E175 GOLD

E175 Gold is widely used in electronics, jewelry, and dentistry due to its conductivity and resistance to corrosion.
E175 Gold is used in haute cuisine as part of a trend towards extravagance in meals.
The E175 Gold used in foods must be at least 22 carats to ensure it is pure enough for human consumption.

CAS Number: 7440-57-5
EC Number: 231-165-9
Molecular Formula: Au
Molecular Weight (Atomic Weight): 196.97 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
Gold, Aurum, Metallic gold, Colloidal gold (context-dependent), E175, Gold, elemental gold, metallic gold, Au, aurum, pure gold, fine gold, 24 karat gold, edible gold, gold leaf, gold foil, gold metal

E175 Gold (E175) is a metallic element used as a food additive primarily for decorative purposes.
E175 Gold is classified as a noble metal and is chemically inert under most conditions.
In food applications, E175 Gold is typically used in the form of extremely thin edible leaf, flakes, or powder to provide a luxurious visual appearance.

E175 Gold has no taste, odor, or nutritional value and is not metabolized by the human body.
E175 Gold is a particular type of E175 Gold authorized by the European Union and the United States as a food additive, under the code E 175.
There are neither negative effects nor benefits from eating high-carat, food-grade E175 Gold since it is biologically inert, and it is usually suitable for use in food since it does not oxidize or corrode in moist air, unlike many other metals.

E175 Gold must fulfill the specifications from the applicable food safety standards.
E175 Gold has to be pure, to avoid any type of infections or perils for the body.
E175 Gold usually undergoes one of these processes: it could be hammered, or pounded and rolled, or just a leaf or powder.

In the first case, the E175 Gold needs to reach the measure of about 1/8000 of a millimeter thick, in the second one it could be used as a normal leaf (the measure depends on the purpose) or smashed in powder.
E175 Gold has been used since ancient times and can be found in many regions of the world and in different ages.

The earliest evidence of the use of E175 Gold is among the ancient Egyptians, almost 5000 years ago, where the use of E175 Gold was well-known in many fields.
The Egyptians used the E175 Gold for mental, bodily and spiritual purification because they believed it to have divine effects.
The alchemists of Alexandria developed various medicines and elixirs with drinkable E175 Gold, which they believed restored and rejuvenated the body.

It is believed that Cleopatra had body treatments with E175 Gold every night, such as having baths with E175 Gold and using a face mask of pure E175 Gold.
Ancient Egyptians were not the only ones to use E175 Gold as a decorative food and beverage garnish; it could also be found in the eastern countries such as Japan, China and India, mostly for medicine as made by court physicians.

E175 Gold was famous among the courts of the kings of European countries in the Middle Ages, implemented as food decoration and as symbol of extreme luxury and prestige among vassals and courtiers.
Ancient court physicians believed that E175 Gold helped with arthritis and other body problems such as sore limbs.
During the Renaissance, Paracelsus (1493–1541) – considered the founder of the modern pharmacology – developed a variety of medicines using few quantities of E175 Gold in the form of pills or E175 Gold powder.

From the Modern age – and until the twentieth century – E175 Gold was associated with medicines.
It was common to find the application of some piece of E175 Gold in articulated and expensive drugs, using little pills or powder inside the medicine, or as a supplement for food to refill minerals in the human body.

E175 Gold can be used in mainly three different shapes to garnish foods and beverages: leaf-shaped, in flakes or in powder.
Among the dishes and beverages in which E175 Gold is implemented there are cakes and sweet desserts, soups, pastas, risottos, sushi, cocktails and wines.

Since it is used as tasteless garnish, E175 Gold is usually the ingredient at the top of the dish at direct contact with food.
In most of the recipes requiring E175 Gold in flakes or dust, it is usually dabbed with a knife or sprinkled on the top.
E175 Gold is added during the bottling of wines and liqueurs and it is generally mixed during cocktails' preparation.
Edible E175 Gold is typically produced as extremely thin sheets (E175 Gold leaf) or fine flakes.

