DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID

Docosahexaenoic Acid is widely used as a food supplement.
Docosahexaenoic Acid was first used primarily in infant formulas.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is also used for boosting memory and thinking skills, for helping infant and child development, for certain eye disorders, and many other conditions.

CAS Number: 6217-54-5 
EC Number: 612-950-9
Molecular Formula: C22H32O2
Molecular Weight: 328.488 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
DHA, Cervonic Acid, Doconexent, (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-Docosahexaenoic Acid, 22:6(n-3), Omega-3 Fatty Acid, DHA Omega-3, Hexaenoic Acid, Docosahexaenoic Acid, DHA, Cervonic Acid, Doconexent, (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-Docosahexaenoic Acid, 22:6(n-3), Omega-3 Fatty Acid, DHA Omega-3, Hexaenoic Acid, C22:6 Omega-3, Omega-3 DHA, Cis-Docosahexaenoic Acid, All-cis-4,7,10,13,16,19-Docosahexaenoic Acid, Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid, Fish Oil DHA, Algal DHA, Marine-Derived DHA, (Z,Z,Z,Z,Z,Z)-Docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic Acid, Docosahexaenoic acid, DHA, all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid, omega-3 docosahexaenoic acid, docosapentaenoic acid (closely related intermediate), C22:6n-3 fatty acid, (4Z,7Z,10Z,13Z,16Z,19Z)-Docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexaenoic acid, cervonic acid, DHA, doconexent (INN), docosahexaenoic acid(DHA), SCHEMBL18274991, 6217-54-5

Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that is found along with eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) in cold-water fish, including tuna and salmon.
Docosahexaenoic Acid plays a key role in the development of eye and nerve tissues.

Docosahexaenoic Acid might also reduce the risk of heart and circulatory disease by decreasing the thickness of the blood, reducing swelling (inflammation), and lowering blood levels of triglycerides.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is a long-chain omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) that is essential for human health.

Docosahexaenoic Acid is a naturally occurring fatty acid found abundantly in marine sources such as fish oils and microalgal oils.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is a major structural component of cell membranes in the brain, retina, and nervous system and plays crucial roles in neurodevelopment, cognitive function, visual acuity, and cardiovascular health.

Docosahexaenoic Acid is often consumed as a nutritional supplement and is also added to infant formulas and functional foods to support brain and eye development and general wellness.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, CAS 6217-54-5, EC 612-950-9) is a long-chain omega-3 fatty acid with a C₂₂H₃₂O₂ structure featuring six cis double bonds.

Docosahexaenoic Acid is a vital structural lipid in the brain and retina, supports neurodevelopment, cognition, eye health, and cardiovascular wellness, and is widely used in nutritional supplements and fortified foods.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is generally safe when consumed in recommended amounts, though high intakes may affect clotting.

Due to its multiple unsaturations, Docosahexaenoic Acid is sensitive to oxidation and should be stored under cool, controlled conditions.
Don't confuse Docosahexaenoic Acid with EPA.
They are both in fish oil, but they are not the same.

Docosahexaenoic Acid can be converted into EPA in the body in very small amounts.
See separate listings for algal oil, cod liver oil, fish oil, EPA, and krill oil.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is an omega−3 fatty acid that is an important component of the human brain, cerebral cortex, skin, and retina.

Docosahexaenoic Acid is given the fatty acid notation 22:6(n−3).
Docosahexaenoic Acid can be synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid or obtained directly from maternal milk (breast milk), fatty fish, fish oil, or algae oil.

The consumption of Docosahexaenoic Acid (e.g., from fatty fish such as salmon, herring, mackerel and sardines) contributes to numerous physiological benefits, including cognition.
As a component of neuronal membranes, the function of Docosahexaenoic Acid is to support neuronal conduction and to allow the optimal functioning of neuronal membrane proteins (such as receptors and enzymes).

Structurally, Docosahexaenoic Acid is a carboxylic acid (-oic acid) with a 22-carbon chain (docosa- derives from the Ancient Greek for 22) and six (hexa-) cis double bonds (-en-).
The first double bond is located at the third carbon from the omega end.

Docosahexaenoic Acid's trivial name is cervonic acid (from the Latin word cerebrum for "brain").
Docosahexaenoic Acid's systematic name is all-cis-docosa-4,7,10,13,16,19-hexa-enoic acid.
In organisms that do not eat algae containing Docosahexaenoic Acid nor animal products containing DHA, DHA is instead produced internally from α-linolenic acid, a shorter omega−3 fatty acid manufactured by plants (and also occurring in animal products as obtained from plants).

Limited amounts of eicosapentaenoic and docosapentaenoic acids are possible products of α-linolenic acid metabolism in young women and men.
Docosahexaenoic Acid in breast milk is important for the developing infant.
Rates of DHA production in women are 15% higher than in men.

Docosahexaenoic Acid is a major fatty acid in brain phospholipids and the retina.
Preliminary research has investigated Docosahexaenoic Acid's potential benefit in Alzheimer's disease and cardiovascular disease and other disorders.

Docosahexaenoic Acid is an omega-3 fatty acid abundantly present brain and retina.
Docosahexaenoic Acid can be obtained directly from fish oil and maternal milk.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is an omega-3 fatty acid — and it’s one of the most important.

Docosahexaenoic Acid's found in various seafoods and is important for brain growth and function.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is one of the most important omega-3 fatty acids.
Like most omega-3 fats, Docosahexaenoic Acid’s linked to many health benefits.

Part of every cell in your body, Docosahexaenoic Acid plays a vital role in your brain and is absolutely crucial during pregnancy and infancy.
Since your body can’t produce Docosahexaenoic Acid in adequate amounts, you need to obtain it from your diet.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is mainly found in seafood, such as fish, shellfish, and fish oils.

Docosahexaenoic Acid also occurs in some types of algae.
Docosahexaenoic Acid’s a component of every cell in your body and a vital structural component of your skin, eyes, and brain.
In fact, Docosahexaenoic Acid comprises over 90% of the omega-3 fatty acids in your brain and up to 25% of its total fat content.

While Docosahexaenoic Acid can be synthesized from alpha-linolenic acid (ALA), another plant-based omega-3 fatty acid, this process is very inefficient.
Only 0.1–0.5% of ALA is converted into Docosahexaenoic Acid in your body.

What’s more, the conversion also relies on adequate levels of other vitamins and minerals, as well as the amount of omega-6 fatty acids in your diet.
Because your body can’t make Docosahexaenoic Acid in significant amounts, you need to get it from your diet or take supplements.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is vital for your skin, eyes, and brain.

Your body can’t produce Docosahexaenoic Acid in adequate amounts, so you need to obtain it from your diet.
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that plays a crucial role in human health, particularly for your brain, eyes, and heart.
This essential nutrient, Docosahexaenoic Acid, is found naturally in cold-water fish and is vital for the proper development and functioning of your body.

USES and APPLICATIONS of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
People commonly use Docosahexaenoic Acid for high levels of cholesterol or other fats in the blood.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is also used for boosting memory and thinking skills, for helping infant and child development, for certain eye disorders, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support many of these uses.

