E 967

E 967 has a role as a sweetening agent, an allergen, a hapten, a human metabolite, an algal metabolite, a Saccharomyces cerevisiae metabolite and a mouse metabolite.
E 967  is a low-calorie sweetener found naturally in trace amounts in birch and corn cobs. 
E 967 is widely used as a sugar substitute and in "sugar-free" food products.

CAS Number : 87-99-0
EC  Number : 201-788-0
Molecular Formula :    C5H12O5
Molecular Weight  :     152.15

E 967  is a chemical compound with the formula C5H12O5, or HO(CH2)(CHOH)3(CH2)OH; specifically, one particular stereoisomer with that structural formula. 
E 967  is a colorless or white crystalline solid that is freely soluble in water. 
E 967  can be classified as a polyalcohol and a sugar alcohol, specifically an alditol. 
The name derives from Ancient Greek: ξύλον, xyl[on] 'wood', with the suffix -itol used to denote sugar alcohols.

E 967  is used as a food additive and sugar substitute. Its European Union code number is E967.
Replacing sugar with E 967  in food products may promote better dental health, but evidence is lacking on whether E 967  itself prevents dental cavities.

History of E 967
Emil Fischer, a German chemistry professor, and his assistant Rudolf Stahel isolated a new compound from beech wood chips in September 1890 and named it Xylit, the German word for E 967. The following year, the French chemist M.G. Bertrand isolated xylitol syrup by processing wheat and oat straw.
Sugar rationing during World War II led to an interest in sugar substitutes. 
Interest in E 967 and other polyols became intense, leading to their characterization and manufacturing methods.

Structure, production, commerce of E 967
E 967 occurs naturally in small amounts in plums, strawberries, cauliflower, and pumpkin; humans and many other animals make trace amounts during metabolism of carbohydrates.
Unlike most sugar alcohols, xylitol is achiral.
Most other isomers of pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol are chiral, but E 967 has a plane of symmetry.

Industrial production starts with lignocellulosic biomass from which xylan is extracted; raw biomass materials include hardwoods, softwoods, and agricultural waste from processing maize, wheat, or rice. 
The xylan polymers can be hydrolyzed into xylose, which is catalytically hydrogenated into E 967. 
The conversion changes the sugar (xylose, an aldehyde) into the primary alcohol, E 967. 
Impurities are then removed.

The mixture is often processed by standard industrial methods; industrial fermentation involving bacteria, fungi, or yeast, especially Candida tropicalis, are common, but are not as efficient.
According to the US Department of Energy, E 967 production by fermentation from discarded biomass is one of the most valuable renewable chemicals for commerce, forecast to be a US$1.4 billion industry by 2025.

Uses of E 967
E 967 is used as a sugar substitute in such manufactured products as drugs, dietary supplements, confections, toothpaste, and chewing gum, but is not a common household sweetener.
E 967 has negligible effects on blood sugar because its assimilation and metabolism are independent of insulin.
E 967 is approved as a food additive in the United States and elsewhere.
E 967 is also found as an additive to saline solution for nasal irrigation and has been reported to be effective in improving symptoms of chronic sinusitis.

Food properties of E 967

Nutrition, taste, and cooking
Humans absorb E 967 more slowly than sucrose, and E 967 supplies 40% fewer calories than an equal mass of sucrose.
E 967 has about the same sweetness as sucrose, but is sweeter than similar compounds like sorbitol and mannitol.
E 967 is stable enough to be used in baking, but because E 967 and other polyols are more heat-stable, they do not caramelise as sugars do. 
When used in foods, they lower the freezing point of the mixture.

Food risks
No serious health risk exists in most humans for normal levels of consumption. 
The European Food Safety Authority has not set a limit on daily intake of E 967. 
Due to the adverse laxative effect that all polyols have on the digestive system in high doses, E 967 is banned from soft drinks in the European Union. 
Similarly due to a 1985 report, by the E.U. Scientific Committee on Food, stating that "ingesting 50 g a day of E 967 can cause diarrhea", tabletop sweeteners, as well as other products containing E 967 are required to display the warning: "Excessive consumption may induce laxative effects".

