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Dioctyltin Dilaurate is white when pure; industrial grade material may be grayish-white or cream granules or powder.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is an organotin compound with the formula (CH3(CH2)10CO2)2Sn(CH2CH2CH2CH3)2.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is a colorless viscous and oily liquid.
CAS Number: 3648-18-8
Molecular Formula: C40H80O4Sn
Molecular Weight: 743.77
EINECS Number: 222-883-3
Synonyms: Bis(Lauroyloxy)Dioctyltin, 3648-18-8, Dioctyltin dilaurate, Di-n-octyltin dilaurate, Dioctyldilauryltin, Tin, dioctyl-, dilaurate, Stannane, dioctylbis[(1-oxododecyl)oxy]-, Bis(lauroyloxy)dioctylstannane, Stannane, didodecanoyloxydioctyl-, Stannane, dioctyldidodecanoyloxy-, Di-n-octyl-zinn dilaurat, Stannane, bis(lauroyloxy)dioctyl-, Stannane, dioctylbis(lauroyloxy)-, [dodecanoyloxy(dioctyl)stannyl] dodecanoate, Di-n-octyl-zinn dilaurat [German], EINECS 222-883-3, Stannane, bis(dodecanoyloxy)dioctyl-, BRN 4043424, Stannane, dioctyldi(lauroyloxy)-, Stannane, dioctylbis((1-oxododecyl)oxy)-, B4FA5Z1BK4, EC 222-883-3, Dioctyldilauryltin ( >90%), C40H80O4Sn, UNII-B4FA5Z1BK4, DTXSID5052044, Bis(dodecanoyloxy)(dioctyl)stannane, MFCD00026557, AKOS015839846, dioctylbis[(1-oxododecyl)oxy]-stannane, FB33516, AS-58400, NS00047642, (DODECANOYLOXY)DIOCTYLSTANNYL DODECANOATE, A823270, Q22829488, Dioctyldilauryltin; Di-N-Octyl tin dilaurate; (Dodecanoyloxy-dioctylstannyl) dodecanoate, 222-883-3., dioctyldi(lauroyloxy)-stannan;dioctyldidodecanoyloxy-stannan;dioctyldilauryltin95%;dioctyldllauryltin;dioctyl-tidilaurate;Dioctyltin dilaurate (DOTL);TIB KAT 216;1,2-bis(lauroyloxy)dioctylstannane
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is a water-soluble polymer.
As a solution in water, Dioctyltin Dilaurate has thixotropic properties.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is useful in helping to hold the components of pyrotechnic compositions in aqucous suspension (e.g., in the making of black match).
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is also an especially effective binder that can be used in small amounts in compositions, where the binder can intcrfere with the intended effect (e.g., in strobe compositions).
However, its sodium content obviously precludes its use in most color compositions.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is manufactured from cellulose by various proccsses that replacc some of the hy drogen atoms in the hydroxyl[OH] groups of the cellulose molecule with acidic carboxymethyl [-CH2CO.OH] groups，which are neutralized to form the corresponding sodium salt.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used as a catalyst.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is an organotin compound commonly used as a catalyst in various industrial and chemical applications.
It consists of tin (Sn) coordinated with two octyl groups and two laurate (dodecanoate) ligands.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is particularly known for its role in polyurethane production, where it accelerates the reaction between isocyanates and polyols, aiding in the formation of flexible and rigid foams, coatings, adhesives, and sealants.
Additionally, it is used as a stabilizer in the production of Dioctyltin Dilaurate to enhance its thermal and mechanical properties.
Due to its organotin nature, Dioctyltin Dilaurate must be handled with care, as prolonged exposure can pose potential health and environmental risks.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is an organotin compound widely used as a catalyst in industrial applications, particularly in the production of polyurethanes, where it facilitates the reaction between isocyanates and polyols to form various types of foams, coatings, adhesives, and sealants.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is also employed as a heat stabilizer in the manufacturing of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, helping to improve the material’s resistance to thermal degradation and extending its lifespan in various applications such as pipes, cables, and packaging materials.
