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E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is a hygroscopicpolymer ,supplied in white or creamy white powder or flakes,ranging from low tohigh viscosity & low to high molecular weight,which characterized.It’s easily soluble in water and many other organic solvents,withexcellent hygroscopisty,film-forming,adhesive,chemical stability andtoxicological safeness characters.
CAS-88-12-0
EC 201-800-4
Synonyms:
N-VINYL-2-PYRROLIDONE; 88-12-0; N-Vinylpyrrolidone; 1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one; 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone; N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone; E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone); 2-Pyrrolidinone, 1-ethenyl-; Vinylpyrrolidone; 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone; 9003-39-8; N-Vinylpyrrolidinone; 1-ethenylpyrrolidin-2-one; Povidone; 1-Vinylpyrrolidone; Vinylbutyrolactam; Polyvidone; Plasdone; Vinylpyrrolidinone; Luviskol; 1-Vinylpyrrolidinone; Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone; Polyclar AT; V-Pyrol; E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone)-40; DTXSID2021440; CHEBI:82551; MFCD00003197; 1-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone(stabilized with 200ppm Ammonium hydroxide); 2-Pyrrolidinone, polymers; 76H9G81541; DSSTox_CID_1440; DSSTox_RID_76160; 2-Pyrrolidinone, homopolymer; DSSTox_GSID_21440; Poly[1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,2-ethanediyl]; WLN: /T5NVTJ AY*1*/; MFCD01076626; CAS-88-12-0; Povidone K30; K 25; K 115; HSDB 7231; E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone), average M.W. 3500, K12; Poly(1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1,2-ethanediyl); N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, 99%, stabilized with NaOH; E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone), average M.W. 50.000, K30; EINECS 201-800-4; E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K 90; E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone), average M.W. 8.000, K16-18; 2-Pyrrolidinone, polymers, compd. with aluminum acetate; N-Vinyl-2-pyrrolidone, 99%, stabilized with Kerobit(R); BRN 0110513; E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone), average M.W. 1.300.000, K85-95; CCRIS 8581; vinyl pyrrolidone; Polyvidone iodine; Polyvinylpyrrolidon; Poly[1-(2-oxo-1-pyrrolidinyl)-1, .alpha.-hydro-.omega.-[[4-(iodo-131I)phenyl]methyl]-; N-vinyl-pyrrolidone; Povidone Impurity A; N -vinylpyrrolidinone; n-Vinyl-2-pyrolidone; 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidon; N-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one; N-vinyl pyrrolidin-2-one; N-vinyl-pyrrolidin-2-one; E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K3O; EC 201-800-4; poly (N-vinyl pyrrolidone); SCHEMBL10869; WLN: T5NVTJ A1U1; E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K15; E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K30; E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone)-K30; KSC490C6R; E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K30; poly(1-vinylpyrrolidin-2-one); CHEMBL1878943; CTK3J0168; E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) - K-30 (Pharm Grade); E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone), cross linked; KS-00000C7M; NSC10222; ZINC3590964; E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone), M.W. 8,000
Povidone is a hygroscopicpolymer ,supplied in white or creamy white powder or flakes,ranging from low tohigh viscosity & low to high molecular weight,which characterized by KValue.It’s easily soluble in water and many other organic solvents,withexcellent hygroscopisty,film-forming,adhesive,chemical stability andtoxicological safeness characters.
Applications:Povidone is one of the most important excipientin the worldwide for pharmaceutical industry,whatever for human health careproducts and animal health care products.It’s more and more used as:
1)Binderfor tables,capsule,
2)Sugar coatings and films,
3)Thickening agent,
4)SolubilityImprover for poorly soluble drugs,
5)Bioavailability Enhancer for drug’s activeingredients,
6)Pore-forming for membrane products.
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) was used as a plasma volume expander for trauma victims after the 1950s. It is not preferred as volume expander due to its ability to provoke histamine release and also interfere with blood grouping.