Food Fortification: Docosahexaenoic Acid is added to infant formulas, dietary foods, and drinks to help meet dietary omega-3 requirements and support neurodevelopment and visual acuity.
Clinical Nutrition and Medicine: Docosahexaenoic Acid is used in prenatal supplements to support maternal and fetal health, and in therapeutic nutrition strategies aimed at reducing inflammation and supporting cardiovascular and cognitive function.

Cosmetics and Skin Products: In some formulations, Docosahexaenoic Acid derivatives may be included for skin conditioning and anti-aging effects due to antioxidant and membrane stabilizing properties — though less common than oral nutritional uses.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is a vital structural lipid in the brain and retina, supports neurodevelopment, cognition, eye health, and cardiovascular wellness, and is widely used in nutritional supplements and fortified foods.

-Nutritional Supplements use of Docosahexaenoic Acid:
Docosahexaenoic Acid is widely marketed as an omega-3 supplement, alone or in combination with EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid), derived from fish oil or microalgal oil for vegetarian options.
Docosahexaenoic Acid supports overall wellness, particularly for brain, eye, and heart health.

-Use of Docosahexaenoic Acid as a food additive:
Docosahexaenoic Acid is widely used as a food supplement.
Docosahexaenoic Acid was first used primarily in infant formulas.
In 2019, the US Food and Drug Administration published qualified health claims for Docosahexaenoic Acid.

Some manufactured Docosahexaenoic Acid is a vegetarian product extracted from algae, and it competes on the market with fish oil that contains Docosahexaenoic Acid and other omega−3s such as EPA.
Both fish oil and Docosahexaenoic Acid are odorless and tasteless after processing as a food additive.

-Studies of Docosahexaenoic Acid in vegetarians and vegans:
Vegetarian diets typically contain limited amounts of Docosahexaenoic Acid, and vegan diets typically contain no Docosahexaenoic Acid.
In preliminary research, algae-based supplements increased Docosahexaenoic Acid levels.
While there is little evidence of adverse health or cognitive effects due to Docosahexaenoic Acid deficiency in adult vegetarians or vegans, breast milk levels remain a concern for supplying adequate Docosahexaenoic Acid to the infant.

DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID: BENEFITS, SOURCES, AND HEALTH INSIGHTS
Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) is an omega-3 fatty acid that plays a crucial role in your body’s health.
You may have heard about Docosahexaenoic Acid in relation to fish oil supplements or prenatal vitamins, but understanding its full benefits can help you make better health decisions.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is an important component of your brain, eyes, and skin, making it essential for normal brain development and function throughout life.

Found primarily in cold-water fish like tuna and salmon, Docosahexaenoic Acid offers numerous health advantages beyond just brain health.
Your heart, immune system, and even your mood can benefit from adequate Docosahexaenoic Acid levels.
Many people don’t get enough of this vital nutrient through diet alone, which is why supplements have become increasingly popular.

As you consider your nutritional needs, knowing about Docosahexaenoic Acid’s role as an antineoplastic agent and its involvement in various bodily functions can help you make informed choices.
From supporting pregnancy health to potentially improving heart conditions, this remarkable fatty acid deserves your attention.

FUNCTIONAL CHARACTERISTICS & BENEFITS of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic Acid’s chemical structure — particularly the presence of six cis double bonds — enables it to increase membrane fluidity in neural and retinal tissues, which is fundamental for synaptic function, signal transmission, and visual processing.
Docosahexaenoic Acid's roles include:

*Brain and eye development: 
Docosahexaenoic Acid is a critical component of the developing brain and retina, particularly in infants, and is often added to infant formulas to support cognitive and visual development.

*Cognitive and psychological health: 
Docosahexaenoic Acid supports neuronal function and has been studied for its effects on memory, mood, and age-related cognitive decline, though evidence varies by condition.

*Cardiovascular effects: 
As an omega-3 fatty acid, Docosahexaenoic Acid may help lower triglycerides, reduce inflammation, and influence heart health, especially when taken with EPA.

*Inflammation and cell signaling: 
Docosahexaenoic Acid serves as a precursor for specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs) such as protectins and resolvins, molecules that help resolve inflammation in tissues.

These functional benefits explain Docosahexaenoic Acid's widespread use in nutritional supplements, medicinal foods, and functional food products aimed at supporting lifelong health.

12 HEALTH BENEFITS of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA, is a type of omega-3 fat that may improve many aspects of your health, from your brain to your heart.
Docosahexaenoic acid, or DHA, is a type of omega-3 fat.
Like the omega-3 fat eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), DHA is plentiful in oily fish, such as salmon and anchovies.

Your body can only make a small amount of Docosahexaenoic Acid from other fatty acids, so you need to consume it directly from food or a supplement.
Together, Docosahexaenoic Acid and EPA may help reduce inflammation and your risk of chronic diseases, such as heart disease.
On its own, Docosahexaenoic Acid supports brain function and eye health.

Here are 12 science-backed health benefits of DHA.

***Reduces heart disease risk
Omega-3 fats are commonly recommended for heart health.
The majority of studies test Docosahexaenoic Acid and EPA combined rather than individually.

The few studies that test Docosahexaenoic Acid alone suggest that it may be more effective than EPA for improving several markers of heart health.
A 2025 study found that individuals with the highest levels of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in their bodies had a much lower risk of developing cardiovascular disease, suggesting DHA offers a protective effect on cardiovascular health.

A 2024 study also found that taking Docosahexaenoic Acid had other benefits for the body, including:
*regulating triglycerides, a type of fat found in the blood of which high levels can lead to a variety of diseases such as heart disease and stroke
*helping with insulin resistance
*regulating blood pressure
*regulating total cholesterol
*lowering inflammatory markers in the body that can contribute to the development of certain medical conditions

***May improve ADHD
Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) — which includes impulsive behaviors and difficulty concentrating — generally starts in childhood but often continues into adulthood.
As the main omega-3 fat in your brain, Docosahexaenoic Acid helps increase blood flow during mental tasks.
Research has shown that children and adults with ADHD commonly have lower blood levels of Docosahexaenoic Acid.

A 2025 study found that omega-3 fatty acids play an important role in maintaining brain health by:
*maintaining the fluidity of the membrane
*promoting the release of essential neurotransmitters such a serotonin
*enhancing cognitive function

This can all contribute to the development of neurodevelopmental brain disorders such as ADHD by improving symptoms, and taking omega-3 supplements during pregnancy can boost the cognitive growth of a child.

***Reduces the risk of early preterm births
Delivering a baby before 34 weeks of pregnancy is an early preterm birth and increases the baby’s risk of health problems.
A 2025 analysis of people consuming 1000 mg of Docosahexaenoic Acid daily during pregnancy reduced their risk of early preterm birth slightly, but only if the person takes Docosahexaenoic Acid  supplements at the beginning of pregnancy.

That being said, omega-3 supports the development of the brain, eyes, and central nervous system of babies in the womb.
Another 2024 study found that low Docosahexaenoic Acid blood levels contributed to an increase in the risk of preterm birth.
It is especially important to make sure you’re getting sufficient amounts of Docosahexaenoic Acid when you’re pregnant — either through diet, supplements, or both.