Chemically, it consists of a tin (Sn) center bonded to two octyl groups and two Dioctyltin Dilaurate ligands, giving it a structure that allows for effective catalytic activity in organic synthesis and polymerization processes.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is tackifier, at room temperature, it is non-toxic tasteless white flocculent powder, it is stable and soluble in water, aqueous solution is neutral or alkaline transparent viscous liquid, it is soluble in other water-soluble gums and resins, it is insoluble in organic solvents such as ethanol.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is the substituted product of cellulosic carboxymethyl group. According to their molecular weight or degree of substitution, it can be completely dissolved or insoluble polymer, the latter can be used as the weak acid cation of exchanger to separate neutral or basic proteins.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate can form highly viscous colloidal solution with adhesive, thickening, flowing, emulsifying, shaping, water, protective colloid, film forming, acid, salt, suspensions and other characteristics, and it is physiologically harmless, so it is widely used in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic, oil, paper, textiles, construction and other areas of production.
In terms of its structure, the molecule of Dioctyltin Dilaurate consists of two laurate groups and two butyl groups attached to a tin(IV) atom.
The molecular geometry at tin is tetrahedral.
Based on the crystal structure of the related bis(bromobenzoate), the oxygen atoms of the carbonyl groups are weakly bonded to tin atom.
According to some authors, this compound is a dibutyltin(IV) ester of lauric acid.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate belongs to the class of anionic linear structured cellulose.
Its components consist of polysaccharide composed of fibrous tissues of plants.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is a water soluble polymer which can be used as a polyelectrolyte cellulose derivative.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate, is a liquid organotin catalyst that contains dioctyltin functionality.
This provides improved toxicological properties compared with dibutyltin based catalysts.
In addition to its uses in polymer chemistry, Dioctyltin dilaurate is sometimes utilized in the production of silicone-based materials, where it promotes the curing process of silicone elastomers and sealants, enhancing their mechanical properties and durability.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is also found in certain coatings and inks, where it helps regulate the drying and hardening processes to achieve optimal performance in industrial applications.
Despite its versatility and effectiveness, Dioctyltin Dilaurate is classified as an organotin compound, a category of chemicals known to have potential toxicological and environmental concerns.
Prolonged exposure or improper handling can pose health risks, including skin and eye irritation, and inhalation of vapors or dust can lead to respiratory issues.
Due to increasing regulatory scrutiny on organotin compounds, there has been a growing effort to find safer alternatives for applications where Dioctyltin Dilaurate has traditionally been used.
Some industries have begun exploring tin-free catalysts and stabilizers to reduce environmental impact while maintaining performance in polymer production and other chemical processes.
Nonetheless, Dioctyltin dilaurate remains a valuable chemical in industrial settings where its catalytic properties are essential for efficient and controlled chemical reactions.
In response to growing environmental and health concerns, some industries are seeking alternatives to Dioctyltin dilaurate, exploring the use of tin-free catalysts and stabilizers that can provide similar performance while reducing toxicity and environmental persistence.
However, due to its effectiveness in catalysis and polymer stabilization, Dioctyltin Dilaurate continues to be an important chemical in industrial manufacturing, particularly in applications where its unique properties remain difficult to replace.
Melting point: 274 °C (dec.)
Density: 1.6 g/cm³
FEMA: 2239 | Carboxymethylcellulose
Refractive index: 1.515
Storage temp.: Room temp
Solubility: H₂O: 20 mg/mL, soluble
pKa: 4.30 (at 25℃)
Form: Low viscosity
Color: White to light yellow
pH: (10 g/L, 25℃) 6.0～8.0
Odor: Odorless
pH Range: 6.5 - 8.5
Biological source: Wood (pulp)
Viscosity: 900 to 1400 mPa·s (1%, H₂O, 25 ℃)
Water Solubility: Soluble
Merck: 14,1829
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is a widely used organotin compound that serves as a catalyst and stabilizer in various industrial and chemical applications.