It is used as a binder in many pharmaceutical tablets;it simply passes through the body when taken orally. (However, autopsies have found that crospovidone (E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone)P) contributes to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption.The long-term effects of crospovidone or povidone within the lung are unknown).
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) added to iodine forms a complex called povidone-iodine that possesses disinfectant properties.This complex is used in various products like solutions, ointment, pessaries, liquid soaps and surgical scrubs. It is known under the trade names Pyodine and Betadine, among a plethora of others.
It is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions). For this purpose, povidone iodine is equally effective and safe as talc, and may be preferred because of easy availability and low cost.
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is used in some contact lenses and their packaging solutions. It reduces friction, thus acting as a lubricant, or wetting agent, built into the lens. Examples of this use include Bausch & Lomb's Ultra contact lenses with MoistureSeal Technology and Air Optix contact lens packaging solution (as an ingredient called "copolymer 845").
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is used as a lubricant in some eye drops, e.g. Bausch & Lomb's Soothe.Technical
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is also used in many technical applications:
as an adhesive in glue stick and hot-melt adhesives[citation needed]
as a special additive for batteries, ceramics, fiberglass, inks, and inkjet paper, and in the chemical-mechanical planarization process
as an emulsifier and disintegrant for solution polymerization
to increase resolution in photoresists for cathode ray tubes (CRT)
in aqueous metal quenching
for production of membranes, such as dialysis and water purification filters
as a binder and complexation agent in agricultural applications such as crop protection, seed treatment and coating
as a thickening agent in tooth whitening gels
as an aid for increasing the solubility of drugs in liquid and semi-liquid dosage forms (syrups, soft gelatine capsules) and as an inhibitor of recrystallisation
as an additive to Doro's RNA extraction buffer[citation needed]
as a liquid-phase dispersion enhancing agent in DOSY NMR
as a surfactant, reducing agent, shape controlling agent and dispersant in nanoparticle synthesis and their self-assembly
as a stabilizing agent in all inorganic solar cells
Other uses
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) binds to polar molecules exceptionally well, owing to its polarity. This has led to its application in coatings for photo-quality ink-jet papers and transparencies, as well as in inks for inkjet printers.
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is also used in personal care products, such as shampoos and toothpastes, in paints, and adhesives that must be moistened, such as old-style postage stamps and envelopes. It has also been used in contact lens solutions and in steel-quenching solutions.E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is the basis of the early formulas for hair sprays and hair gels, and still continues to be a component of some.
As a food additive, E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is a stabilizer and has E number E1201. E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone)P (crospovidone) is E1202. It is also used in the wine industry as a fining agent for white wine and some beers.
In molecular biology, E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) can be used as a blocking agent during Southern blot analysis as a component of Denhardt's buffer. It is also exceptionally good at absorbing polyphenols during DNA purification. Polyphenols are common in many plant tissues and can deactivate proteins if not removed and therefore inhibit many downstream reactions like PCR.
In microscopy, E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is useful for making an aqueous mounting medium.
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) can be used to screen for phenolic properties, as referenced in a 2000 study on the effect of plant extracts on insulin production.
Safety
The U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has approved this chemical for many uses,and it is generally considered safe. However, there have been documented cases of allergic reactions to E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone)/povidone, particularly regarding subcutaneous (applied under the skin) use and situations where the E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) has come in contact with autologous serum (internal blood fluids) and mucous membranes. For example, a boy having an anaphylactic response after application of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone)-Iodine for treatment of impetigo was found to be allergic to the E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) component of the solution. A woman, who had previously experienced urticaria (hives) from various hair products, later found to contain E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone), had an anaphylactic response after povidone-iodine solution was applied internally. She was found to be allergic to E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone).In another case, a man experiencing anaphylaxis after taking acetaminophen tablets orally was found to be allergic to E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone).
Povidone is commonly used in conjunction with other chemicals. Some of these, such as iodine, are blamed for allergic responses, although testing results in some patients show no signs of allergy to the suspect chemical. Allergies attributed to these other chemicals may possibly be caused by the E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) instead.
