E 153

CAS:    7440-44-0
MF:    C
MW:    12.011
EINECS:    931-328-0

Physical Information
The E 153 is a food additive, which the European Union (EU) and Canadian authorities have approved. 
However, E 153 is prohibited in the United States, as the FDA does not approve its use. 
The E 153 has a common name known as vegetable carbon.  
E 153 is also known as carbon black, vegetable black or carbo medicinalis vegetabilis.

E 153 is produced from green bamboo, refined from high-temperature carbonization process. 
E 153's production is through steam activation. 
Steam activation is achieved by charring vegetable fibres. 
Raw materials like nutshells, peat, wood, and cellulose residues are used to achieve this process.

They are ground into small particles before adding glycerin or glucose for ease of use in food.  
E 153 contains fine particles of carbonized vegetable material. 
The carbon black powder is particularly fine. 
E 153's color shade ranges from grey to black, depending on the amount used.
No side effects known in the concentrations used. 
E 153 used medically as an anti-diarrhoeal agent.
None; E 153 can be consumed by all religious groups, vegans and vegetarians.

In fact, even the USA has banned its use, as there was strong evidence E 153 was quite toxic, although further studies found it may have been mostly due to impurities.
As mentioned above, E 153 is also called Carbon Black, and it’s used to colour certain foods. 
Foods may be licuorice candies, or simple jams/jellies.
E 153 is made out of some pretty nasty stuff. 
E 153’s basically pure-carbon and is derived from charcoal, burned (ashed) vegetables, and coal tar.

Vegetable Carbon, whilst being a black colouring, can be obtained from various sources including activated charcoal, bones, meat, blood, various fats, oils and resins or just the incomplete combustion of natural gas, E 153 is normally derived from burnt vegetable matter.
E 153 is a toxic additive with many side effects. 
Many of these dyes are discharged into the environment, like rivers and therefore can find their way into animals and ultimately humans

E 153 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 3550 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 500-600 °C(lit.)
Density: ~1.7 g/mL at 25 °C(lit.)
Vapor pressure :<0.1 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Fp: >230 °F
Storage temp.: no restrictions.
Solubility: Insoluble.
Form: rod
Color: Black
Specific Gravity: 1.8～2.1 (amorphous)
PH: 6-9
Resistivity: 1375 μΩ-cm, 20°C (graphite)
Water Solubility: Insoluble in water.
Merck: 14,1807
BRN: 4360473
Stability: Stable. 
Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. 
Combustible. 
Highly flammable in powdered form.
CAS DataBase Reference :7440-44-0(CAS DataBase Reference)
NIST Chemistry Reference: E 153 (7440-44-0)
EPA Substance Registry System: E 153 (7440-44-0)

E 153, is a nonmetallic element, grey solid. 
E 153 is found in nature as graphite (specific gravity2.25), diamond(specific gravity 3.51), and coal (specific gravity 1.88). 
E 153 is found in all living things, is insoluble in common solvents,and forms an almost infinite numberof organic compounds. 
Anaturally occurring radioactive isotope, 14C, has a half-life of 5780 years and is used in archaeo logical investigations to date artifacts and ancient documents. 
Other uses of carbon depend on E 153's form. 
For example, diamonds for jewels and abrasives,graphite for lubricants, activated carbon to absorb color and gases, and wood carbon for fuel are some common examples.

E 153 is crystallized carbon and usually appears as soft, black scales. 
There are two types of graph ite, natural and artificial (activated). 
Natural and synthetic graphite may be mixed with each other or contain other additives.
E 153 is, without a doubt, one of the most important elements on Earth. 
E 153 is the majorelement found in over one million organic compounds and is the minor component in mineralssuch as carbonates of magnesium and calcium (e.g., limestone, marble, and dolomite),coral, and shells of oysters and clams.
The E 153 cycle, one of the most essential of all biological processes, involves the chemicalconversion of carbon dioxide to carbohydrates in green plants by photosynthesis.
Animalsconsume the carbohydrates and, through the metabolic process, reconvert the carbohydratesback into carbon dioxide, which is returned to the atmosphere to continue the cycle.