A sugar-alcohol hybrid is taken as a sugar alcohol, which is a sweet drink. 
Sugar alcohols have gained popularity as a sugar substitute, and E 967  is no exception. 
E 967  has 40 percent fewer calories than traditional sugar and raw fruit powder, but tastes and looks like sugar. 
Because of this, E 967  has become a common spread in sugar-free gum, diabetes-friendly foods, and even oral care activities.

Physical and Chemical Properties of E 967:

Chemical Formula: C5H12O5
Molar Mass: 156.146 g/mol
Density: 1.52 g/cc
Melting Point: 92-96 ºC
Boiling Point: 345.39 ºC

E 967 is a pentitol (five-carbon sugar alcohol) having meso-configuration, being derived from xylose by reduction of the carbonyl group. 
E 967 is a naturally occurring five-carbon sugar alcohol found in most plant material, including many fruits and vegetables. 
E 967-rich plant materials include birch and beechwood. 
 
The effects of E 967 on dental caries have been widely studied, and E 967 is added to some chewing gums and other oral care products to prevent tooth decay and dry mouth. 
E 967 is a non-fermentable sugar alcohol by most plaque bacteria, indicating that it cannot be fermented into cariogenic acid end-products. 
E 967 works by inhibiting the growth of the microorganisms present in plaque and saliva after it accummulates intracellularly into the microorganism. 
The recommended dose of E 967 for dental caries prevention is 6–10 g/day, and most adults can tolerate 40 g/day without adverse events.

E 967 is a food additive approved by the EU (European Union). 
E 967 is used as a synthetic sweetener in food and drink products.

The common name for E 967 is xylitol.
E 967 is a carbohydrate alcohol derived from corn, raspberries, lettuce and plums. 
However, when used on an industrial scale, E 967 is more usually taken from xylan in wood pulp.
E 967 has a lower calorie content than sugar and is therefore used in diet food products. 
Most ingested E 967 is absorbed and metabolised as glucose in the body, while the remainder undergoes fermentation in the large intestine.

E 967 has been known to cause kidney stones. 
Gases produced from fermentation in the large intestine may cause flatulence and bloating. 
Nevertheless, E 967 is generally considered to be a safe additive.

Examples of food and drink products that sometimes include E 967:

-chewing gum
-ice-cream
-jam
-bakery products

E 967 is a naturally occurring substance that is widely used as a sugar substitute. 
Chemically,E 967 is a sugar alcohol, and is found naturally in berries, plums, corn, oats, mushrooms, lettuce, trees, and some other fruits.
Commercially, most E 967 is extracted from corn fiber or birch trees. 
Although E 967 has been used as a sugar substitute for decades, its popularity has increased dramatically in the last decade due to its low glycemic index and dental plaque fighting properties.

E 967 is manufactured into a white powder that looks and tastes similar to sugar. 
In many countries E 967 has been approved for use in oral care products, pharmaceuticals, and as a food additive. 
Over recent years, the number and types of products that contain E 967 has greatly increased. 
Example products include sugar-free gum, candies, breath mints, baked goods, peanut butter, pudding snacks, cough syrup, chewable or gummy vitamins, and supplements or over the counter medications, mouthwash, and toothpaste. 
E 967 is also showing up in over-the-counter nasal sprays, skin care products, laxatives, digestive aids, allergy medicines, dry mouth lozenges, sleep supplements, as well as prescription human medications, especially those formulated as quick dissolve tablets or liquids.

E 967 has the same sweetness as sucrose but contains only about two-thirds the calories. 
As a sugar substitute, E 967 is lower on the glycemic index, a scale that ranks carbohydrate-rich foods by how much they raise blood sugar levels, compared to glucose. 
Being lower on the glycemic index makes E 967 useful for diabetics or people on low carbohydrate diets.
With respect to oral health, research has shown that E 967 helps reduce the formation of plaque, inhibits dental cavities, and stimulates the production of saliva.