Properties
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is soluble in water and other polar solvents. For example, it is soluble in various alcohols, such as methanol and ethanol,as well as in more exotic solvents like the deep eutectic solvent formed by choline chloride and urea (Relin).When dry it is a light flaky hygroscopic powder, readily absorbing up to 40% of its weight in atmospheric water. In solution, it has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films. This makes it good as a coating or an additive to coatings.
A 2014 study found fluorescent properties of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) and its oxidized hydrolyzate.
History
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) was first synthesized by Walter Reppe and a patent was filed in 1939 for one of the derivatives of acetylene chemistry. E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) was initially used as a blood plasma substitute and later in a wide variety of applications in medicine, pharmacy, cosmetics and industrial production.
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) has biocompatibility, low toxicity, adhesive characteristics, complexing stability, relatively inert behavior, and is resistant to thermal degradation. It is readily prepared by the polymerization of N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone or by Reppe synthesis technique.E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is used as a carrying polymer for electrospinning continuous titania nanofibers and zirconium tungstate ultra thin fibers. E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) may be used as one of the constituents in the synthesis of silver nanocubes. It serves as a reducing agent and colloidal stabilizer in the synthesis of palladium nanobars,triangular and nanoplates.It may also used as a capping agent in the synthesis of silver nanospheres,gold nanoframes.General applications pf E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) are: in pharmaceutical, food, beverage, cosmetic, toiletry and photographic industries.E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is a component of Denhardt′s Solution and is included at a concentration of 1% (w/v) in the standard 50X stock solution.E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) or povidone is a hygroscopic, amorphous, synthetic polymer consisting of linear 1-vinyl-2-pyrrolidinone groups. As a binder, E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is used in the concentration range of 0.5%–5% w/w. Different degrees of polymerization of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) resulted in polymers of various molecular weights. It is generally characterized by its viscosity in aqueous solution relative to that of water and expressed as a K value in the range of 10–120. Povidones with K-values ≤ 30 are manufactured by spray drying as spheres, whereas povidones with higher K-values are manufactured by drum drying as plates (Chakraborty, Ghosh, & Chakraborty, 2015). Wet granulation with povidone K25/30/90 generally gives harder granules with better flow properties than with other binders with lower friability and higher binding strength. Moreover, povidone also promotes the dissolution of APIs. For example, the drug release was faster in paracetamol tablets with 4% povidone K90 compared to tablets with gelatin or hydroxypropyl methylcellulose (HPMC) as binder (Jun, Kim, & Kim, 1989). It has been shown that E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) was more efficient than HPMC owing to the lower work of cohesion and adhesion of HPMC. It could be further attributed to the better adhesion of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone), especially to hydrophilic surfaces. Using E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) solution as granulating agent, it was observed that the addition of MCC as an insoluble excipient to a lactose-based formulation led to increase in solvent requirement and produced larger granules.E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) (E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone)), commonly called polyvidone or povidone, is a water-soluble polymer made from the monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone [87,88]. Dry E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is a light flaky hygroscopic powder and readily absorbs up to 40% of water by its weight. In solution, it has excellent wetting properties and readily forms films, which makes it good as a coating or an additive to coatings.The E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) was used as a blood plasma expander for trauma victims. It is used as a binder in many pharmaceutical tablets and it simply passes through the body when it is administered orally [89]. However, autopsies have found that crospovidone does contribute to pulmonary vascular injury in substance abusers who have injected pharmaceutical tablets intended for oral consumption [90]. E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) added to iodine forms a complex called povidone-iodine that possesses disinfectant properties. This complex is used in various products like solutions, ointment, pessaries, liquid soaps, and surgical scrubs. It is known under the trade name Betadine and Pyodine. It is used in pleurodesis (fusion of the pleura because of incessant pleural effusions). For this purpose, povidone-iodine is equally effective and safe as talc and may be preferred because of easy availability and low