Common Uses
E 153 can be found in concentrated fruit juices, jams, jellies and liquorice.
E 153 is rarely utilized alone in food as it offers an intense black color. 
E 153 is suitable for specific varieties of confectionery like desserts or ice. Nevertheless, E 153 can be used as a shading agent with other colours, hence increased color intensity.
E 153 has common uses like confectionery, decorations, cheese coating, cosmetics,pharmaceuticals, bakery products, and black caviar substitute.

Products such as jam crystals, jelly crystals, and liquorice are among the food and drinks come under E 153's category .
An excellent example of E 153 in drinks is where Alex Kratena at London’s Artesian bar incorporated vegetable ash on his Dream to a dream cocktail.
E 153 has traditionally been used as a natural black dye in the food and cosmetics industries.

Currently, E 153 is used in a wide range of products as an additive, labelled E153. 
They are used regularly in the manufacture of:
Sweets and gummy candies
Cocolates
Patries
Tined goods
Blac salt
Chees
Body creams and lotions

Synonyms
05105_FLUKA
05110_FLUKA
05112_FLUKA
05113_FLUKA
05120_FLUKA
05123_FLUKA
101239-80-9
106907-70-4
109766-76-9
114680-00-1
115344-49-5
116788-82-0
12424-49-6
124760-06-1
12751-41-6
12768-98-8
12789-22-9
130960-03-1
131640-45-4
133136-50-2
1333-86-4
1343-03-9
137322-21-5
137906-62-8
138464-41-2
1399-57-1
147335-73-7
155660-93-8
156854-02-3
158271-80-8
159251-18-0
161551_SIAL
16291-96-6
16291-96-6 (Parent)
164973-65-3
179607-25-1
18002_RIEDEL
18002_SUPELCO
18006_RIEDEL
18008_RIEDEL
18008_SIAL
181719-82-4
182761-22-4
186708-92-9
186708-96-3
208519-32-8
208728-20-5
208728-21-6
214540-86-0
22874_FLUKA
22874_SIAL
242233_SIAL
242241_SIAL
242268_SIAL
242276_SIAL
26837-67-2
282863_ALDRICH
282863_SIAL
29204_FLUKA
29204_SIAL
29238_FLUKA
292591_SIAL
2P3VWU3H10
308068-56-6
326874-96-8
329428_SIAL
332461_ALDRICH
332461_SIAL
37196-29-5
37265-44-4
37265-48-8
37771_FLUKA
37771_SIAL
37996_FLUKA
37996_SIAL
390127_SIAL
39422-04-3
39434-34-9
39988_FLUKA
3B4-2186
429685-07-4
484164_ALDRICH
496537_ALDRICH
496545_ALDRICH
496553_ALDRICH
496561_ALDRICH
496588_ALDRICH
496596_ALDRICH
50814-81-8
51127_FLUKA
51127_SIAL
519308_ALDRICH
52623-24-2
53095-52-6
53663_FLUKA
53663_SIAL
53851-02-8
55353-42-9
55607-95-9
56257-79-5
56257-80-8
56274-59-0
566149-76-6
56729-25-0
56729-26-1
572497_ALDRICH
58517-29-6
58899_FLUKA
61512-59-2
633100_ALDRICH
636398_ALDRICH
63661-31-4
64365-11-3
64365-11-3 (activated)
64427-56-1
64900-31-8
65407-06-9
67167-41-3
675342_SIAL
681225-93-4
6C
72343_FLUKA
72343_SIAL
72536-89-1
72840-52-9
73560-38-0
7440-44-0
75026-75-4
76416-61-0
76632-92-3
7782-40-3
7782-42-5
798556-12-4
798556-14-6
79921-09-8
81180-26-9
82600-58-6
82696-74-0
82696-75-1
82701-02-8
82701-03-9
82701-04-0
82701-05-1
82701-06-2
82709-42-0
83138-28-7
83797-07-3
84739-05-9
857167-12-5
87934-03-0
89341_FLUKA
89341_SIAL
89440_ALDRICH
89440_FLUKA
90452-98-5
90597-58-3
93067_FLUKA
93067_SIAL
95681_FLUKA
95681_SIAL
96831_FLUKA
96831_SIAL
97708-44-6
97793-37-8
97876_FLUKA
97876_SIAL
AC1NUWBM
Acetylene black
Acticarbone
Actidose
Activated carbon
Activated charcoal
Activated Charcoal Norit