It is composed of a central tin (Sn) atom bonded to two octyl groups and two laurate (dodecanoate) ligands, which give the compound its characteristic structure and properties.
One of its primary applications is in the production of polyurethanes, where it accelerates the reaction between polyols and isocyanates, enabling the formation of flexible and rigid foams, elastomers, coatings, adhesives, and sealants.
This catalytic role is crucial for achieving efficient processing conditions and ensuring the final material has the desired mechanical and chemical properties.
In addition to its role in polyurethane synthesis, Dioctyltin dilaurate is commonly used as a heat stabilizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) manufacturing.
PVC, a widely used plastic material, is prone to degradation when exposed to heat and UV radiation, which can cause discoloration and a reduction in mechanical strength.
By incorporating DOTDL into PVC formulations, manufacturers can improve the polymer’s resistance to thermal degradation, enhancing its stability and durability.
This makes it particularly useful in applications such as pipes, wire coatings, automotive components, and other construction materials that require longevity and resistance to environmental factors.
Beyond polyurethane and PVC production, Dioctyltin dilaurate is also used in the formulation of silicone-based materials.
In these applications, Dioctyltin Dilaurate acts as a catalyst in the curing process of silicone elastomers and sealants, ensuring proper cross-linking and hardening of the material.
This is especially important in industries such as construction, automotive, and electronics, where silicone-based adhesives and sealants must exhibit strong adhesion, flexibility, and weather resistance.
Additionally, Dioctyltin Dilaurate finds application in specialty coatings, inks, and lubricants, where its catalytic activity helps regulate drying, curing, and film formation to achieve optimal performance.
Despite its widespread industrial utility, Dioctyltin dilaurate is part of the broader category of organotin compounds, which have raised concerns due to their potential toxicity and environmental impact.
Studies have indicated that prolonged exposure to organotin compounds, including Dioctyltin Dilaurate, can have harmful effects on human health, particularly affecting the skin, eyes, and respiratory system.
Inhalation or direct contact with the substance can cause irritation, and there is ongoing research into its potential long-term health effects, including possible endocrine-disrupting properties.
Furthermore, organotin compounds have been found to be persistent in the environment, leading to regulatory restrictions in various regions to limit their use in consumer products and encourage the development of safer alternatives.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate plays a significant role in modern industrial chemistry, contributing to the production of high-performance materials used in a wide range of applications.
While its benefits in polymer processing and other fields are well established, ongoing research and regulatory developments are shaping the future of its use, with an increasing emphasis on sustainability and safer chemical alternatives.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is one of numerous organometallic compounds manufactured by American Elements under the trade name AE Organometallics.
Organometallics are useful reagents, catalysts, and precursor materials with applications in thin film deposition, industrial chemistry, pharmaceuticals, LED manufacturing, and others.
American Elements supplies organometallic compounds in most volumes including bulk quantities and also can produce materials to customer specifications.
Most materials can be produced in high and ultra high purity forms (99%, 99.9%, 99.99%, 99.999%, and higher) and to many standard grades when applicable including Mil Spec (military grade), ACS, Reagent and Technical Grades, Pharmaceutical Grades, Optical, Semiconductor, and Electronics Grades.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is formed when cellulose reacts with mono chloroacetic acid or its sodium salt under alkaline condition with presence of organic solvent, hydroxyl groups substituted by Sodium carboxymethyl groups in C2, C3 and C6 of glucose, which substitution slightly prevails at C2 position.
A semisynthetic, water-soluble polymer in which CH 2 COOH groups are substituted on the glucose units of the cellulose chain through an ether link- age.
Since the reaction occurs in an alkaline medium, the prod- uct is the sodium salt of the carboxylic acid R-O- CH 2 COONa.