cost [91]. It is used as an aid for increasing the solubility of drugs in liquid and semiliquid dosage forms (syrups and soft gelatin capsules) and as an inhibitor of recrystallization.The protein of interest is excised from the transfer membrane and treated with E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) to block binding of the enzyme to the membrane. After cutting the blot into small pieces, digestion buffer containing trypsin is added and the incubation is carried out at 37°C. The addition of calcium ions to the digestion buffer is critical to suppress trypsin autolysis. The use of phosphate buffers is avoided as phosphate catalyzes the formation of pyroglutamic acid from any N-terminal glutamines leading to blocked fragments (8). The concentration of trypsin is kept high by minimizing the reaction volume. We use 1 µ g of trypsin in a total digestion volume of 30 µl. At lower enzyme concentrations the reaction may not go to completion; at higher enzyme levels, extraneous autolysis products may develop. The amounts of each fragment released into the digestion buffer can vary. Small hydrophilic peptides are more likely to be released than larger, hydrophobic ones. Experiments with known amounts of protein bound to transfer membranes indicate that approximately 30% of the expected amount can be recovered in the supernatant. Because the area of membrane should be minimized, it is desirable to start with a sharp protein band (>100 pmol/cm2).First nanoparticle therapeutics can be tracked back to 1950s when Jatzkewitz and colleagues synthesized a E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone)–mescalin conjugate which had a significantly extended half-life in the blood circulation.Immediate allergic reactions to povidone–iodine are rare and often overlooked, as it is difficult to diagnose. E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is thought to play a mechanistic role. The usefulness of the histamine release test for diagnosing E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) allergy has been studied in a single case .
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymers are available in several viscosity grades, ranging from low to high molecular weight. This range, coupled with solubility in aqueous and organic solvent systems combined with its nontoxic character, are some of the properties that gives E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymers great flexibility across multiple applications. The industrial applications of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymers include, for example, in adhesives to improve strength and toughness; in paper manufacture to increase strength and as a coating resin; and in synthetic fibers to improve dye receptivity. E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymers are also widely employed in inks, imaging, lithography, detergents and soaps, the textile, ceramic, electrical and metallurgical industries and as a polymerization additive.E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymers are supplied in various viscosity grades as a powder and/or aqueous solution. The full line of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymers are also available for personal care applications such as film forming, emulsion stabilization and colorant dispersion.also offers pharmaceutical and agriculture grades of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer; our Plasdone™ and Polyplasdone™ polymer products are used in the pharmaceutical industry, Agrimer™ polymers are used by the Agriculture industry.There have been many studies that have been devoted to the determination of the molecular weight of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer. The low molecular weight polymers have narrower distribution curves of molecular entities than the high molecular weight compounds. Some of the techniques for measuring the molecular weight of various E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer products are based on measuring sedimentation, light scattering, osmometry, NMR spectroscopy, ebullimometry, and size exclusion chromatography for determining absolute molecular weight distribution. By the use of these methods, any one of three molecular weight parameters can be measured, namely the number average (Mn), viscosity average (Mv), and weight average (Mw). Each of these characteristics can yield a different answer for the same polymer as illustrated by using these measurement techniques in the analysis of the same E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-30 polymer sample. The following results are reported:
Number average (Mn) – 10,000
Viscosity average (Mv) – 40,000
Weight average (Mw) – 55,000