To achieve these levels, pregnant individuals can consume two portions of low-mercury, omega-3-rich fish per week.
While many women take prenatal vitamins, it’s essential to note that some products lack Docosahexaenoic Acid, so be sure to read the label carefully.

***Fights inflammation
Omega-3 fats such as Docosahexaenoic Acid have anti-inflammatory effects.
Increasing your Docosahexaenoic Acid intake can help balance the excess of inflammatory omega-6 fats that are typical of Western diets rich in soybean and corn oil.

Docosahexaenoic Acid’s anti-inflammatory properties may reduce your risk of chronic diseases that are common with age, such as heart disease, and improve autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, which causes joint pain.
A 2022 study found that omega-3 consumption can improve the symptoms of inflammatory rheumatic diseases.

***Supports muscle recovery after exercise
Strenuous exercise can trigger muscle inflammation and soreness.
Docosahexaenoic Acid — alone or in combination with EPA — may help reduce muscle soreness and limitations in range of motion after exercise, partly due to its anti-inflammatory effects.
In one 2024 study, 30 males taking Docosahexaenoic Acid supplements over a 7-week period found improved recovery from exercise-induced muscle damage.

***Helps some eye conditions
It’s uncertain whether Docosahexaenoic Acid and other omega-3 fats help age-related macular degeneration (AMD) as once thought, but they may improve dry eyes and diabetic eye disease (retinopathy).
A 2025 study found that Docosahexaenoic Acid supplements can help improve visual development in infants, making it increasingly important as they grow.

A 2024 study also found that Docosahexaenoic Acid can help alleviate retinal damage resulting from oxidative stress.
This could be due to the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties of Docosahexaenoic Acid, which neutralize free radicals.
Free radicals are highly unstable and reactive atoms that can cause cellular damage in the body.

***May reduce your risk of certain cancers
Chronic inflammation is a risk factor for cancer.
Higher intake of omega-3 fats, such as Docosahexaenoic Acid, links to a lower risk of several cancers, including colorectal, pancreatic, breast, and prostate cancer.

Docosahexaenoic Acid may help reduce the risk of cancer through its anti-inflammatory effects.
Cell studies also indicate that it may inhibit the growth of cancer cells.
Additionally, a small number of studies suggest that Docosahexaenoic Acid may enhance the benefits of chemotherapy.

However, these tests are experimental, with inconsistent results, and scientists are working to understand how Docosahexaenoic Acid may be beneficial.
Studies indicate that Docosahexaenoic Acid may enhance the effectiveness of anticancer drugs and combat cancer cells, but further research is necessary.

***May help prevent or slow Alzheimer’s disease
Docosahexaenoic Acid is the main omega-3 fat in your brain and is essential for a functional nervous system, which includes your brain.
Studies have shown that people with Alzheimer’s disease have lower levels of Docosahexaenoic Acid in their brains than older adults with good brain function.

A 2023 study found that Docosahexaenoic Acid supplementation resulted in a 27% decrease in the risk of dementia and a 24% decrease in the risk of Alzheimer’s disease.
This could stem from its protective effect on cognitive decline.

***Lowers blood pressure and supports circulation
Docosahexaenoic Acid supports good blood flow, or circulation, and may improve endothelial function — the ability of your blood vessels to dilate.
The American Heart Association (AHA) states that consuming three grams of omega-3 fatty acids per day can help lower blood pressure, based on data from over 71 studies.

The analysis reveals that individuals who consume approximately 2 to 3 grams of omega-3 fatty acids daily experience a reduction in systolic and diastolic blood pressure of around 2 mmHg on average.
Those with higher blood pressure consumed 3 mmHg, which resulted in a 4.5 mmHg decrease in systolic blood pressure.
This is due to improved blood vessel dilation and improved blood flow.

***Aids brain development in babies
Docosahexaenoic Acid is essential for brain and eye development in babies.
These organs grow rapidly during a woman’s last trimester of pregnancy and the first few years of life.
A 2024 study found that providing beneficial nutrients to the gut microbiome is of high importance due to its close relationship with brain function.
Therefore, it’s essential for people to obtain sufficient Docosahexaenoic Acid during pregnancy and while nursing to support a baby’s brain development.

***Supports men’s reproductive health
Many infertility cases are due to factors in men’s reproductive health, and dietary fat intake has been shown to affect sperm health.
In fact, low Docosahexaenoic Acid status is a common cause of low quality sperm and is frequently found in men with subfertility or infertility problems.
Getting adequate Docosahexaenoic Acid supports both the vitality, such as the percentage of live, healthy sperm in semen, and the motility of sperm, which impacts fertility.

***May help protect mental health
Globally, 5.7% of people live with depression, while 8.3% of Americans have had at least one major depressive episode.
Getting adequate amounts of Docosahexaenoic Acid and EPA links with a reduced risk of depression.
A 2025 study states that consuming fatty acids not only exhibits anti-inflammatory properties but also aids in the release of serotonin in the body.
Serotonin, sometimes known as the “happiness chemical”, helps control mood.

HEALTH BENEFITS of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic Acid offers significant health advantages for your body and mind.
This essential omega-3 fatty acid plays a crucial role in maintaining optimal brain function and supporting heart health throughout your lifespan.

***Brain Function and Cognitive Support
Docosahexaenoic Acid is a predominant omega-3 fatty acid found in the human brain.
Your brain cells require Docosahexaenoic Acid to function properly and maintain cell membrane fluidity.
This helps with communication between brain cells and supports overall cognitive performance.

Research shows that Docosahexaenoic Acid may help people with ADHD focus better with fewer distractions.
Docosahexaenoic Acid also plays a vital role in infant brain development, which is why it’s often added to baby formula.
As you age, adequate Docosahexaenoic Acid levels may help protect against cognitive decline.

Studies suggest that consistent Docosahexaenoic Acid intake supports memory retention and thinking skills in older adults, potentially boosting memory and thinking capabilities.
During cases of brain ischemia (reduced blood flow to the brain), Docosahexaenoic Acid’s neuroprotective properties may help minimize damage and support recovery.

***Heart Health and Cardiovascular Disease
Docosahexaenoic Acid provides significant benefits for your cardiovascular system.
It helps lower triglycerides (fats in your blood) and can contribute to improved cholesterol profiles by raising HDL (good) cholesterol levels.
Regular consumption of Docosahexaenoic Acid may reduce blood pressure and decrease your risk of developing hypertension.
This omega-3 fatty acid also has anti-inflammatory properties that help protect arterial walls.

Docosahexaenoic Acid has been shown to decrease the risk of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) by reducing plaque buildup.
Docosahexaenoic Acid also helps prevent blood clots, which can lead to heart attacks and strokes.
For those with existing heart conditions, Docosahexaenoic Acid may provide protection against myocardial infarction (heart attack) by improving heart rhythm stability and reducing inflammation.

ROLE OF DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID IN BRAIN AND NEURAL DEVELOPMENT
Docosahexaenoic Acid plays a crucial role in brain structure and function, especially during early development.
This essential fatty acid, Docosahexaenoic Acid, accumulates in neural tissues and supports proper cognitive and visual development.