E 967 is a natural sugar alcohol found in plants, including many fruits and vegetables. 
E 967 has a sweet taste and is often used as a sugar substitute.
E 967 tastes sweet but, unlike sugar, it doesn't cause tooth decay. 
E 967 reduces levels of decay-causing bacteria in saliva and also acts against some bacteria that cause ear infections. 
E 967's widely used in "sugar-free" chewing gums, mints, and other candies.

In the US, products that contain E 967 are allowed to state that they reduce the risk for cavities. 
People also use E 967 to prevent tooth plaque, ear infection, dry mouth, and many other conditions, but there is no good scientific evidence to support most of these uses.
E 967 can be toxic to dogs. 
If your dog eats a product that contains E 967, take them to a veterinarian immediately.

E 967 can be used in baked goods, too, such as cakes, muffins, and pies — often because the baker is substituting another sweetener for sugar, as in products for people with diabetes. People can buy E 967 in bulk to bake sweet treats at home. 
In-store bakeries also are selling baked goods containing the sweetener. 
Some pediatric dentists also recommend E 967-containing chewing gum for children, and these products could end up in a dog’s mouth by accident. 
E 967’s a good idea to keep all such products well out of your dog’s reach.

First aid measures of E 967

Eye contact :
Get medical attention immediately. 
Call a poison center or physician. 
Immediately flush eyes with plenty of water, occasionally lifting the upper and lower eyelids.
Check for and remove any contact lenses. 
Continue to rinse for at least 10 minutes.
Chemical burns must be treated promptly by a physician.

Inhalation :
Get medical attention immediately. 
Call a poison center or physician. 
Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. 
If it is suspected that fumes are still present, the rescuer should wear an appropriate mask or self-contained breathing apparatus. 
If not breathing, if breathing is irregular or if respiratory arrest occurs, provide artificial respiration or oxygen by trained personnel.
It may be dangerous to the person providing aid to give mouth-to-mouth resuscitation. 
If unconscious, place in recovery position and get medical attention immediately. 
Maintain an open airway. 
Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband. 
In case of inhalation of decomposition products in a fire, symptoms may be delayed. 
The exposed person may need to be kept under medical surveillance for 48 hours.

Skin contact :
Get medical attention immediately. 
Call a poison center or physician. 
Wash with plenty of soap and water. 
Remove contaminated clothing and shoes. 
Wash contaminated clothing thoroughly with water before removing it, or wear gloves.
Continue to rinse for at least 10 minutes. 
Chemical burns must be treated promptly by a physician. 
In the event of any complaints or symptoms, avoid further exposure.
Wash clothing before reuse. 
Clean shoes thoroughly before reuse.

Ingestion : 
Get medical attention immediately. 
Call a poison center or physician. 
Wash out mouth with water. 
Remove dentures if any. 
Remove victim to fresh air and keep at rest in a position comfortable for breathing. 
If material has been swallowed and the exposed person is conscious, give small quantities of water to drink. 
Stop if the exposed person feels sick as vomiting may be dangerous. 
Do not induce vomiting unless directed to do so by medical personnel. 
If vomiting occurs, the head should be kept low so that vomit does not enter the lungs. 
Chemical burns must be treated promptly by a physician. 
Never give anything by mouth to an unconscious person. 
If unconscious, place in recovery position and get medical attention immediately.
Maintain an open airway. 
Loosen tight clothing such as a collar, tie, belt or waistband.

Substance identity

EC / List no.: 201-788-0
CAS no.: 87-99-0
Mol. formula: C5H12O5

Hazard classification & labelling of E 967 
According to the notifications provided by companies to ECHA in REACH registrations no hazards have been classified.

About E 967 
E 967  is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 to < 10 000 tonnes per annum.
E 967  is used by consumers, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.

Consumer Uses of E 967 
E 967  is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products and washing & cleaning products.
Other release to the environment of E 967  is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).