Therefore, in any review of the literature, one must know which molecular average is cited. Conventionally, molecular weights are expressed by their “K-values,” which are derived from relative viscosity measurements.The K-value accepted for E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer by pharmacopoeias and other authoritative bodies worldwide is measured by the viscosity technique and calculated by the use of Fikentscher’s equation. In an aqueous solution E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-15 and E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-30 polymer, particularly in concentrations below 10%, have little effect on viscosity, whereas K-60 and K-90 considerably influence flow propertiesE1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer solution viscosity does not change appreciably over a wide pH range, but increases in concentrated HCI. Strong caustic solutions precipitate the polymer, but this precipitate solution redissolves on dilution with waterThe densities of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer water solutions are only slightly changed despite a significant increase in the concentration of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-30 polymerThe effect of temperature and concentration on viscosity is shown in Figures 2 and 3 for E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-30 and K-90 polymer respectively. Any possible effect of high temperatures and concentrations on finished formulations should be determined experimentally.E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer is readily soluble in cold water and the concentration is limited only by viscosity. It is possible to prepare free-flowing solutions of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-30 polymer in concentrations up to 60% with only moderate effect on density. E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-60 and K-90 polymer are available commercially as 45 and 20 percent aqueous solutions, respectively. Roughly 0.5 mol water per monomer unit is associated with the polymer molecule in solution. This is of the same order of magnitude as the hydration for various proteins reported in the literature. E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-30 polymer is also freely soluble in many organic solvents, including alcohols, some chlorinated compounds such as chloroform, methylene chloride and ethylene dichloride,nitroparaffins, and amines. It is essentially insoluble in hydrocarbons, ethers, some chlorinated hydrocarbons, ketones and esters. Dilute solutions of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer in hydrocarbons may be prepared by the use of a cosolvent, e.g., butanol, N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone, or nonylphenol. Clear 3-5% E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer solutions in aliphatic hydrocarbons may be readily prepared by adding the hydrocarbon to a butyl alcohol solution of the polymer. In oil-based products, solubilization in an alkylphenol, e.g., cetyl- or nonylphenol, is useful. The alkylphenol is first heated to about 100°C and the E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer added slowly with stirring. Then the temperature may be raised to approximately 200°C to accelerate solution.Dried unmodified films of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer are clear, transparent, Glossy, and hard. Appearance does not vary when films are cast from different solvent systems, such as water, ethanol, chloroform, or ethylene dichloride. Compatible plasticizers may be added without affecting clarity or luster of the film. Moisture taken up from the air by E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer can also act as a plasticizer. Among the several commercial modifiers that may be used in concentrations of 10-50% (based on E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer) to control tack and/or brittleness or to decrease
hygroscopicity are:
carboxymethylcellulose
cellulose acetate
cellulose acetate propionate
dibutyl tartrate
diethylene glycol
dimethyl phthalate
2-ethylhexanediol-1, 3
glycerin
glycerylmonoricinoleate
lgepal C0-430 (Solvay)
oleyl alcohol
Resoflex R-363 (Broadview Technologies)
shellac
sorbitol
Carboxymethylcellulose, cellulose acetate, cellulose acetate propionate, and shellac effectively decrease tackiness. Dimethyl phthalate is less effective, whereas glycerin, diethylene glycol, and sorbitol increase tackiness. Films essentially tack-free over all ranges of relative humidity may be obtained with 10% arylsulfonamide-formaldehyde resin. In comparative tests for plasticity at 33% relative humidity, E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer films containing 10% diethylene glycol show an “elongation at break” twice that of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer films containing 10% glycerin, polyethylene glycol 400, sorbitol, or urea, and four times that of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer films containing 10% ethylene glycol, dimethyl phthalate. At 70% relative humidity, 25% sorbitol and 25% dimethylphthalate may be used successfully.E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer shows a high degree of compatibility, both in solution and film form, with most inorganic salt solutions and with many natural and synthetic resins, as well as with other chemicals (Table VIII). At 25°C the addition of 100 ml of a 10% solution of any of the following salts to 10% E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-30 polymer aqueous solution (i.e., 10 parts of the test salt to 1 part of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer) does not change the appearance of the solution:
aluminum potassium sulfate
aluminum sulfate
ammonium chloride
ammonium sulfate
barium chloride
calcium chloride
chromium sulfate
copper sulfate
ferric chloride
magnesium chloride
mercuric acetate
nickel nitrate
lead acetate
potassium chloride
potassium sulfate
potassium dichromate
sodium bicarbonate**
sodium chloride
sodium nitrate
sodium phosphate (primary)
sodium pyrophosphate
sodium sulfate
sodium sulfite
sodium thiosulfate
silver nitrate
zinc sulfate