***Docosahexaenoic Acid During Pregnancy and Breastfeeding
Your baby’s brain develops rapidly during pregnancy and early infancy.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is essential for brain growth and the formation of neural connections.
During the last trimester of pregnancy, large amounts of Docosahexaenoic Acid are transferred from mother to baby to support this critical development.

Since your body can only produce limited amounts of Docosahexaenoic Acid naturally, your diet becomes an important source.
Pregnant women need adequate Docosahexaenoic Acid intake to ensure optimal conditions for their baby’s brain development.
Breastfeeding continues to provide Docosahexaenoic Acid to your infant after birth.

Breast milk naturally contains Docosahexaenoic Acid, though levels depend on the mother’s diet.
This transfer supports ongoing brain development during the crucial first months of life.

***Cognitive and Visual Development in Infants
Docosahexaenoic Acid makes up a significant portion of brain matter and is highly concentrated in the retina.
Your child’s visual development depends on adequate Docosahexaenoic Acid, as it forms structural components of photoreceptors in the eye.
Infants with higher Docosahexaenoic Acid levels often show better visual acuity and cognitive performance.

The fatty acid supports normal vision development by maintaining proper cell growth and function in visual processing areas.
Research indicates that Docosahexaenoic Acid contributes to improved attention span, problem-solving skills, and information processing in infants.

These benefits appear most significant when Docosahexaenoic Acid supplementation begins during pregnancy and continues through breastfeeding.
Your child’s brain continues to accumulate Docosahexaenoic Acid through the first two years of life, highlighting the importance of maintaining adequate levels during this critical developmental window.

***Docosahexaenoic Acid and Vision Health
Docosahexaenoic Acid is a critical fatty acid for maintaining healthy eyesight and supporting visual function.
It plays essential roles in both the development and ongoing maintenance of the visual system.

*Contribution to Visual Acuity
Docosahexaenoic Acid helps maintain proper visual acuity by supporting the function of photoreceptor cells in your eyes.
These cells are responsible for capturing light and converting it into signals your brain can interpret.

When your diet contains adequate Docosahexaenoic Acid, your eyes can better process visual information and adapt to changing light conditions.
Research shows that Docosahexaenoic Acid helps protect photoreceptors from damage caused by bright light exposure.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is particularly important during early development.

Infants with proper Docosahexaenoic Acid levels typically develop better visual acuity than those with insufficient amounts.
This is why many infant formulas now include Docosahexaenoic Acid supplements.
For adults, maintaining adequate Docosahexaenoic Acid intake helps preserve visual function as you age.
It may help reduce the risk of certain age-related vision problems.

*Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Retina
Your retina contains extremely high concentrations of Docosahexaenoic Acid, particularly in the disk membranes of photoreceptor cells.
These specialized cells require Docosahexaenoic Acid to function properly.
Docosahexaenoic Acid makes up about 30-40% of the fatty acids found in the outer segments of retinal photoreceptors.

This concentration is higher than in almost any other tissue in your body, highlighting its importance to vision.
The Docosahexaenoic Acid in your retina helps maintain the structural integrity and fluidity of cell membranes.
This preserves visual function by ensuring photoreceptors can respond quickly to light stimuli.

Your body cannot efficiently produce Docosahexaenoic Acid on its own, so dietary sources are essential.
Cold-water fish, algae supplements, and fortified foods can help you maintain optimal Docosahexaenoic Acid levels for retinal health.
When Docosahexaenoic Acid levels are insufficient, the normal function of photoreceptors may decline, potentially affecting your ability to see clearly in different lighting conditions.

NATURAL SOURCES of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic Acid (docosahexaenoic acid) is a vital omega-3 fatty acid found primarily in marine sources.
Your body can only produce small amounts of Docosahexaenoic Acid, making dietary sources especially important for optimal health.

Fatty Fish and Oily Fish
Fatty fish are the most abundant natural sources of Docosahexaenoic Acid.
Cold-water fish contain particularly high levels due to their diet of marine algae, the original producers of Docosahexaenoic Acid in the food chain.

Top Docosahexaenoic Acid-rich fish options:
Salmon: 1,100-1,800 mg Docosahexaenoic Acid per 3.5 oz serving
Mackerel: 900-1,400 mg per serving
Herring: 750-1,000 mg per serving
Sardines: 650-900 mg per serving
Tuna (bluefin): 800-1,200 mg per serving

Wild-caught fish typically contain higher Docosahexaenoic Acid levels than farmed varieties.
The Docosahexaenoic Acid content in fish varies based on species, diet, and water temperature.

Eating fish 2-3 times weekly provides significant Docosahexaenoic Acid benefits.
Cooking methods like baking and broiling preserve more omega-3s than frying.

Fish Oil and Marine-based Oils
Fish oil supplements offer concentrated Docosahexaenoic Acid when dietary fish consumption is limited.
These oils are extracted from the tissue of oily fish and purified for consumption.

Common marine-based Docosahexaenoic Acid sources:
Fish oil capsules (varying Docosahexaenoic Acid concentrations)
Cod liver oil
Krill oil
Algal oil (vegetarian option)

Microalgae synthesize Docosahexaenoic Acid at the base of the marine food chain.
Algal oil provides a plant-based alternative, particularly valuable for vegetarians and vegans.

When selecting supplements, check the Docosahexaenoic Acid-to-EPA ratio on labels.
Higher-quality products typically list exact Docosahexaenoic Acid amounts per serving, with pharmaceutical-grade oils offering better purity.

Eggs, Meat, and Other Dietary Sources
While less concentrated than marine sources, several land-based foods provide modest Docosahexaenoic Acid amounts, especially those from animals fed omega-3-enriched diets.

Non-fish Docosahexaenoic Acid sources:
Docosahexaenoic Acid-enriched eggs (60-150 mg per egg)
Grass-fed beef (small amounts)
Organ meats like liver and brain
Poultry (minimal amounts)

Docosahexaenoic Acid-fortified foods have become increasingly available, including:
Fortified milk and dairy alternatives
Omega-3 enriched juices
Fortified infant formula

Plant foods contain no direct Docosahexaenoic Acid, but some provide ALA, which your body partially converts to Docosahexaenoic Acid.
Flaxseeds, chia seeds, and walnuts are rich in ALA, though conversion rates are low (typically under 5%).

CHEMICAL STRUCTURE of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic Acid has a unique molecular structure that gives it special properties in your body.
Docosahexaenoic Acid’s technically known as 4,7,10,13,16,19-docosahexaenoic acid, which describes the locations of its six double bonds.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is a long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid with 22 carbon atoms and 6 double bonds.
The “hexaenoic” in Docosahexaenoic Acid's name refers to these six double bonds, which create a flexible, curved shape.

This distinctive structure allows Docosahexaenoic Acid to incorporate efficiently into cell membranes, especially in your brain and retina.
The flexibility of Docosahexaenoic Acid helps maintain proper membrane fluidity, which is essential for normal cell function.
Your body can produce small amounts of Docosahexaenoic Acid from other omega-3 fatty acids, but this conversion is often inefficient.
This is why getting DHA directly from your diet or supplements is important.