Use warm water or cold water when preparing the solution, and stir till it completely melts.
The amout of added water depends on variety and the use of multiple requirements.
High viscosity Dioctyltin Dilaurate is a white or slightly yellow fibrous powder, hygroscopic, odorless, tasteless, non-toxic, easy to ferment, insoluble in acids, alcohols and organic solvents, easily dispersed to form colloidal solution in water.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is reacted by the acid and fibrous cotton, it is mainly used for water-based drilling fluids tackifier, it has certain role of fluid loss, it has strong salt and temperature resistance especially.
Alkali cellulose is prepared by steeping cellulose obtained from wood pulp or cotton fibers in sodium hydroxide solution.
The alkaline cellulose is then reacted with sodium monochloroacetate to produce carboxymethylcellulose sodium.
Sodium chloride and sodium glycolate are obtained as by-products of this etherification.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is incompatible with strongly acidic solutions and with the soluble salts of iron and some other metals, such as aluminum, mercury, and zinc.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is also incompatible with xanthan gum.
Precipitation may occur at pH < 2, and also when it is mixed with ethanol (95%).
Dioctyltin Dilaurate forms complex coacervates with gelatin and pectin.
It also forms a complex with collagen and is capable of precipitating certain positively charged proteins.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is an internationally recognized non-toxic organotin stabilizer with very good lubricity, weather resistance, transparency and compatibility.
Dioctyltin Dilaurates lubricity is better in organic tin, and its thermal stability is lower in organic tin, with a preliminary color.
Uses Of Dioctyltin Dilaurate:
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is frequently called simply carboxymethyl cellulose and also known as cellulose gum.
It is derived from purified cellulose from cotton and wood pulp.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is a water dispersible sodium salt of carboxy-methyl ether of cellulose that forms a clear colloidal solution.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is a hygroscopic material that has the ability to absorb more than 50% of water at high humidity.
It is also a natural polymeric derivative that can be used in detergents, food and textile industries.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is one of the most important products of cellulose ethers, which are formed by natural cellulose modification as a kind of cellulose derivate with an ether structure.
Due to the fact that the acid form of CMC has poor water solubility, it is usually preserved as sodium carboxymethylcellulose, which is widely used in many industries and regarded as monosodium glutamate in industry.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used in cigarette adhesive, fabric sizing, footwear paste meal, home slimy.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used in interior painting architectural, building lines melamine, thickening mortar, concrete enhancement.
It is used in refractory fiber, ceramic production molding bond.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used in oil drilling, exploration address slurry thickening, reducing water loss, quality paper surface sizing.
It can be used as soap and washing powder detergent active additives, as well as other industrial production on the dispersion, emulsification, stability, suspension, film, paper, polishing and the like.
Quality product can be used for toothpaste, medicine, food and other industrial sectors.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is a thickener, binder, and emulsifier equivalent to cellulose fiber.
It is resistant to bacterial decomposition and provides a product with uniform viscosity.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate can prevent skin moisture loss by forming a film on the skin’s surface, and also help mask odor in a cosmetic product.
Constituents are any of several fibrous substances consisting of the chief part of a plant’s cell walls (often extracted from wood pulp or cotton).
In drilling muds, in detergents as a soil-suspending agent, in resin emulsion paints, adhesives, printing inks, textile sizes, as protective colloid in general.
As stabilizer in foods pharmaceutic aid (suspending agent; tablet excipient; viscosity-increasing agent).
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used in drilling muds, in detergents as a soil-suspending agent, in resin emulsion paints, adhesives, printing inks, textile sizes and protective colloid.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate acts as a stabilizer in foods.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is also employed in pharmaceuticals as a suspending agent and excipients for tablets.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used as viscosity modifiers to stabilize the emulsions.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used as a lubricant in artificial tears and it is used to characterize enzyme activity from endoglucanases.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used as a paint additive.
