obtained solution. 

Method is linear (r = 0.999) within the investigated working range of 0.27- -5.42 µg/ml, which is an equivalent to air concentrations 0.0075-0.15 mg/m3 for a 36 l air sample.
The analytical method described in this paper allows for selective determination of diethyl sulfate in the workplace air in the presence of dimethyl sulfate, ethanol, dichloromethane, triethylamine, 2-(diethylamino)ethanol, and triethylenetetramine.

The invention provides a method used for preparing diethyl sulfate. 
According to the method, a mixed solution containing ethyl hydrogen sulfate and/or diethyl sulfate is delivered through reaction distillation surface at a certain temperature, and at the same time, reduced pressure distillation is carried out, so that diethyl sulfate in the mixed solution and generated on the reaction distillation surface is separated rapidly, waste sulfuric acid in the mixed solution and generated on the reaction distillation surface is collected in a waste liquid collector, and ethanol is collected in a tail gas collector. 
Recycling of waste sulfuric acid and collected ethanol can be realized; the method is low in cost; and no waste acid is discharged.

Optimization of the method for the determination of diethyl sulfate at workplaces
Diethyl sulfate (DES) is a substance classified to the group of carcinogens. 
The value of maximum admissible concentration for this substance in workplace air is not specified in Poland. 
Due to the use of DES in domestic companies there is a need to develop a sensitive method for the determination of diethyl sulfate in the work environment. 

Material and methods: Studies were performed using gas chromatography (GC) technique. 
An Agilent Technologies chromatograph, series 7890A, with a mass selective detector was used in the experiment. 

Separation was performed on a capillary column with Rtx-5MS (30 m × 0.25 mm × 0.25 μm). 
The possibility of using sorbent tubes filled with activated carbon (100 mg/50 mg), silica gel (100 mg/50 mg) and Porapak Q (150 mg/75 mg) for absorption of diethyl sulphate was investigated. 

Results: The method of sampling air containing diethyl sulfate was developed. 
Among the sorbents to absorb DES Porapak Q was chosen. 

Determination of the adsorbed vapor includes desorption of DES, using dichloromethane/methanol mixture (95:5, v/v) and chromatographic analysis of so obtained solution. 
Method is linear (r = 0.999) within the investigated working range of 0.27- -5.42 μg/ml, which is an equivalent to air concentrations 0.0075-0.15 mg/m³ for a 36 l air sample. 

Conclusions: The analytical method described in this paper allows for selective determination of diethyl sulfate in the workplace air in the presence of dimethyl sulfate, ethanol, dichloromethane, triethylamine, 2-(diethylamino)ethanol, and triethylenetetramine. 

Diethyl sulfate is a colorless liquid with formula (C2H5)2SO4. 
Diethyl sulfate has a peppermint odor with a melting point of about -25 ℃ and boiling point of 209.5 ℃ where Diethyl sulfate decomposes. 
When heated or mixed with hot water, irritant fumes is released. 

Diethyl sulfate does not dissolve in water, but is miscible with alcohol, ether and most polar organic solvents. 
Diethyl sulfate exists in the atmosphere in the gas phase. 

Diethyl sulfate will react with hydroxyl radical and has a short lifetime in the atmosphere where Diethyl sulfate will decompose into ethyl sulfate hydrogen sulfate and ethanol. 
Upon heating or mixing with hot water, diethyl sulfate will decompose into ethyl hydrogen sulfate and alcohol.

Manufacturing process of Diethyl sulfate:
Diethyl sulfate is produced from ethylene and concentrated sulfuric acid. 
Ethylene gas is bubbled through a solution of concentrated sulfuric acid. 
Diethyl sulfate can also be produced by mixing concentrated sulfuric acid into a solution of ethyl alcohol or ethyl ether.