Activated Charcoal Norit(R)
Activated charcoal, iodinated
Adsorba
Adsorbit
Aerodag G
AG 1500
AG 3 (Adsorbent)
AG 5
AG 5 (Adsorbent)
AGN-PC-0LQUF1
AK (Adsorbent)
AKOS015914131
Amoco PX 21
Animal bone charcoal
Anthrasorb
Aqua nuchar
Aquadag
AR 3
Aroflow
Arogen
Arotone
Arovel
Arrow
ART 2
AS 1
AT 20
ATJ-S
ATJ-S graphite
Atlantic
AU 3
BAU
BG 6080
Black 140
Black Kosmos 33
Black lead
Black pearls
Bone charcoal
C
C.I. 77265
C.I. 77266
C.I. Pigment Black 10
C.I. Pigment Black 6
C.I. Pigment Black 7
C2194
C2764_SIAL
C2889_SIAL
C3014_SIAL
C3345_SIAL
C4386_SIAL
C5510_SIAL
C6289_SIAL
C9157_SIAL
Calcotone Black
Cancarb
Canesorb
Canlub
Carbo activatus
Carbo vegetabilis
Carbodis
Carbolac
Carbolac 1
Carbomet
Carbomix
Carbon
Carbon Activated
CARBON BLACK
Carbon Black BV and V
Carbon black, acetylene
Carbon black, channel
Carbon black, furnace
Carbon black, lamp
Carbon black, thermal
CARBON NANOTUBE
Carbon nanotube, single-walled
Carbon powder
Carbon, activate
Carbon, activated
Carbon, activated [UN1362] [Spontaneously combustible]
Carbon, amorphous
Carbon, colloidal
Carbon, Vitreous
Carbon-12
Carbone
carbonium
carbono
Carbopol Extra
Carbopol M
Carbopol Z 4
Carbopol Z Extra
Carbosieve
Carbosorbit R
Caswell No. 161
Cb 50
CCRIS 7235
CCRIS 8681
CCRIS 9467
Cecarbon
Ceylon Black Lead
CF 8
CF 8 (Carbon)
Channel black
Char, from refuse burner
Charbon
CHARCOAL
Charcoal bone
Charcoal activated
Charcoal activated Norit
Charcoal activated Norit(R)
Charcoal bone
Charcoal, activated
Charcoal, activated [USP]
Charcoal, except activated
Charcodote
CHEBI:27594
CI 77266
CI Pigment black 7
CK3
CLF II
CMB 200
CMB 50
Coke powder
Colgon BPL
Colgon PCB 12X30
Colgon PCB-D
Collocarb
Columbia carbon
Columbia LCK
Conductex
Conductex 900
Continex
Corax A
Corax P
CPB 5000
Croflex
Crolac
CUZ 3
CWN 2
D&C Black No. 2
D002244
D006108
Darco
DC 2
Degussa
Delussa Black FW
DIAMOND
Durex O
Eagle Germantown
EG 0
EINECS 215-609-9
EINECS 231-153-3
EINECS 231-953-2
EINECS 231-955-3
EINECS 264-846-4
Electrographite
ELF 78
Elftex
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 016001
Essex
Excelsior
EXP-F
Explosion Acetylene Black
Explosion Black
Farbruss
Fecto
Filtrasorb
Filtrasorb 200
Filtrasorb 400
Flamruss
Formocarbine
Fortafil 5Y
FT-0621888
FT-0623469
Fullerene soot
Furnace black
Furnal
Furnex
Furnex N 765
Gas Black
Gas-furnace black
Gastex
GK 2
GK 3
GP 60
GP 60S
GP 63
Grafoil
Grafoil GTA
graphene
Graphite
Graphite (all forms except graphite fibers)
Graphite (natural), dust
Graphite (synthetic)
GRAPHITE, NATURAL
Graphite, synthetic
Graphitic acid
Graphnol N 3M
Grosafe
GS 2
GY 70
H 451
Hitco HMG 50
HSDB 2017
HSDB 5037
HSDB 7713
HSDB 953
Huber
Humenegro
Hydrodarco
I14-114468
I14-45191
I14-52609
IG 11
Impingement Black
Impingement carbons
Irgalite 1104
Jado
K 257
Ketjenblack EC
Kohlenstoff
Korobon
Kosmink
Kosmobil
Kosmolak
Kosmos
Kosmotherm
Kosmovar
Lamp black
Lampblack
LS-51900
LS-59580
MA 100 (Carbon)
Magecol
Medicinal carbon
Metanex
MG 1
Micronex
Miike 20
Mineral carbon
Modulex
Mogul
Mogul L
Molacco
Monarch 1300
Monarch 700
MPG 6
Neo Spectra Beads AG
Neo-spectra II
Neo-Spectra Mark II
Neotex
Niteron 55
Norit
NORIT A, U.S.P.
Nuchar
Oil-furnace Black
OU-B
P 33 (carbon black)