COMPARISON WITH OTHER OMEGA-3 FATTY ACIDS, DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic Acid is one of three main omega-3 essential fatty acids, alongside eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and alpha-linolenic acid (ALA).
Each has unique benefits for your health.
Docosahexaenoic Acid differs from EPA in its length and number of double bonds.

EPA has 20 carbon atoms and 5 double bonds, while Docosahexaenoic Acid has 22 carbon atoms and 6 double bonds.
This structural difference affects how each functions in your body.
Both Docosahexaenoic Acid and EPA are found in fish oil and have similar but distinct effects:

Docosahexaenoic Acid: 
Particularly important for brain and eye health

EPA: 
Often associated with heart health and reducing inflammation
ALA, found in plant sources like flaxseed, must be converted to EPA and then Docosahexaenoic Acid in your body—a process that isn’t very efficient in humans.
While all omega-3s are beneficial, Docosahexaenoic Acid is especially crucial for brain development in infants and cognitive function throughout life.

EFFECTS ON THE BRAIN of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic Acid is the most abundant omega-3 in your brain and plays a critical role in its development and function.
Brain levels of other omega-3 fatty acids, such as EPA, are typically 250–300 times lower.

**Plays a major role in brain development
Docosahexaenoic Acid is extremely important for brain tissue growth and function, especially during development and infancy.
It needs to accumulate in the central nervous system for your eyes and brain to develop normally.

Docosahexaenoic Acid intake during the third trimester of pregnancy determines the baby’s levels, with the greatest accumulation occurring in the brain during the first few months of life.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is mainly found in the gray matter of the brain, and the frontal lobes are particularly dependent on it during development.

These parts of the brain are responsible for processing information, memories, and emotions.
They are also important for sustained attention, planning, problem solving, and social, emotional, and behavioral development.
In animals, decreased Docosahexaenoic Acid in a developing brain leads to a reduced amount of new nerve cells and altered nerve function.

It also impairs learning and eyesight.
In humans, Docosahexaenoic Acid deficiency in early life has been associated with learning disabilities, ADHD, aggressive hostility, and several other disorders.

Furthermore, low levels in mothers are linked to an increased risk of poor visual and neural development in the child.
Studies show that babies of mothers who consumed 200 mg per day from the 24th week of pregnancy until delivery had improvements in vision and problem solving.

**May have benefits for the aging brain
Docosahexaenoic Acid is also critical for healthy brain aging.
As you age, your brain goes through natural changes, characterized by increased oxidative stress, altered energy metabolism, and DNA damage.

The structure of your brain also changes, which reduces its size, weight, and fat content.
Interestingly, many of these changes are also seen when Docosahexaenoic Acid levels decrease.

These include altered membrane properties, memory function, enzyme activity, and neuron function.
Taking a supplement may help, as Docosahexaenoic Acid supplements have been linked to significant improvements in memory, learning, and verbal fluency in those with mild memory complaints.

**Low levels are linked to brain diseases
Alzheimer’s disease is the most common form of dementia in older adults.
It affects about 4.4% of people over age 65 and alters brain function, mood, and behavior.

Reduced episodic memory is among the earliest signs of brain changes in older adults.
Poor episodic memory is associated with difficulties recalling events that occurred at a specific time and place.

Interestingly, Alzheimer’s disease patients have lower amounts of Docosahexaenoic Acid in the brain and liver, while EPA and docosapentaenoic acid (DPA) levels are elevated.
Studies show that higher blood Docosahexaenoic Acid levels are linked to a reduced risk of dementia and Alzheimer’s.

SUMMARY
Docosahexaenoic Acid is essential for brain and eye development.
As such, low levels may disrupt brain function and are linked to an increased risk of memory complaints, dementia, and Alzheimer’s disease.

EFFECTS ON EYES AND VISION of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic Acid helps activate rhodopsin, a membrane protein in the rods of your eyes.
Rhodopsin helps your brain receive images by changing the permeability, fluidity, and thickness of your eye membranes.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is important for vision and various functions inside your eye.

EFFECTS ON HEART HEALTH of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Omega-3 fatty acids are generally linked to a reduced risk of heart disease.
Low levels are associated with an increased risk of heart disease and death, and some studies show that supplements reduce your risk.
This applies especially to the long-chain omega-3 fatty acids found in fatty fish and fish oils, such as EPA and Docosahexaenoic Acid.
Their intake can improve many risk factors for heart disease, including:

*Blood triglycerides.
Long-chain omega-3 fatty acids may reduce blood triglycerides by up to 30%.

*Blood pressure.
The omega-3 fatty acids in fish oils and fatty fish may reduce blood pressure in people with high levels.

*Cholesterol levels.
Fish oils and omega-3s may lower total cholesterol and increase HDL (good) cholesterol in people with high levels.

*Endothelial function.
Docosahexaenoic Acid may protect against endothelial dysfunction, which is a leading driver of heart disease.
While some studies are promising, many don’t report any significant effects.
Two large analyses of controlled studies concluded that omega-3 fatty acids have minimal effects on your risk of heart attacks, strokes, or dying from heart disease.

SUMMARY
Docosahexaenoic Acid may reduce your risk of heart disease by lowering blood triglycerides and blood pressure, among other effects.

OTHER HEALTH BENEFITS of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic Acid may also protect against other diseases, including:

*Arthritis.
This omega-3 reduces inflammation in your body and may alleviate pain and inflammation related to arthritis.

*Cancer.
Docosahexaenoic Acid may make it more difficult for cancer cells to survive.

*Asthma.
Docosahexaenoic Acid may reduce asthma symptoms, possibly by blocking mucus secretion and reducing blood pressure.

SUMMARY
Docosahexaenoic Acid may relieve conditions like arthritis and asthma, as well as prevent the growth of cancer cells.

*Especially important during early life
Docosahexaenoic Acid is critical during the last months of pregnancy and early in a baby’s life.
Babies up to the age of 2 have a greater need for it than older children and adults.

As their brains are growing rapidly, they need high amounts of Docosahexaenoic Acid to form vital cell membrane structures in their brains and eyes.
Therefore, Docosahexaenoic Acid intake can dramatically affect brain development.

SUMMARY
During pregnancy and early life, Docosahexaenoic Acid is vital for the formation of structures in the brain and eyes.

INDUSTRY, RESEARCH, AND FUTURE PERSPECTIVES of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
The Docosahexaenoic Acid market is experiencing rapid growth due to increasing consumer awareness and research advances.
Global market projections show a significant increase from current values of around $4.75 billion to over $9 billion by 2033.

EMERGING TRENDS AND INNOVATIONS of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
The Docosahexaenoic Acid market is projected to grow at a CAGR of 9.2% through 2033, driven by several key innovations.
Microalgae cultivation is replacing traditional fish oil sources, offering a more sustainable and vegetarian-friendly option for Docosahexaenoic Acid production.