Article service life of E 967 
ECHA has no public registered data on the routes by which E 967  is most likely to be released to the environment. 
ECHA has no public registered data indicating whether or into which articles the substance might have been processed.

Widespread uses by professional workers of E 967 
E 967  is used in the following products: laboratory chemicals, washing & cleaning products and cosmetics and personal care products. 
E 967  is used for the manufacture of: 
Other release to the environment of E 967  is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners).

Formulation or re-packing of E 967 
E 967  is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products and washing & cleaning products.
Release to the environment of E 967  can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures.

Uses at industrial sites of E 967 
E 967  is used in the following products: washing & cleaning products.
E 967  is used for the manufacture of: .
Release to the environment of E 967  can occur from industrial use: as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and in processing aids at industrial sites.

Manufacture of E 967 
Release to the environment of E 967  can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.

Synonyms:
Xylitol
xylitol
Xylitol
(2R, 3R, 4S)-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
(2R,3r,4S)-Pentan-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
(2R,3r,4S)-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
(2S,3R,4R)-Pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentaol
(2S,4R)-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
D-erythro-pentitol
pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
Xylitol
xylitol
Xylitol, Xylit
Xylitol T
12426-00-5
16277-71-7
37191-59-6
7313-55-5
75398-81-1
84709-42-2
87-99-0
xylitol
ribitol
adonitol
Xylite
488-81-3
87-99-0
D-Xylitol
Adonite
Adonit
D-ribitol
Xyliton
Eutrit
Klinit
Xylite (sugar)
Kannit
Xylit
Newtol
1,2,3,4,5-pentanepentol
Pentitol
Fluorette
Xylisorb
Kylit
meso-ribitol
xylo-Pentitol
(2R,3s,4S)-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
L-ribitol
(2R,3R,4S)-Pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentaol
Xylitab 300
meso-xylitol
L-xylitol
D-Adonitol
(2S,4R)-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
NSC 25283
Xylitol, d-
Xylitol cm 90
BRN 1720523
16277-71-7
CHEBI:15963
CHEBI:17151
xylo-Pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
2,3-Dihydro Acrivastine
C-xylidex cr 16055
353ZQ9TVDA
VCQ006KQ1E
INS NO.967
(2R,3r,4S)-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
(2R,3S,4S)-Pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentaol
Xylooligosaccharide
INS-967
NSC-25283
87849-01-2
1,2,3,4,5-Pentahydroxypentane
E-967
4-01-00-02832 (Beilstein Handbook Reference)
MFCD00064291
EINECS 201-788-0
UNII-353ZQ9TVDA
UNII-VCQ006KQ1E
Adonito
Xylitol [INN:BAN:JAN:NF]
NSC-16868
DL-Arabinit
Xylitol C
HSDB 7967
Xylitab DC
Wood sugar alcohol
RB0
Xylitol,(S)
EINECS 207-685-7
Ribitol (Adonitol)
Adonitol (7CI)
Xylisorb 300
Xylisorb 700
MFCD00064292
NSC 16868
Xylitab 100
RIBO-PENTITOL
BRN 1720524
D-ribitol (incorrect)
L-ribitol (incorrect)