P1250
P68
Papyex
Peach black
Pelikan C 11/1431a
Pelletex
Permablak 663
PG 50
Philblack
Philblack N 550
Philblack N 765
Philblack O
Pigment black 6
Pigment black 7
Plumbago
Plumbago (graphite)
Printex
Printex 60
Pyro-Carb 406
Raven
Raven 30
Raven 420
Raven 500
Raven 8000
Rebonex
Regal
Regal 300
Regal 330
Regal 400R
Regal 60
Regal 99
Regal SRF
Regent
RL04457
Rocol X 7119
Royal spectra
RTR-024045
S 1
S 1 (Graphite)
Schungite
Sevacarb
Seval
Shawinigan Acetylene Black
Shell carbon
Shungite
Silver graphite
Single wall carbon nanotube
SKG
SKLN 1
SKT
SKT (adsorbent)
Special Black 1V & V
Special schwarz
Spheron
Spheron 6
Statex
Statex N 550
Sterling MT
Sterling N 765
Sterling NS
Sterling SO 1
Stove Black
SU 2000
Suchar 681
Super-carbovar
Super-spectra
Superba
Supersorbon IV
Supersorbon S 1
SWCNT
Swedish Black Lead
Swine fly ash
SWNT
Therma-atomic Black
Thermal Acetylene Black
Thermal black
Thermatomic
Thermax
Thermblack
Tinolite
TM 30
Toka Black 4500
Toka Black 5500
Toka Black 8500
TR-024045
U 02
Ucar 38
Ultracarbon
UN1362
UNII-2P3VWU3H10
UNII-4QQN74LH4O
UNII-4XYU5U00C4
Vitreous Carbon
VVP 66-95
W8209
Watercarb
Whetlerite
Witcarb 940
XE 340
XF 4175L
GRAPHITE POWDER
MFCD00133992
Carbon Nanotubes
MFCD00144065
MFCD00146977
MFCD00211867
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs)
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), 95+%
Graphite rod, 6.15mm (0.242in) dia x 152mm (6in) long
Graphite rod, 6.15mm (0.242in) dia x 305mm (12in) long
acetylene carbon
Coconut Charcoal
Carbon rods, 5N
1034343-98-0
Activated carbon, pellets 3mm
Carbon, activated, -4+8 mesh
Carbon, activated, 2mm & down
Diamond Synthesized, 95% Nano
Carbon conductive cement adhesive
Carbon black, Super P Conductive
Carbon slug, activated, 6-8 mesh
Carbon, activated, -20+40 mesh
Carbon powder, 99.999%, 5N
Graphite flake, natural, -10 mesh
Graphite ink for tantalum capacitors
Diamond Powder (gray), 97+% Nano
Diamond Powder (gray), 98+% Nano
Graphite flake, median 7-10 micron
MFCD06411993
MFCD07370731
Graphite flake, natural, -325 mesh
Graphite foil, 1mm (0.04in) thick
Diamond powder, synthetic, <1 mircron
Graphite rod, 5.0mm (0.20in) dia
Carbon felt, 1.27cm (0.5in) thick
Carbon felt, 2.54cm (1.0in) thick
Carbon, Darco&trade; G-60, Activated
Double-walled carbon nanotubes (DWNTs)
Graphite plate, 2.5cm (1.0in) thick
Carbon black, acetylene, 50% compressed
Carbon felt, 6.35mm (0.25in) thick
Diamond Powder (black), 52-65% Nano
Graphite foil, 0.5mm (0.02in) thick
Graphite rod, 10.0mm (0.40in) dia
Graphite plate, 1.27cm (0.5in) thick
Acetylene carbon black (100% compressed)
Carbon felt, 3.18mm (0.125in) thick
Diamond powder, synthetic, 40-60 micron
Graphite foil, 0.4mm (0.015in) thick
Graphite Powders, 99.9% (metals basis)
Graphite foil, 0.13mm (0.005in) thick
Graphite foil, 0.254mm (0.01in) thick
Graphite powder, nickel coated, -100 mesh
Graphite powder, synthetic, -20+100 mesh
Carbon nanotubes, single-walled/double-walled
G0500
G0501
G0502
N0968
N0969
Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs-COOH)
Carbon nanotubes, multi-walled, core material
Graphite powder, synthetic, APS 7-11 micron
Graphite, colloidal, lubricant, aerosol spray