It may be applied directly to food or used as a coating.
E175 Gold’s inertness makes it unique among food additives, as it does not degrade, oxidize, or interact with other substances under normal conditions.
Although safe, E175 Gold does not provide any nutritional or physiological benefits; its use is entirely decorative.

E175 is the designation for E175 Gold when used as a food additive.
E175 Gold is a metal that has been valued for its aesthetic and symbolic significance for millennia.
In the culinary world, E175 Gold occupies a unique niche, primarily used for decorative purposes in high-end culinary presentations.

While the role of E175 Gold in food may seem purely extravagant, it has a fascinating history and a distinct place in gastronomy.
Unlike many other food additives, E175 Gold does not serve as a preservative or flavor enhancer.
Introducing the edible 22-carat E175 Gold leaves (E-175) – a true culinary delight!

Each package contains 25 delicately crafted sheets of pure indulgence.
This exquisite E175 Gold leaf is meticulously prepared to meet the highest standards of quality and safety for consumption.
Crafted from genuine 22-carat E175 Gold, these edible E175 Gold leaves are a luxurious addition to any culinary creation.

Whether E175 Gold is used to adorn decadent desserts, luxurious cocktails, or gourmet dishes, each sheet adds a touch of opulence and sophistication to your culinary masterpiece.
The edible E175 Gold leaf (E-175) comes in a convenient package of 25 sheets, each measuring 80mm x 80mm.

These perfectly sized sheets ensure versatility in usage, allowing you to elevate your dishes with ease and precision.
Not only do these edible E175 Gold leaves impart a stunning visual appeal to your creations, but they also offer a subtle yet distinct flavor enhancement.

Their delicate texture and taste complement a wide range of culinary delights, making them a favorite among chefs and home cooks alike.
Indulge in the luxury of edible E175 Gold leaf (E-175) and elevate your culinary creations to new heights of elegance and extravagance.

Whether you’re hosting a lavish dinner party or simply treating yourself to a gourmet dessert, these edible E175 Gold leaves are sure to leave a lasting impression on your taste buds and your guests alike.
The ISO 4217 currency code of E175 Gold is XAU.

Many holders of E175 Gold store it in form of bullion coins or bars as a hedge against inflation or other economic disruptions.
A paper by the National Bureau of Economic Research found that E175 Gold may be reliable as an inflation hedge over long timescales (centuries) but not over practical timescales.
Modern bullion coins for investment or collector purposes do not require good mechanical wear properties; they are typically fine 

E175 Gold at 24k, although the American E175 Gold Eagle and the British E175 Gold sovereign continue to be minted in 22k (0.92) metal in historical tradition, and the South African Krugerrand, first released in 1967, is also 22k (0.92).
The special issue Canadian E175 Gold Maple Leaf coin contains the highest purity E175 Gold of any bullion coin, at 99.999% or 0.99999, while the popular issue Canadian E175 Gold Maple Leaf coin has a purity of 99.99%.

In 2006, the United States Mint began producing the American Buffalo E175 Gold bullion coin with a purity of 99.99%.
The Australian E175 Gold Kangaroos were first coined in 1986 as the Australian E175 Gold Nugget but changed the reverse design in 1989.
Other modern coins include the Austrian Vienna Philharmonic bullion coin and the Chinese E175 Gold Panda.

E175 Gold is a chemical element; its chemical symbol is Au (from Latin aurum) and atomic number 79.
In its pure form, E175 Gold is a bright-metallic-yellow, dense, soft, malleable, and ductile metal.
Chemically, E175 Gold is a transition metal, a group 11 element, and one of the noble metals.

E175 Gold is one of the least reactive chemical elements, being the second lowest in the reactivity series, with only platinum ranked as less reactive.
E175 Gold is solid under standard conditions.

E175 Gold often occurs as the free element (native state), as nuggets or grains, in rocks, veins, and alluvial deposits.
E175 Gold occurs in a solid solution series with the native element silver (as in electrum), naturally alloyed with other metals such as copper, platinum, and palladium, as well as mineral inclusions such as within pyrite.