Adonitol, >=99%
XYLITOL [VANDF]
XYLITOL [INCI]
Xylitol, >=99%
ADONITOL [MI]
XYLITOL [FCC]
XYLITOL [JAN]
XYLITOL [II]
XYLITOL [MI]
XYLITOL [MART.]
XYLITOL [USP-RS]
XYLITOL [WHO-DD]
bmse000062
bmse000129
bmse000886
Epitope ID:114702
Epitope ID:114703
EC 201-788-0
SCHEMBL4250
Xylitol, analytical standard
DSSTox_CID_22514
DSSTox_RID_80046
DSSTox_GSID_42514
SCHEMBL15318
MLS002695898
CHEMBL96783
Ribitol (6CI,8CI,9CI)
XYLITOL [EP IMPURITY]
XYLITOL [EP MONOGRAPH]
QSPL 191
SCHEMBL1924966
CHEMBL1865120
CHEMBL3137744
DTXSID601032335
HY-N0538
Tox21_201056
s2612
s4546
ZINC18068098
AKOS015903403
AKOS015915193
ZINC100014205
ZINC100018612
CCG-214167
CCG-266218
CS-6043
DB01904
DB11195
DB14704
CAS-87-99-0
NCGC00165982-01
NCGC00165982-02
NCGC00258609-01
NCGC00390798-01
Adonitol, BioXtra, >=99.0% (HPLC)
AS-55964
DS-11416
E967
SMR001562099
HY-100582
Xylitol, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, >=99%
A0171
SW220290-1
X0018
Xylite 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile:Water
A-3000
Adonitol, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture
C00379
C00474
X-7000
EN300-7377714
EN300-7424092
WURCS=2.0/1,1,0/[h212h]/1/
WURCS=2.0/1,1,0/[h222h]/1/
A842433
Q212093
Q416534
Xylitol, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
5DCF4F57-E023-469A-B4F3-91E8349A6705
Xylitol, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
6684F574-C267-40CB-8828-12F2550E58D0
Xylitol, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Xylitol [Wiki]
(2R,3r,4S)-1,2,3,4,5-Pentanepentol
(2R,3r,4S)-1,2,3,4,5-Pentanpentol
(2R,3r,4S)-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
1720523 [Beilstein]
201-788-0 [EINECS]
87-99-0 [RN]
D-Xylitol [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
D-Xylitol [German] [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
D-Xylitol [French] [ACD/Index Name] [ACD/IUPAC Name]
meso-xylitol
MFCD00064292 [MDL number]
Q1YQYQYQ1Q &&Xylo Form [WLN]
VCQ006KQ1E
xylite
xylo-Pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
(2R,4S)-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
(2S,4R)-pentane-1,2,3,4,5-pentol
1,2,3,4,5-PENTAHYDROXYPENTANE
218-440-9 [EINECS]
488-81-3 [RN]
arabinitol
DS-11416
D-XYLOSE (LINEAR FORM)
D-Xylulose [ACD/IUPAC Name]
Eutrit
Fluorette
Kannit
Klinit
Kylit
L-xylitol
Mesidin
Newtol
UNII-VCQ006KQ1E
UNII-YFV05Y57M9
Wood sugar alcohol
Xylisorb
Xylisorb 300
Xylisorb 700
Xylit
Xylitab 100
Xylitab 300
Xylitab DC
Xylitol C
XYLITON
Xylooligosaccharide
xylo-Pentitol
47844_SUPELCO [DBID]
AI3-00142 [DBID]
AIDS011937 [DBID]
AIDS-011937 [DBID]
AIDS017750 [DBID]
AIDS-017750 [DBID]
BRN 0776729 [DBID]
BRN 1720523 [DBID]
C0330 [DBID]
C07098 [DBID]
CCRIS 2871 [DBID]
CCRIS 605 [DBID]
CHEBI:15963 [DBID]
CHEBI:17151 [DBID]
CHEBI:28755 [DBID]
HSDB 2694 [DBID]
HSDB 4013 [DBID]
NCGC00090873-01 [DBID]
NCI-C02904 [DBID]
NSC 2165 [DBID]
NSC 25283 [DBID]
NSC16868 [DBID]
NSC2165 [DBID]
NSC31 [DBID]
NSC5721 [DBID]
RCRA waste no. U231 [DBID]
RCRA waste number U231 [DBID]
UNII:VCQ006KQ1E [DBID]
W507930_ALDRICH [DBID]
X3375_SIGMA [DBID]
X-7000 [DBID]
XLS [DBID]
XUL [DBID]
XYL [DBID]
ZF 0800000 [DBID]
ZINC00391974 [DBID]
ZINC00895204 [DBID]
ZINC00895209 [DBID]
ZINC01555241 [DBID]