**200 ml if a 5% solution
Small amounts of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer effectively stabilize emulsions, dispersions, and suspensions. Even lyophobic colloids, which exist without significant affinity for the medium, can be protected by E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer. The polymer is adsorbed in a thin molecular layer on the surface of the individual colloidal particles to prevent contact and overcome any tendency to form a continuous solid phase. The best viscosity grade to use depends on the application. In some cases, the lower molecular weight polymers, E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-15 polymer or E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-30 polymer, are more efficient than high molecular weight material. For example, E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-15 polymer is particularly effective as a dispersant for carbon black and lowbulk density solids in aqueous media. It is used in detergent formulations to prevent soil redeposition on synthetic fibers and as a protective colloid for certain pigments. In viscous systems, on the other hand, E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-90 polymer is most suitable, e.g., as a dispersant for titanium dioxide or organic pigments and latex polymers in emulsion paints. E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-90 polymer is preferred as the protective colloid in the suspension polymerization of styrene to generate the desired particle size.E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymers form molecular adducts with many other substances. This can result in a solubilizing action in some cases or in precipitation in others. E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer crosslinks with polyacids like polyacrylic or tannic acid to form complexes which are insoluble in water or alcohol but dissolve in dilute alkali. Gantrez™ AN methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride copolymer, will also insolubilize E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer when aqueous solutions of polymers are mixed in approximately equal parts at low pH. An increase in pH will solubilize the complex. Ammonium persulfate will gel E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer in 30 minutes at about 90°C. These gels are not thermoreversible and are substantially insoluble in large amounts of water or salt solution. E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer powder can be stored under ordinary conditions without undergoing decomposition or degradation. However, since the powder is hygroscopic, suitable precautions should be taken to prevent excessive moisture pickup. Bulk polymer is supplied in tied polyethylene bags enclosed in fiber packs. When not in use, the polyethylene bag should be kept closed at all times in the covered container. On E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer films, moisture acts as a plasticizer. These films are otherwise chemically stable. The equilibrium water content of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer solid or films varies in a linear fashion with relative humidity and is equal toapproximately one-third the relative humidity. Samples of dried, powdered E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer, subjected to 20, 52, and 80 percent relative humidity until equilibrium is reached, show a 10, 19, and 31 percent moisture weight gain, respectively. Exposure to extreme elevated temperatures should be avoided, though E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer powder is quite stable when heated. Some darkening in color and decreased water solubility are evident on heating in air at 150°C. However, E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer appears to be quite stable when heated repeatedly at 110-130°C for relatively short intervals. Aqueous E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer is stable for extended periods if protected from molds. However, appropriate tests should be made with finished products containing E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer before deciding on a preservative. Steam sterilization (15 lb. pressure for 15 min.) can also be used and this treatment does not appear to change the properties of the solutions. The E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer has no buffering power, and substantial changes in the pH of solutions are observed upon addition of small amounts of acids or bases. For example, the pH of 100 ml of 3.5% E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) K-30 polymer solution is raised from pH 4 to pH 7 by the addition of 1-2 ml 0.1 N sodium hydroxide.E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is widely used in a broad variety of industries. This is due to its unique physical and chemical properties, particularly because of its good solubility in both water and many organic solvents, its chemical stability, its affinity to complex both hydrophobic and hydrophilic substances and its nontoxic character. Several hundreds of papers have been published describing the advantages of using E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) polymer in formulas for the following product areas.
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone), also known as povidone or E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone), is used in the pharmaceutical industry as a synthetic polymer vehicle for dispersing and suspending drugs. It has multiple uses, including as a binder for tablets and capsules, a film former for ophthalmic solutions, to aid in flavoring liquids and chewable tablets, and as an adhesive for transdermal systems.