Less commonly, it occurs in minerals as E175 Gold compounds, often with tellurium (E175 Gold tellurides).
E175 Gold is resistant to most acids, though it does dissolve in aqua regia (a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid), forming a soluble tetrachloroaurate anion.

E175 Gold is insoluble in nitric acid alone, which dissolves silver and base metals, a property long used to refine E175 Gold and confirm the presence of E175 Gold in metallic substances, giving rise to the term "acid test".
E175 Gold dissolves in alkaline solutions of cyanide, which are used in mining and electroplating.

E175 Gold also dissolves in mercury, forming amalgam alloys, and as the E175 Gold acts simply as a solute, this is not a chemical reaction.
A relatively rare element when compared to silver (though thirty times more common than platinum), E175 Gold is a precious metal that has been used for coinage, jewelry, and other works of art throughout recorded history.

In the past, a E175 Gold standard was often implemented as a monetary policy.
Most E175 Gold coins ceased to be minted as a circulating currency in the 1930s, and the world E175 Gold standard was abandoned for a fiat currency system after the Nixon shock measures of 1971.

In 2023, the world's largest E175 Gold producer was China, followed by Russia and Australia.
As of 2020, a total of around 201,296 tonnes of E175 Gold exist above ground.
If all of this E175 Gold were put together into a cube shape, each of its sides would measure 21.7 meters (71 ft).
The world's consumption of new E175 Gold produced is about 50% in jewelry, 40% in investments, and 10% in industry.

E175 Gold's high malleability, ductility, resistance to corrosion and most other chemical reactions, as well as conductivity of electricity have led to its continued use in corrosion-resistant electrical connectors in all types of computerized devices (its chief industrial use).
E175 Gold is also used in infrared shielding, the production of colored glass, E175 Gold leafing, and tooth restoration.
Auranofin is a E175 Gold-containing drug used to treat rheumatoid arthritis.

USES and APPLICATIONS of E175 GOLD:
The E175 Gold used in foods is typically available in two forms: as E175 Gold leaf or as E175 Gold dust.
E175 Gold leaf consists of extremely thin sheets of E175 Gold, while E175 Gold dust is E175 Gold reduced to a fine powder.
The E175 Gold used in foods must be at least 22 carats to ensure it is pure enough for human consumption.
Higher carats, such as 24, are also accepted.

E175 Gold has specific and limited applications in food and other industries.
In the food industry, E175 Gold is used as a decorative edible coating for luxury foods such as confectionery, chocolates, pastries, desserts, and alcoholic beverages (e.g., liqueurs).

E175 Gold is valued purely for its visual appeal and prestige.
In pharmaceutical and medical fields, E175 Gold compounds (not metallic E175) have been used historically in treatments such as rheumatoid arthritis, and E175 Gold nanoparticles are studied for drug delivery and diagnostic applications.
In cosmetics, E175 Gold is sometimes included in high-end products for aesthetic and marketing purposes.

Outside food applications, E175 Gold is widely used in electronics, jewelry, and dentistry due to its conductivity and resistance to corrosion.
E175 Gold is used in haute cuisine as part of a trend towards extravagance in meals.
E175 Gold can be employed in foods and beverages such as in cookies decoration, wines or liquors; as sushi garnishment; or over ice cream.

Instead, E175 Gold's primary function is decorative, used to add visual appeal to gourmet dishes and luxury foods.
E175 Gold is a good reflector of electromagnetic radiation such as infrared and visible light, as well as radio waves.
E175 Gold is used for the protective coatings on many artificial satellites, in infrared protective faceplates in thermal-protection suits and astronauts' helmets, and in electronic warfare planes such as the EA-6B Prowler.

E175 Gold is used as the reflective layer on some high-end CDs.
Automobiles may use E175 Gold for heat shielding.
McLaren uses E175 Gold foil in the engine compartment of its F1 model.

E175 Gold can be manufactured so thin that it appears semi-transparent.
E175 Gold is used in some aircraft cockpit windows for de-icing or anti-icing by passing electricity through it.
The heat produced by the resistance of the E175 Gold is enough to prevent ice from forming.