HOW MUCH DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID DO YOU NEED?
Most guidelines for healthy adults recommend at least 250–500 mg of combined EPA and Docosahexaenoic Acid per day.
Studies show the average Docosahexaenoic Acid intake is closer to 100 mg per day.
Children up to the age of 2 may need 4.5–5.5 mg per pound of body weight (10–12 mg/kg), while older children may need up to 250 mg per day.

Pregnant or breastfeeding mothers are advised to get at least 200 mg of Docosahexaenoic Acid, or 300–900 mg of combined EPA and Docosahexaenoic Acid, per day.
People with mild memory complaints or cognitive impairments may benefit from 500–1,700 mg of Docosahexaenoic Acid per day to improve brain function.

Vegetarians and vegans are often lacking in Docosahexaenoic Acid and should consider taking microalgae supplements that contain it.
Docosahexaenoic Acid supplements are usually safe.
However, taking more than 2 grams per day does not have any added benefits and is not recommended.

Interestingly, curcumin, the active compound in turmeric, may enhance your body’s Docosahexaenoic Acid absorption.
It’s linked to many health benefits, and animal studies suggest that it may boost Docosahexaenoic Acid levels in the brain.
Therefore, curcumin may be helpful when supplementing with Docosahexaenoic Acid.

SUMMARY
Adults should get 250–500 mg of combined EPA and Docosahexaenoic Acid daily, while children should get 4.5–5.5 mg per pound of body weight (10–12 mg/kg).

DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID AND MENTAL HEALTH:
Docosahexaenoic Acid plays a significant role in brain function and mental well-being.
Research shows strong connections between this omega-3 fatty acid and various aspects of psychological health.

***Potential for Reducing Depression
Docosahexaenoic Acid may help reduce symptoms of depression through several mechanisms.
Studies show a direct association between low omega-3 levels and increased risk of maternal depression.
When your diet lacks sufficient Docosahexaenoic Acid, you might experience mood changes that affect daily functioning.

Docosahexaenoic Acid supports proper brain cell communication and reduces inflammation, which can both impact mood regulation.
Harvard Health notes that while Docosahexaenoic Acid may be less effective than other omega-3s as an antidepressant, it could have protective effects against suicide risk.

You can increase your Docosahexaenoic Acid intake through:
*Fatty fish (salmon, mackerel)
*Fish oil supplements
*Algae-based supplements (for vegetarians)

During pregnancy, adequate Docosahexaenoic Acid levels appear particularly important for both maternal mental health and child behavioral development.
Some healthcare providers recommend supplementation during this critical period.

Docosahexaenoic Acid in Lipid Metabolism and Cardiometabolic Health
Docosahexaenoic Acid plays a crucial role in regulating lipid metabolism and supporting heart health.
Research shows Docosahexaenoic Acid affects multiple pathways that influence your body’s processing of fats and can help manage cardiovascular risk factors.

***Effects on Triglyceride Levels
Docosahexaenoic Acid has proven effects on lowering triglyceride levels in your bloodstream.
When you consume Docosahexaenoic Acid, it regulates triglycerides by reducing their synthesis in the liver and enhancing their clearance from circulation.
This omega-3 fatty acid works through multiple mechanisms:

***Decreasing fatty acid synthesis
Increasing fatty acid oxidation
Reducing VLDL (very low-density lipoprotein) production

Your body processes Docosahexaenoic Acid differently than other omega-3s like EPA (eicosapentaenoic acid).
Studies indicate that Docosahexaenoic Acid may be more effective than EPA in certain aspects of lipid management, particularly when confronting diets high in fat.

Docosahexaenoic Acid also inhibits enzymes involved in triglyceride formation while activating those that break down fats.
This dual action helps maintain balanced lipid levels in your bloodstream.

***Interaction With Phospholipids
Docosahexaenoic Acid becomes enriched in phospholipids in your brain and retina, where it serves critical functions.
In cell membranes, Docosahexaenoic Acid alters phospholipid composition and membrane fluidity, which affects cellular signaling and metabolism.

When incorporated into phospholipids, Docosahexaenoic Acid can:
*Improve membrane flexibility
*Enhance receptor function
*Modify lipid raft composition
*Replace arachidonic acid in membrane phospholipids

Recent research shows Docosahexaenoic Acid alters lipid metabolism processes via modifications to histone proteins (H3K9ac) and through the PDK4-AMPK-SREBP1 signaling pathway.
These molecular mechanisms explain how Docosahexaenoic Acid affects your body’s overall lipid processing.

Your body can produce small amounts of Docosahexaenoic Acid from alpha-linolenic acid, but this conversion is inefficient.
Direct consumption of Docosahexaenoic Acid through diet or supplements provides more reliable benefits for phospholipid composition and cardiometabolic health.

HEALTH BENEFITS of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
“Good” and “bad” fats have been heavily scrutinized in recent years.
The current scientific consensus is that certain fats, in particular omega-3 fatty acids, are particularly good for most people’s health.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is one of the most important omega-3 fatty acids that you can consume.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is mostly found in fatty fish, like other omega-3 fatty acids.
This may be part of why the Mediterranean diet has been linked to healthier hearts.
From keeping your heart healthier to reducing inflammation, eating enough Docosahexaenoic Acid can be an important part of a healthy diet for most people.

***Health Benefits
Docosahexaenoic Acid can provide important health benefits for many people.
For example, Docosahexaenoic Acid may help people with ADHD focus on tasks more easily and with fewer distractions.
Many people with ADHD have been tested to have lower blood levels of Docosahexaenoic Acid than people without ADHD.
Supplementing your diet with Docosahexaenoic Acid can reduce symptoms of ADHD and help you focus more easily.

Docosahexaenoic Acid has also been linked to a lower risk of early preterm births by anywhere from 40% to 64%.
People who are pregnant are recommended to consume more Docosahexaenoic Acid to avoid deficiencies and potential early preterm births.
In addition, Docosahexaenoic Acid can provide other health benefits like:

***Heart Health
Consuming omega-3 fatty acids has been shown to improve heart health by reducing several markers of cardiovascular stress.
Studies show that regularly consuming enough omega-3 fatty acids like Docosahexaenoic Acid can lower the risk of cardiovascular death.
Furthermore, there are several forms of omega-3 fatty acids, but the two main forms are Docosahexaenoic Acid and eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA).
These two forms are often found together, but they are not equal.
Several studies have pointed to Docosahexaenoic Acid as being a more effective protector of heart health than EPA.

***Reduced Inflammation
Docosahexaenoic Acid has also been linked to lower inflammation levels in the body.
Inflammation is connected to a number of age-related chronic diseases.
In one study, consuming Docosahexaenoic Acid helped reduce the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis by 28%.
Inflammation is also linked to heart disease, so reduced inflammation may also lower your risk of coronary events.

***Eye Health
Omega-3 fatty acids may also help reduce your risk of glaucoma.
Consuming omega-3 fatty acids can help lower internal eye pressure, which is an indicator of glaucoma.
This can help save your vision and prevent eye discomfort.

DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID AND INFLAMMATION:
Docosahexaenoic Acid plays a powerful role in reducing inflammation in the body through multiple biological pathways.
This omega-3 fatty acid can decrease inflammatory markers and protect against chronic diseases linked to inflammation.