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), 95%
Glassy carbon rod, 3mm (0.1in) dia, type 1
Glassy carbon rod, 3mm (0.1in) dia, type 2
Glassy carbon rod, 5mm (0.2in) dia, type 1
Glassy carbon rod, 5mm (0.2in) dia, type 2
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), 90+%
Glassy carbon rod, 1mm (0.04in) dia, type 1
Glassy carbon rod, 1mm (0.04in) dia, type 2
Glassy carbon rod, 2mm (0.08in) dia, type 1
Glassy carbon rod, 2mm (0.08in) dia, type 2
Glassy carbon rod, 4mm (0.16in) dia, type 1
Glassy carbon rod, 4mm (0.16in) dia, type 2
Glassy carbon rod, 6mm (0.24in) dia, type 1
Glassy carbon rod, 6mm (0.24in) dia, type 2
Glassy carbon rod, 7mm (0.28in) dia, type 1
Glassy carbon rod, 7mm (0.28in) dia, type 2
Glassy carbon plate, 3mm (0.1in) thick, type 1
Glassy carbon plate, 3mm (0.1in) thick, type 2
Graphite powder, natural, high purity, -200 mesh
Carbon nanotubes, multi-walled, ground core material
Glassy carbon plate, 1mm (0.04in) thick, type 1
Glassy carbon plate, 1mm (0.04in) thick, type 2
Glassy carbon plate, 2mm (0.08in) thick, type 1
Glassy carbon plate, 2mm (0.08in) thick, type 2
Glassy carbon plate, 4mm (0.16in) thick, type 1
Glassy carbon plate, 4mm (0.16in) thick, type 2
Glassy carbon splinter powder, 20-50 micron, type 1
Graphite powder, natural, universal grade, -200 mesh
Nanodiamond (particle size : <10nm) (Amine-modified)
Carbon yarn, woven from 0.076mm (0.003in) dia fibers
Glassy carbon spherical powder, 0.4-12 micron, type 1
Glassy carbon spherical powder, 0.4-12 micron, type 2
Glassy carbon spherical powder, 10-20 micron, type 1
Glassy carbon spherical powder, 10-20 micron, type 2
Glassy carbon splinter powder, 0.4-12 micron, type 1
Glassy carbon splinter powder, 0.4-12 micron, type 2
Glassy carbon splinter powder, 80-200 micron, type 1
Glassy carbon splinter powder, 80-200 micron, type 2
Graphite powder, natural, briquetting grade, -100 mesh
Graphite powder, natural, briquetting grade, -200 mesh
Graphite powder, synthetic, conducting grade, -200 mesh
Graphite powder, synthetic, conducting grade, -325 mesh
Graphite rod, 3.8cm (1.5in) dia x 61cm (24in) long
Carbon nanotubes, multi-walled, as produced cathode deposit
Fullerene, buckytube/nanotube, single walled, > 60% SWNT
Fullerene, buckytube/nanotube, single walled, 20-35% SWNT
Funct. multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs-COOH), 95+%
Glassy carbon spherical powder, 200-400 micron, type 1
Glassy carbon spherical powder, 200-400 micron, type 2
Glassy carbon spherical powder, 400-630 micron, type 2
Glassy carbon spherical powder, 630-1000 micron, type 1
Glassy carbon spherical powder, 630-1000 micron, type 2
Graphite plate, resin impregnated, 6.35mm (0.25in) thick
Graphite rod, 1.27cm (0.5in) dia x 61cm (24in) long
Graphite rod, 2.54cm (1.0in) dia x 61cm (24in) long
Graphite rod, 6.3mm (0.25in) dia. x 61cm (24in) long
Nanodiamond (particle size : <10nm) (Carboxyl-modified)
Carbon, activated, Norit ROW 0.8mm pellets, steam activated
Graphite powder, natural, microcrystal grade, APS 2-15 micron
Graphite rod, 3.05mm (0.12in) dia x 305mm (12in) long
Graphite rod, 6.15mm (0.242in) dia x 102mm (4in) long