Together with dibutyltin dioctanoate, Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used as a catalyst for polyurethane production from isocyanates and diols.
It is also useful as a catalyst for transesterification and for the room temperature vulcanization of silicones.
It is also used as a stabilizer in polyvinyl chloride, vinyl ester resins, lacquers, and elastomers.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is also added to animal feed to remove cecal worms, roundworms, and tapeworms in chickens and turkeys and to prevent or provide treatment against hexamitosis and coccidiosis.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is the sodium salt of carboxymethyl cellulose, an anionic derivative.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is widely used in oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations, primarily for its viscosity-increasing properties.
Viscous aqueous solutions are used to suspend powders intended for either topical application or oral and parenteral administration.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate may also be used as a tablet binder and disintegrant, and to stabilize emulsions.
Higher concentrations, usually 3–6%, of the medium-viscosity grade are used to produce gels that can be used as the base for applications and pastes; glycols are often included in such gels to prevent them drying out.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is also used in self-adhesive ostomy, wound care, and dermatological patches as a muco-adhesive and to absorb wound exudate or transepidermal water and sweat.
This muco-adhesive property is used in products designed to prevent post-surgical tissue adhesions; and to localize and modify the release kinetics of active ingredients applied to mucous membranes; and for bone repair.
Encapsulation with carboxymethylcellulose sodium can affect drug protection and delivery.
There have also been reports of its use as a cyto-protective agent.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is also used in cosmetics, toiletries, surgical prosthetics, and incontinence, personal hygiene, and food products.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay and polymers.
Other release to the environment of Dioctyltin Dilaurate is likely to occur from: indoor use and outdoor use resulting in inclusion into or onto a materials (e.g. binding agent in paints and coatings or adhesives).
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used as a curing catalyst in silicone-based materials, ensuring proper cross-linking and hardening.
Found in construction sealants, adhesives, gaskets, automotive parts, and medical-grade silicone materials.
Enhances the flexibility, weather resistance, and mechanical strength of silicone products.
Functions as a catalyst in industrial coatings and specialty paints, helping to regulate the drying and curing process.
Used in printing inks and varnishes to improve film formation and adhesion properties.
Acts as an additive in high-performance lubricants and greases, improving thermal stability and wear resistance.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used in automotive and industrial lubricants to enhance efficiency under extreme conditions.
Enhances the curing process in polyurethane and silicone-based adhesives for construction, electronics, and automotive applications.
Release to the environment of Dioctyltin Dilaurate can occur from industrial use: industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal). Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials) and indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment). This substance can be found in products with material based on: fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys), leather (e.g. gloves, shoes, purses, furniture), plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), plastic used for large surface area articles (e.g. construction and building materials for flooring, insulation) and plastic used for articles intended for food contact (e.g. plastic dinner ware, food storage).
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, paper chemicals and dyes, polymers and textile treatment products and dyes.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used in the following areas: building & construction work.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used for the manufacture of: machinery and vehicles.
Other release to the environment of Dioctyltin Dilaurate is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used as a heat stabilizer in polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products, preventing thermal degradation during processing.
Improves the durability, flexibility, and lifespan of PVC pipes, window frames, cables, films, and packaging materials.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used in the following products: coating products, polymers, inks and toners, adhesives and sealants, paper chemicals and dyes and textile treatment products and dyes.
Release to the environment of Dioctyltin Dilaurate can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used in the following products: polymers, adhesives and sealants, coating products, metal surface treatment products, non-metal-surface treatment products, paper chemicals and dyes, polishes and waxes, textile treatment products and dyes, washing & cleaning products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, pH regulators and water treatment products and leather treatment products.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate has an industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates).
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used for the manufacture of: plastic products and rubber products.
Release to the environment of Dioctyltin Dilaurate can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites, as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and as processing aid.