Method used for preparing Diethyl sulfate:
The invention provides a method used for preparing diethyl sulfate. 
According to the method, a mixed solution containing ethyl hydrogen sulfate and/or diethyl sulfate is delivered through reaction distillation surface at a certain temperature, and at the same time, reduced pressure distillation is carried out, so that diethyl sulfate in the mixed solution and generated on the reaction distillation surface is separated rapidly, waste sulfuric acid in the mixed solution and generated on the reaction distillation surface is collected in a waste liquid collector, and ethanol is collected in a tail gas collector. 
Recycling of waste sulfuric acid and collected ethanol can be realized; the method is low in cost; and no waste acid is discharged.

Ethyl sulfate is a kind of important ethylating agent, is also the important intermediate of the industry such as organic chemical industry, agricultural chemicals, medicine.
Because boiling point is high, carrying out ethylation reaction does not need high pressure, and therefore Diethyl sulfate can as a kind of desirable ethylating agent.

Prepare ethyl sulfate and have multiple method, be summed up several as follows: sulfuryl chloride-Ethanol Method, chlorsulfonic acid-Ethanol Method, ether-sulphate method, sulfuryl chloride-ethanol-sodium-chlor method, sulfuryl chloride-thionyl chloride-Ethanol Method, sulfuric acid-ethylene process, sulfuric acid-Ethanol Method.

In most cases all need in aforesaid method with underpressure distillation operation, ethyl sulfate to be distilled, and the remainder after distillation contains sulfuric acid.
The roughly similar process of sulfuric acid-ethylene process and sulfuric acid-Ethanol Method, carries out all in two steps.

For sulfuric acid-Ethanol Method, the first step is by sulfuric acid and ethanol mixing, because the reaction of sulfuric acid and ethanol is a reversible reaction, main containing resultant vinic acid in the mixture obtained, water, unreacted sulfuric acid and unreacted ethanol, generally the content of vinic acid is generally in the scope of 20-60%; Second step is by the underpressure distillation at 120-180 DEG C of this mixture, and in this process, vinic acid reacts and generates product ethyl sulfate, is depressurized simultaneously and distills.

In this process, if ethyl sulfate can not be distilled out in time, the transformation efficiency that vinic acid is converted into ethyl sulfate will reduce, simultaneously because sulfuric acid produces many side reactions at oxidation at high temperatures very good general.

For sulfuric acid-ethylene process, the first step is that ethene passes in sulfuric acid in certain temperature, main containing ethyl sulfate in the mixture obtained by this process, vinic acid and sulfuric acid, according to document.

The diagram of fine-chemical intermediate preparation flow, Chemical Industry Press, 1999, pp372 ~ 374), in mixture, content is about the ethyl sulfate of 43%, the vinic acid of 45%, the sulfuric acid of 12%; Second step is similar with sulfuric acid-Ethanol Method, is also underpressure distillation at 120-180 DEG C.No matter describe from said process, be sulfuric acid-Ethanol Method, or sulfuric acid-ethylene process all needs the mixture of the compounds such as sulfur acid hydrogen ethyl ester, sulfuric acid react under heating and distill out product ethyl sulfate.

Meanwhile, after distilling out ethyl sulfate, remaining part is mainly containing sulfuric acid.
The method of current bibliographical information adopts still distillation, and in the preparation of ethyl sulfate, this distillation efficiency is low, product ethyl sulfate can not be distilled in time.

In this case, due to too many containing pre-reaction liquid such as sulfuric acid in still, along with ethyl sulfate is distilled out, remaining ethyl sulfate is fewer and feweri, product ethyl sulfate is difficult to evaporate from a large amount of sulfuric acid, so just has many products and remains at the bottom of still and can not be distilled out; Again due to sulfuric acid at high temperature have strong oxygenizement, make this step react in still-process, produce a lot of side reaction, thus the yield of product is low.
Preparation cost is high, and the spent acid produced is many.

According to the literature, the ethyl sulfate that still distillation method often prepares a ton approximately produces the spent acid sulfuric acid of 2 tons.
Owing to being heated for a long time in still, containing many carbonization materials in the Waste Sulfuric Acid of gained, make this Waste Sulfuric Acid be the brown shape of thickness, the value of recycling is very low, generally can only abandon as refuse, will cause very large pollution like this.
So up to the present, domestic also do not have one can prepare ethyl sulfate to mass-producing.