Povidone has the molecular formula of (C6H9NO)n and appears as a white to slightly off-white powder. Povidone formulations are widely used in the pharmaceutical industry due to their ability to dissolve in both water and oil solvents. The k number refers to the mean molecular weight of the povidone. Povidones with higher K-values (i.e., k90) are not usually given by injection due to their high molecular weights. The higher molecular weights prevent excretion by the kidneys and lead to accumulation in the body. The best-known example of povidone formulations is povidone-iodine, an important disinfectant.
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone)-E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is a nonionic water-soluble polymer and can be applied in a variety of fields-of-use owing to following advantageous characteristics.
Good solubility in water as well as various organic solvents
Good affinity to various polymers and resins
High hygroscopicity
Good film formation property
Good adhesiveness to various substrates
Good chelate / complex formation property
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is used as an emulsifier and disintegrant for solution polymerization; also for production of membranes, such as dialysis and water purification filters; as an aid for increasing the solubility of drugs in liquid and semi-liquid dosage forms (syrups, soft gelatine capsules) and as an inhibitor of recrystallisation. Complexes with phenolics and alkaloids for their removal from plant samples, thus preventing their modification of proteins and any interference they may cause in spectrophotometric determinations of protein content. This is also reported to improve stability of enzymes.
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is a large polymer that associates with the particle surface through Van der Waals forces and metal ligand charge transfer. The 40 kDa E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) molecule is not easily displaced by other molecules and offers excellent steric stability. It’s a great choice for particles that may be exposed to a broad range of salt, pH, and solvent conditions. E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is made from the monomer n-vinylpyrrolidone. At nanoComposix we typically use a 40 kDa version that helps prevent particles from directly contacting and aggregating when solution conditions change or when the particles are dried down onto a substrate or thin film.
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is found in a lot of places where you wouldn't expect to find polymers. What kind places? For example, E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) was the main ingredient in the first really successful hairsprays in the early 1950s. That's right, the eventual giant beehive hairdos that followed in the sixties owed their existence to E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone).
This polymer worked as a hairspray because it was soluble in water. This meant it could be rinsed out when you wash your hair. But its affinity for water gave it a drawback. E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) tended to adsorb water out of the air, giving hair that tacky look that was so common in the sixties.
This was fixed with the help of another polymer, a silicone called polydimethylsiloxane. To understand how this silicone made a better hairspray, it helps to understand how the hairspray works in the first place. When you spray it on, the E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) forms a thin coating on the hair. This coating is stiff and keeps the hair from moving around.
E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) (E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone)) is a water-soluble polymer obtained by polymerization of monomer N-vinylpyrrolidone. E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) is an inert, non-toxic, temperature-resistant, pH-stable, biocompatible, biodegradable polymer that helps to encapsulate and cater both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs. These advantages enable E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) a versatile excipient in the formulation development of broad conventional to novel controlled delivery systems. E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) has tunable properties and can be used as a brace component for gene delivery, orthopedic implants, and tissue engineering applications. Based on different molecular weights and modified forms, E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) can lead to exceptional beneficial features with varying chemical properties. Graft copolymerization and other techniques assist E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) to conjugate with poorly soluble drugs that can inflate bioavailability and even introduces the desired swelling tract for their control or sustained release. The present review provides chemistry, mechanical, physicochemical properties, evaluation parameters, dewy preparation methods of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) derivatives intended for designing conventional to controlled systems for drug, gene, and cosmetic delivery. The past and growing interest in E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) establishes it as a promising polymer to enhance the trait and performance of current generation pharmaceutical dosage forms. Furthermore, the scrutiny explores existing patents, marketed products, new and futuristic approaches of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) that have been identified and scope for future development, characterization, and its use. The exploration spotlights the importance and role of E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone) in the design of Povidone-iodine (E1201 (Polyvinylpyrrolidone)–I) and clinical trials to assess therapeutic efficacy against the COVID-19 in the current pandemic scenario.