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), 95%, OD 40-60 nm
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), 95+%, OD 50-80 nm
Carbon Nanotube Multi-walled 10-20nm(diam.), 5-15microm(length)
Carbon Nanotube Multi-walled 10-30nm(diam.), 5-15microm(length)
Carbon Nanotube Multi-walled 20-40nm(diam.), 1-2microm(length)
Carbon Nanotube Multi-walled 20-40nm(diam.), 5-15microm(length)
Carbon Nanotube Multi-walled 40-60nm(diam.), 1-2microm(length)
Carbon Nanotube Multi-walled 40-60nm(diam.), 5-15microm(length)
Carbon Nanotube Multi-walled 60-100nm(diam.), >5microm(length)
Carbon powder, activated, Norit GSX, steam activated, acid washed
Fullerene, nanotube, multi-walled, 20 nm OD, 5-20 micron long
Graphite, Fusion Crucible, drillpoint, unpurified, volume 7.5cc
Graphite, Fusion Crucible, drillpoint, unpurified, volume 7.88cc
Carbon Nanotube Aligned Multi-walled 10-20nm(diam.), 5-15microm(length)
Carbon sputtering target, 50.8mm (2.0in) dia x 3.18mm (0.125in) thick
Carbon sputtering target, 76.2mm (3.0in) dia x 3.18mm (0.125in) thick
Graphite electrode, counter-pointed tip, 3.06mm dia, 38.10 mm long
Graphite electrode, counter-spherical tip, 6.15mm dia, 38.10 mm long
Graphite plate, pyrolytic, 1.27x9.98x9.98mm (0.05x0.393x.393in)
Graphite powder, microcrystalline, -300 mesh, 75-82% C, 18-25% Ash
Graphite rod, pyrolytic coated, 2mm (0.08in) dia x 152mm (6in) long
Metals scavenging agent, Phosphotungstic acid modified activated carbon
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), 95%, Outside diameter 10-20 nm
Multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWNTs), 95%, Outside diameter 20-30 nm
Carbon nanotube array, multi-walled, on quartz (diameter= 100nm, length=30 microns)
Carbon nanotubes, multi-walled (diameter= 140nm, length= 7microns)(>90%nanotubes)
Fullerene, nanotube, multi-walled, as-produced cathode deposits, core and shell
Total Organic Carbon (TOC), standard solution, Specpure(R), 1000 microgram/ml
Carbon Nanotube Single-walled (>85%) below 3nm(Average diam.), over 5microm(Average length)
Carbon nanotubes, multi-walled, arc-produced (diameter = 2-50nm, length = >2 microns) (55-65Wt% nanotubes)
Graphite electrode, crater-drillpoint/undercut, 4.57mm dia, 38.10mm length, volume 0.040cc
Graphite fusion crucible lid for stock number 40794, 2.54cm (1.0in) dia, 6.35mm (0.25in) thick
Graphite plate, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), 10x10x(1.6min)mm (0.394x0.394x0.079in), 0.4 +0.1 o mosaic angle
Graphite plate, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), 10x10x(1.6min)mm (0.394x0.394x0.079in), 0.8 +0.2 o mosaic angle
Graphite plate, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), 10x10x1mm (0.394x0.394x0.039in), 0.4 +0.1 o mosaic angle
Graphite plate, highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG), 10x10x1mm (0.394x0.394x0.039in), 0.8 +0.2 o mosaic angle
OH functionalized Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs-OH), Purity (excluding -OH): 90% CNTs, 60% SWNTs, Content of -OH: 3.76-4.16 wt%
OH functionalized Single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs-OH), Purity (excluding -OH): 95% CNTs, 90% SWNTs, Content of -OH: 3.76-4.16 wt%