Diethyl Sulfate Market: Introduction
Diethyl sulfate is also known as diethyl monosulfate and sulfuric acid diethyl ester. 
Diethyl sulfate is colorless liquid with faint peppermint odor. 
Diethyl sulfate is an industrial solvent, which is highly carcinogenic. 

Diethyl sulfate is considered a highly toxic chemical compound. 
Diethyl sulfate possesses highly corrosive properties for metals. 

Diethyl sulfate is a strong alkylating agent. 
Diethyl sulfate is primarily employed in the formation of ethyl derivatives such as amine, thiols, phenols, and other derivatives. 

Diethyl sulfate is widely used in chemical formulation as a chemical intermediate compound. 
Diethyl sulfate has industrial applications in dyes, textiles, and coating manufacturing. 
Key applications of diethyl sulfate include personal care products, pharmaceuticals, detergents, flavors, and fragrances.

Increase in demand for chemical intermediates in the production of hair dyes, textile dyes, and other pigments is anticipated to fuel the demand for diethyl sulfate during the forecast period. 
Growth in the pharmaceutical industry, owing to the rise in demand for generic drugs and medicines, is projected to boost the demand for chemical intermediates such as diethyl sulfate in the next few years. 

Diethyl sulfate is highly toxic. 
Exposure to diethyl sulfate may cause eye irritation, skin rashes, and breathing problems. 
This is a key factors estimated to hamper the global diethyl sulfate market in the next few years.

Diethyl Sulfate Market: Segmentation

In terms of application, the global diethyl sulfate market can be divided into alkylating agent, chemical intermediates, and others. 
The alkylating agent segment is projected to hold major share of the global diethyl sulfate market during the forecast period. 

Diethyl sulfate is majorly used in the synthesis of amines, thiols, and phenol derivatives in various applications. 
This is likely to propel the demand for diethyl sulfate in the next few years. 

Based on end-user industry, the diethyl sulfate market can be segmented into dyes and textiles, pharmaceuticals, agrochemicals, and personal care. 
The dyes and textiles segment is projected to constitute key share of the market in the near future. 

Diethyl sulfate is used in the synthesis of textile dyes in several countries. 
This is likely to fuel the demand for diethyl sulfate in the near future.

Diethyl Sulfate Market: Region-wise Outlook

Based on region, the global diethyl sulfate market can be split into North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America, and Middle East & Africa. 
North America and Europe are expected to constitute major share, after Asia Pacific, during the forecast period. 
The U.S., Germany, and France have strong presence of major dye manufacturing companies that use diethyl sulfate. 

In terms of volume, Asia Pacific is anticipated to hold leading share of the market during the forecast period. 
Strong presence of chemical companies with well-established distribution network spread across the globe is driving the diethyl sulfate market in the region. 

The Diethyl sulfate market in Latin America and Middle East & Africa is likely to expand at a sluggish pace in the next few years. 
Increase in rapid industrialization in Brazil, Saudi Arabia, and South Africa is anticipated to boost the diethyl sulfate market in these countries during the forecast period.

Physical Description of Diethyl sulfate:
Diethyl sulfate appears as a clear colorless liquid with a peppermint odor. 
Burns, though may be difficult to ignite. 
Corrosive to metals and tissue. 
Diethyl sulfate is a potent alkylating agent. 
Flash point is 104° C (219° F)

Alkylating Agents of Diethyl sulfate:
Highly reactive chemicals that introduce alkyl radicals into biologically active molecules and thereby prevent their proper functioning. 
Many are used as antineoplastic agents, but most are very toxic, with carcinogenic, mutagenic, teratogenic, and immunosuppressant actions. 
They have also been used as components in poison gases. 

Mutagens of Diethyl sulfate:
Chemical agents that increase the rate of genetic mutation by interfering with the function of nucleic acids. 
A clastogen is a specific mutagen that causes breaks in chromosomes. 