Used as a non-toxic stabilizer for PVC food packaging.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is suitable for use with thiol-type organic tin or cadmium barium soap stabilizer, with synergistic effect.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used for food, medicine packaging PVC soft film, hose processing.
As a lubricant for hard transparent food packaging materials, the amount is less than 1.5 parts by mass.
Used as medical silicone rubber catalyst.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate acts as a catalyst in the reaction between polyols and isocyanates, which is essential for producing polyurethane foams, coatings, adhesives, elastomers, and sealants.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate helps control the reaction speed, ensuring proper curing and final material properties.
Used in both flexible and rigid foams for applications in furniture, automotive interiors, insulation materials, and footwear.
Storage Of Dioctyltin Dilaurate:
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is a stable, though hygroscopic material. Under high-humidity conditions, carboxymethylcellulose sodium can absorb a large quantity (>50%) of water.
In tablets, this has been associated with a decrease in tablet hardness and an increase in disintegration time.
Aqueous solutions are stable at pH 2–10; precipitation can occur below pH 2, and solution viscosity decreases rapidly above pH 10.
Generally, solutions exhibit maximum viscosity and stability at pH 7–9.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate may be sterilized in the dry state by maintaining it at a temperature of 1608℃ for 1 hour.
However, this process results in a significant decrease in viscosity and some deterioration in the properties of solutions prepared from the sterilized material.
Aqueous solutions may similarly be sterilized by heating, although this also results in some reduction in viscosity.
After autoclaving, viscosity is reduced by about 25%, but this reduction is less marked than for solutions prepared from material sterilized in the dry state.
The extent of the reduction is dependent on the molecular weight and degree of substitution; higher molecular weight grades generally undergo a greater percentage reduction in viscosity.
Sterilization of solutions by gamma irradiation also results in a reduction in viscosity.
Aqueous solutions stored for prolonged periods should contain an antimicrobial preservative.
The bulk material should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place.
In a cool and dry warehouse, the lid should be closed in time after use to reduce contact with air.
Contact with skin and mucous membrane should be avoided.
Rinse with plenty of water immediately after contamination.
Safety Profile Of Dioctyltin Dilaurate:
Mildly toxic by ingestion experimental reproductive effects.
Questionable carcinogen with experimental neoplastigenic data.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate migrates to food from packagmg materials.
When heated to decomposition it emits toxic fumes of NazO.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is used in oral, topical, and some parenteral formulations.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is also widely used in cosmetics, toiletries, and food products, and is generally regarded as a nontoxic and nonirritant material.
However, oral consumption of large amounts of carboxymethylcellulose sodium can have a laxative effect; therapeutically, 4–10 g in daily divided doses of the medium- and high-viscosity grades of carboxymethylcellulose sodium have been used as bulk laxatives.
The WHO has not specified an acceptable daily intake for Dioctyltin Dilaurate as a food additive since the levels necessary to achieve a desired effect were not considered to be a hazard to health.
However, in animal studies, subcutaneous administration of carboxymethylcellulose sodium has been found to cause inflammation, and in some cases of repeated injection fibrosarcomas have been found at the site of injection.
Hypersensitivity and anaphylactic reactions have occurred in cattle and horses, which have been attributed to carboxymethylcellulose sodium in parenteral formulations such as vaccines and penicillins.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate can be absorbed through the skin.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate irritates skin and eyes (causes redness of skin and eyes).
It is a neurotoxin.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate can cause injuries to the liver, kidneys, and gastrointestinal tract.
The symptoms of poisoning with Dioctyltin Dilaurate include nausea, headache, muscular weakness and even paralysis.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate is very reactive with acids and oxidizers, and it is combustible.
Dioctyltin Dilaurate emits irritating and toxic fumes and smoke when burned, which contain tin, tin oxides and carbon oxides.
Moreover, its vapor is much denser than air (21.8 times so), so it can spread on floors, resulting in explosive conditions or asphyxiation hazards.