***Effects on Inflammatory Markers
Docosahexaenoic Acid works directly on your body’s inflammatory response system.
Docosahexaenoic Acid reduces inflammatory processes by helping create compounds called resolvins, which actively fight inflammation.

When you consume more Docosahexaenoic Acid, your cell membranes incorporate this fatty acid, making them less likely to trigger inflammatory reactions.

Studies show that Docosahexaenoic Acid can lower levels of TNF-α, a major inflammatory marker associated with numerous diseases.
This reduction helps calm your immune system’s overactivity.
Docosahexaenoic Acid also combats oxidative stress by reducing reactive oxygen species production.

Your body’s antioxidant capacity improves with Docosahexaenoic Acid supplementation, preserving glutathione (GSH) content – an important antioxidant in your cells.
The anti-inflammatory effects are measurable in blood tests, with decreases in C-reactive protein and other inflammatory markers often seen after consistent Docosahexaenoic Acid intake.

***Impact on Chronic Disease
The anti-inflammatory properties of Docosahexaenoic Acid directly benefit your heart health.
Docosahexaenoic Acid has cardioprotective effects by reducing inflammation in blood vessels and improving lipid profiles.
Research in hypertensive patients shows Docosahexaenoic Acid can help manage blood pressure through its anti-inflammatory mechanisms.

Your risk of cardiovascular events may decrease with regular Docosahexaenoic Acid consumption.
Docosahexaenoic Acid also shows promise for brain health.
Docosahexaenoic Acid provides neuroprotective properties against inflammation-related brain disorders.

Your brain cells benefit from Docosahexaenoic Acid’s ability to reduce neuroinflammation.
Chronic conditions linked to inflammation, such as arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, may improve with adequate Docosahexaenoic Acid levels.

Your symptoms might decrease in severity as inflammatory pathways are suppressed.
Docosahexaenoic Acid works synergistically with EPA (another omega-3 fatty acid) to reduce your risk of chronic diseases by addressing the underlying inflammation that drives disease progression.

SUPPLEMENTATION AND DIETARY RECOMMENDATIONS of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic Acid supplements and dietary sources can help meet recommended intake levels when food choices alone aren’t sufficient.
The right product selection and proper dosage are essential for safety and effectiveness.

CHOOSING EFFECTIVE DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID SUPPLEMENTS:
When selecting Docosahexaenoic Acid supplements, look for products that clearly state their EPA and Docosahexaenoic Acid content, not just “fish oil” or “omega-3.”
Third-party tested supplements help ensure you’re getting what the label claims without contaminants.

Fish oil, algal oil, and krill oil are common Docosahexaenoic Acid supplement forms.
Algal supplements are particularly valuable for vegetarians and vegans as they’re derived from microalgae rather than fish.
Consider the form: triglyceride forms may offer better absorption than ethyl ester forms.

Enteric-coated capsules can reduce the fishy aftertaste and “repeating” that some people experience.
Store supplements in cool, dark places to prevent oxidation.
Refrigeration may extend shelf life, especially for liquid forms.

DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID AND EPA IN FISH OILS:
Fish oil is widely sold in capsules containing a mixture of omega−3 fatty acids, including EPA and Docosahexaenoic Acid.
Oxidized fish oil in supplement capsules may contain lower levels of EPA and Docosahexaenoic Acid.
Light, oxygen exposure, and heat can all contribute to oxidation of fish oil supplements.
Buying a quality product that is kept cold in storage and then keeping it in a refrigerator can help minimize oxidation.

HOW DOES DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID WORK?
Docosahexaenoic Acid is mainly located in cell membranes, where it makes the membranes and gaps between cells more fluid.
This makes Docosahexaenoic Acid easier for nerve cells to send and receive electrical signals.
Therefore, adequate levels of Docosahexaenoic Acid seem to make it easier, quicker, and more efficient for your nerve cells to communicate.
Having low levels in your brain or eyes may slow the signaling between cells, resulting in poor eyesight or altered brain function.
Docosahexaenoic Acid makes the membranes and gaps between nerve cells more fluid, making it easier for cells to communicate.

TOP FOOD SOURCES of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic Acid is mainly found in seafood, such as fish, shellfish, and algae.
Several types of fish and fish products are excellent sources, providing up to several grams per serving.

These include mackerel, salmon, herring, sardines, and caviar.
Some fish oils, such as cod liver oil, can provide as much as 1 gram of Docosahexaenoic Acid in a single tablespoon (15 ml).
Just keep in mind that some fish oils may also be high in vitamin A, which can be harmful in large amounts.

What’s more, Docosahexaenoic Acid may occur in small amounts in meat and dairy from grass-fed animals, as well as omega-3-enriched or pastured eggs.
However, it may be hard to get enough from your diet alone.

If you don’t regularly eat these foods, taking a supplement may be a good idea.
Docosahexaenoic Acid is mostly found in fatty fish, shellfish, fish oils, and algae.
Grass-fed meat, dairy, and omega-3-enriched eggs may also contain small amounts.

USES & EFFECTIVENESS of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
***Possibly Effective for
High levels of cholesterol or other fats (lipids) in the blood (hyperlipidemia).
Taking Docosahexaenoic Acid with or without eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) by mouth daily seems to somewhat lower triglyceride levels.
But Docosahexaenoic Acid doesn't seem to lower total cholesterol and might increase low-density lipoprotein (LDL or "bad") cholesterol.

***Possibly Ineffective for
Decline in memory and thinking skills that occurs normally with age.
Taking Docosahexaenoic Acid supplements by mouth alone or with other ingredients doesn't improve memory, forgetfulness, or learning ability in people with age-related memory changes.

*Alzheimer disease.
People who get more Docosahexaenoic Acid from their diet might have a lower risk of Alzheimer disease.
But taking Docosahexaenoic Acid supplements by mouth doesn't seem to slow the progression of the disease.

*Attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder (ADHD).
Taking Docosahexaenoic Acid supplements by mouth doesn't seem to improve ADHD symptoms in children.
A lung disease that affects newborns (bronchopulmonary dysplasia).
Giving Docosahexaenoic Acid to preterm infants by mouth or taking DHA by mouth while breast-feeding doesn't reduce the infant's risk for this lung disease.
In fact, Docosahexaenoic Acid might increase the risk for this disease in some infants.

*Memory and thinking skills (cognitive function).
Taking Docosahexaenoic Acid supplements by mouth doesn't improve mental performance in healthy adults.

*Cystic fibrosis.
Taking Docosahexaenoic Acid supplements by mouth doesn't improve symptoms of cystic fibrosis.

*Depression.
Taking Docosahexaenoic Acid supplements by mouth doesn't seem to improve symptoms of depression or prevent depression in most people.
Infants born weighing more than 4000 grams (8 pounds, 13.1 ounces).
Taking Docosahexaenoic Acid supplements by mouth during pregnancy doesn't seem to reduce the chance of having a large baby.
There is interest in using Docosahexaenoic Acid for a number of other purposes, but there isn't enough reliable information to say whether it might be helpful.

CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM CONSTITUENT of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic Acid is the most abundant omega−3 fatty acid in the brain and retina.
Docosahexaenoic Acid comprises 40% of the polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in the brain and 60% of the PUFAs in the retina.

Fifty percent of a neuronal plasma membrane is composed of Docosahexaenoic Acid.
Docosahexaenoic Acid modulates the carrier-mediated transport of choline, glycine, and taurine, the function of delayed rectifier potassium channels, and the response of rhodopsin contained in the synaptic vesicles.

Phosphatidylserine (PS) – which contains high Docosahexaenoic Acid content – has roles in neuronal signaling and neurotransmitter synthesis, and Docosahexaenoic Acid deficiency is associated with cognitive decline.
Docosahexaenoic Acid levels are reduced in the brain tissue of severely depressed people.

BIOSYNTHESIS of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
***Aerobic eukaryote pathway
Aerobic eukaryotes, specifically microalgae, mosses, fungi, and some animals, perform biosynthesis of Docosahexaenoic Acid as a series of desaturation and elongation reactions, catalyzed by the sequential action of desaturase and elongase enzymes.

This pathway, originally identified in Thraustochytrium, applies to these groups:
*a desaturation at the sixth carbon of alpha-linolenic acid by a delta 6 desaturase to produce stearidonic acid (SDA, 18:4 ω-3),
*elongation of the stearidonic acid by a delta 6 elongase to produce eicosatetraenoic acid (ETA, 20:4 ω-3),
*desaturation at the fifth carbon of eicosatetraenoic acid by a delta 5 desaturase to produce eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5 ω-3),
*elongation of eicosapentaenoic acid by a delta 5 elongase to produce docosapentaenoic acid (DPA, 22:5 ω-3), and
desaturation at the fourth carbon of docosapentaenoic acid by a delta 4 desaturase to produce Docosahexaenoic Acid.

***Mammals
In humans, Docosahexaenoic Acid is either obtained from the diet or may be converted in small amounts from eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5, ω-3).
With the identification of FADS2 as a human Δ4-desaturase in 2015, it is now known that humans follow the same synthesis pathway as aerobic eukaryotes, involving Δ5-elongation to DPA and Δ4-desaturation to Docosahexaenoic Acid.

Docosahexaenoic Acid is not an essential fatty acid as it can metabolized to some extent from its dietary essential precursor α-Linolenic acid.
The route from α-Linolenic acid is ineffective, converting only about 0.05% of ALA into Docosahexaenoic Acid.
A "Sprecher's shunt" hypothesis, proposed in 1991, postulates that EPA is twice elongated to 24:5 ω-3, then desaturated to 24:6 ω-3 via delta 6 desaturase in the mitochondria, then shortened to Docosahexaenoic Acid (22:6 ω-3) via beta oxidation in the peroxisome.

The hypothesis was accepted in the absence of an identified Δ4-desaturase in mammals prior to 2015.
The shunt model does not match clinical data, specifically that patients with beta oxidation defects do not display issues in Docosahexaenoic Acid synthesis.
With the identification of a Δ4-desaturase, it is considered outdated.

***Anaerobic pathway
Marine bacteria and the microalgae Schizochytrium use an anerobic polyketide synthase pathway to synthesize Docosahexaenoic Acid.

METABOLISM of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Docosahexaenoic Acid can be metabolized into Docosahexaenoic Acid-derived specialized pro-resolving mediators (SPMs), Docosahexaenoic Acid epoxides, electrophilic oxo-derivatives (EFOX) of Docosahexaenoic Acid, neuroprostanes, ethanolamines, acylglycerols, docosahexaenoyl amides of amino acids or neurotransmitters, and branched Docosahexaenoic Acid esters of hydroxy fatty acids, among others.
The enzyme CYP2C9 metabolizes Docosahexaenoic Acid to epoxydocosapentaenoic acids (EDPs; primarily 19,20-epoxy-eicosapentaenoic acid isomers i.e. 10,11-EDPs).

NUTRITION of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Ordinary types of cooked salmon contain 500–1500 mg Docosahexaenoic Acid and 300–1000 mg EPA per 100 grams.
Additional rich seafood sources of Docosahexaenoic Acid include caviar (3400 mg per 100 grams), anchovies (1292 mg per 100 grams), mackerel (1195 mg per 100 grams), and cooked herring (1105 mg per 100 grams).
Brains from mammals taken as food are also a good direct source.

Beef brain, for example, contains approximately 855 mg of Docosahexaenoic Acid per 100 grams in a serving.
While Docosahexaenoic Acid may be the primary fatty acid found in certain specialized tissues, these tissues, aside from the brain, are typically small in size, such as the seminiferous tubules and the retina.
As a result, animal-based foods, excluding the brain, generally offer minimal amounts of preformed Docosahexaenoic Acid.

DISCOVERY OF ALGAE-BASED DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
In the early 1980s, NASA sponsored scientific research on a plant-based food source that could generate oxygen and nutrition on long-duration space flights.
Certain species of marine algae produced rich nutrients, leading to the development of an algae-based, vegetable-like oil that contains two polyunsaturated fatty acids, Docosahexaenoic Acid and arachidonic acid.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
Chemical formula: C22H32O2
Molar mass: 328.488 g/mol
Density: 0.943 g/cm3
Melting point: −44 °C (−47 °F; 229 K)
Boiling point: 446.7 °C (836.1 °F; 719.8 K)
CAS Number: 6217-54-5
EC Number: 612-950-9
M. Wt: 328.49
Formula: C22H32O2
Storage: Store at -20°C
Purity: ≥98%
CAS Number: 6217-54-5

PubChem ID: 445580
InChI Key: MBMBGCFOFBJSGT-KUBAVDMBSA-N
Smiles: CCC=C/CC=C/CC=C/C/C=CC/C=CCCC(O)=O
Physical state: liquid
Color: light yellow
Odor: No data available
Melting point/range: -44,5 - -44,1 °C
Initial boiling point and boiling range: No data available
Flammability (solid, gas): No data available
Upper/lower flammability or explosive limits: No data available
Flash point: 62 °C - closed cup
Autoignition temperature: No data available
Decomposition temperature: No data available

pH: No data available
Viscosity: No data available
Water solubility: No data available
Partition coefficient: n-octanol/water: No data available
Vapor pressure: No data available
Density: 0,950 g/cm3
Relative density: No data available
Relative vapor density: No data available
Particle characteristics: No data available
Explosive properties: No data available
Oxidizing properties: none
Other safety information: No data available

Preferred Name: Docosahexaenoic acid
Primary Acronym: DHA
Chemical Formula: C22H32O2
Molecular Weight: 328.49 g/mol
CAS Number: 6217-54-5
EC / EINECS Number: 612-950-9
Chemical formula: C22H32O2
Molar mass: 328.488 g/mol
Density: 0.943 g/cm3
Melting point: −44 °C
Boiling point: 446.7 °C

FIRST AID MEASURES of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Call in ophthalmologist. 
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing: 
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Observe possible material restrictions. 
Take up dry. 
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
Foam 
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection. 
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A 
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed. 
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of DOCOSAHEXAENOIC ACID:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available