Application of Diethyl sulfate:
Commercial manufacture of diethyl sulfate starts with ethylene and 96 wt% sulfuric acid heated at 60°C. 
The resulting mixture of 43 wt% diethyl sulfate, 45 wt% ethyl hydrogen sulfate and 12 wt% sulfuric acid is heated with anhydrous sodium sulfate under vacuum, and diethyl sulfate is obtained in 86% yield; the commercial product is ~ 99% pure. 
Dilution of the ethylene-sulfuric acid concentrate with water and extraction gives a 35% yield. 

ln the reaction of ethylene with sulfuric acid, losses can occur due to several side reactions, incIuding oxidation, hydrolysis-dehydration and polymerization, especially at sulfuric acid concentrations ~ 98 wt%.
Diethyl sulfate is believed to be produced commercially by two companies, one in the
USA and one in Japan. 

Annual US production is estimated at 5000 tonnes.
Diethyl sulfate is an intermediate in the indirect hydration (strong acid) process for the production of ethanol involving ethylene and sulfuric acid. 
The reaction of ethylene with sulfurIc acid is complex, and water plays a major role in determining the concentrations of the intermediate alkyl sulfates.

In Canada, Diethyl sulfate is mainly used to make other chemicals which are then used in the manufacturing of softeners used to increase absorbency of tissue paper.
Diethyl sulphate may also be used to make products used in the manufacturing of a variety of other substances and products, including dyes, fragrances, and quaternary ammonium salts used as surfactants or flocculants in water treatment.

Diethyl sulfate may also be used as an ethylating agent in the manufacture of commercial products such as sanitizers and organoclays.
Based on the most recent data available, diethyl sulfate is not manufactured in Canada, but is imported into Canada.

The silkworms of NB4D2 variety were treated with chemical mutagen Diethyl sulphate (DES). 
Thelarvae were subjected to two methods of treatments i.e., oral administration of the chemical mutagen and by injectionof 8mM and 10mM concentrations of chemical mutagen through body wall. 
The lethal effect of the mutagen wasstudied in the subsequent generation. 

The effect was drastic on structure & morphology of the meiotic chromosomes.
Many structural, physiological and numerical aberrations were observed and documented. 
Certain numerical changessuch as induction of polyploids were attributed to the improvements observed in the expression of commercialcharacters in the silkworm

Diethyl sulfate can be used as a reactant for the synthesis of:
Biologically active compounds such as bispyrazole, pyrazolopyrimidine and pyridine containing antipyrinyl moieties.

N-substituted-2-styryl-4(3H)-quinazolinones.
Ionic liquids with pyrrolidinium, piperidinium and morpholinium cations, having potential applications as electrolytes.

Diethyl sulfate can also be used as an alkylating agent to synthesize 1-alkyl/aralkyl-2-(1-arylsufonylalkyl)benzimidazoles and an ionic liquid ethylmethylimidazole ethylsulfate.

Uses of Diethyl sulfate:
Diethyl sulphate is used as an alkylating agent to prepare ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols. 
Diethyl sulfate is used to manufacture dyes and textiles. 

Diethyl sulfate can be prepared by absorbing ethylene into concentrated sulfuric acid or by fuming sulfuric acid into diethyl ether or ethanol. 
Diethyl sulfate is a strong alkylating agent which ethylates DNA and thus is genotoxic.

Diethyl sulfate is used chiefly as an ethylating agent in organic synthesis. 
The principal uses are as an intermediate in dye manufacture, as an ethylating agent in pigment production, as a finishing agent in textile manufacture and as a dye-set agent in carbonless paper. 
Smaller applications are in agricultural chemicals, in household products, in the pharmaceutical and cosme tic industries, as a laboratory reagent, as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene and in sorne sulfonation processes 

Diethyl sulfate can be used as a reactant for the synthesis of:
Biologically active compounds such as bispyrazole, pyrazolopyrimidine and pyridine containing antipyrinyl moieties.

N-substituted-2-styryl-4(3H)-quinazolinones.
Ionic liquids with pyrrolidinium, piperidinium and morpholinium cations, having potential applications as electrolytes.

The primary use of diethyl sulfate is as a chemical intermediate (ethylating agent) in synthesis of ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols; as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene; and in some sulfonation processes. 
Diethyl sulfate is used to manufacture dyes, pigments, carbonless paper, and textiles. 

Diethyl sulfate is an intermediate in the indirect hydration (strong acid) process for the preparation of synthetic ethanol from ethylene. 
Smaller quantities are used in household products, cosmetics, agricultural chemicals, pharmaceuticals, and laboratory reagents. 
In 1966, Diethyl sulfate was used as a mutagen to create the Luther variety of barley.

Diethyl sulfate is primarily used as an ethylating agent, and also as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene and in some sulfonations. 
Diethyl sulfate is also a chemical intermediate for ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols, and as an alkylating agent.

Diethyl sulfate is used mainly to make dyes; Also used as an ethylating agent (pigment production), a finishing agent (textile manufacturing), a dye-set agent (carbonless paper), and an accelerator (sulfation of ethylene); Also used in agricultural chemicals, household products, pharmaceuticals, and cosmetics.

As an ethylating agent; as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene; intermediate in the production by one method of ethyl alcohol from ethylene and sulfuric acid

The principal uses are as an intermediate in dye manufacture, as an ethylating agent in pigment production, as a finishing agent in textile manufacture and as a dye-set agent in carbonless paper. 
Smaller applications are in agricultural chemicals, in household products, in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries, as a laboratory reagent, as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene and in some sulfonation processes.

Chemical intermediate for ethyl derivatives of phenols, amines, and thiols and as an alkylating agent.
Chiefly as an ethylating agent; as an accelerator in the sulfation of ethylene; in some sulfonations.

Industry Uses of Diethyl sulfate:
Finishing agents,
Intermediates,
Processing aids, not otherwise listed,
Surface active agents.

Consumer Uses of Diethyl sulfate:
Cleaning and furnishing care products,
Fabric, textile, and leather products not covered elsewhere,
Paper products.

Methods of Manufacturing of Diethyl sulfate:
Prepared from ethanol + sulfuric acid; by absorption of ethylene in sulfuric acid; from diethyl ether and fuming sulfuric acid.

Industry Processing Sectors of Diethyl sulfate:
All other basic organic chemical manufacturing,
Oil and gas drilling, extraction, and support activities,
Paper manufacturing,
Soap, cleaning compound, and toilet preparation manufacturing,
Textiles, apparel, and leather manufacturing.

Could be used as a mutagenic agent to produce a new variety of barley called Luther; however, no evidence was found that Diethyl sulfate is presently being used commercially for this purpose.

Property of Diethyl sulfate:
Diethyl sulfate is moisture sensitive liquid. 
Heating can lead to release of toxic gases and vapors.

Diethyl sulfate gets darker over time.
Diethyl sulfate forms ethyl alcohol, ethyl sulfate, and eventually sulfuric acid when exposed to water. 
Diethyl sulfate is also combustible; when burned, sulfur oxides, ether, and ethylene are produced.

Chemical Properties of Diethyl sulfate:
Diethyl sulfate is a colorless, oily liquid with a faint peppermint- like odor, which darkens with age. 
Diethyl sulfate is miscible with alcohol and ether. 
At higher temperatures, DES rapidly decomposes into monoethyl sulfate and alcohol 

Preparation of Diethyl sulfate:
Diethyl sulfate can be prepared by absorbing ethylene into concentrated sulfuric acid or by fuming sulfuric acid into diethyl ether or ethanol and is purified using rectification in vacuo.
This can be done on a large enough scale for commercial production. 
Diethyl sulfate can then be purchased as a technical product or for use in a laboratory setting with 99.5% purity or 95% to 98% purity respectively.