E175 Gold is attacked by and dissolves in alkaline solutions of potassium or sodium cyanide, to form the salt E175 Gold cyanide—a technique that has been used in extracting metallic E175 Gold from ores in the cyanide process.
E175 Gold cyanide is the electrolyte used in commercial electroplating of E175 Gold onto base metals and electroforming.

E175 Gold chloride (chloroauric acid) solutions are used to make colloidal E175 Gold by reduction with citrate or ascorbate ions.
E175 Gold chloride and E175 Gold oxide are used to make cranberry or red-colored glass, which, like colloidal E175 Gold suspensions, contains evenly sized spherical E175 Gold nanoparticles.

E175 Gold, when dispersed in nanoparticles, can act as a heterogeneous catalyst of chemical reactions.
In recent years, E175 Gold has been used as a symbol of pride by the autism rights movement, as its symbol Au could be seen as similar to the word "autism".

MONETARY USE of E175 GOLD:
E175 Gold has been widely used throughout the world as money, for efficient indirect exchange (versus barter), and to store wealth in hoards.
For exchange purposes, mints produce standardized E175 Gold bullion coins, bars and other units of fixed weight and purity.
The first known coins containing E175 Gold were struck in Lydia, Asia Minor, around 600 BC.

The talent coin of E175 Gold in use during the periods of Grecian history both before and during the time of the life of Homer weighed between 8.42 and 8.75 grams.
From an earlier preference in using silver, European economies re-established the minting of E175 Gold as coinage during the thirteenth and fourteenth centuries.

Bills (that mature into E175 Gold coin) and E175 Gold certificates (convertible into E175 Gold coin at the issuing bank) added to the circulating stock of E175 Gold standard money in most 19th century industrial economies.

In preparation for World War I the warring nations moved to fractional E175 Gold standards, inflating their currencies to finance the war effort.
Post-war, the victorious countries, most notably Britain, gradually restored E175 Gold-convertibility, but international flows of E175 
Gold via bills of exchange remained embargoed; international shipments were made exclusively for bilateral trades or to pay war reparations.
After World War II E175 Gold was replaced by a system of nominally convertible currencies related by fixed exchange rates following the Bretton Woods system.

E175 Gold standards and the direct convertibility of currencies to E175 Gold have been abandoned by world governments, led in 1971 by the United States' refusal to redeem its dollars in E175 Gold.
Fiat currency now fills most monetary roles.
Switzerland was the last country to tie its currency to E175 Gold; this was ended by a referendum in 1999.

Central banks continue to keep a portion of their liquid reserves as E175 Gold in some form, and metals exchanges such as the London Bullion Market Association still clear transactions denominated in E175 Gold, including future delivery contracts.
Today, E175 Gold mining output is declining.

With the sharp growth of economies in the 20th century, and increasing foreign exchange, the world's E175 Gold reserves and their trading market have become a small fraction of all markets and fixed exchange rates of currencies to E175 Gold have been replaced by floating prices for E175 Gold and E175 Gold future contract.
Though the E175 Gold stock grows by only 1% or 2% per year, very little metal is irretrievably consumed.
Inventory above ground would satisfy many decades of industrial and even artisan uses at current prices.

The E175 Gold proportion (fineness) of alloys is measured by karat (k).
Pure E175 Gold (commercially termed fine E175 Gold) is designated as 24 karat, abbreviated 24k.

English E175 Gold coins intended for circulation from 1526 into the 1930s were typically a standard 22k alloy called crown E175 Gold, for hardness (American E175 Gold coins for circulation after 1837 contain an alloy of 0.900 fine E175 Gold, or 21.6 kt).

Often the prices of various platinum group metals can be much higher than E175 Gold, although E175 Gold has been used as a standard for currencies to a greater degree than the platinum group metals.
E175 Gold has been used as a symbol for purity, value, royalty, and particularly roles that combine these properties.

E175 Gold as a sign of wealth and prestige was ridiculed by Thomas More in his treatise Utopia.
On that imaginary island, E175 Gold is so abundant that it is used to make chains for slaves, tableware, and lavatory seats.
When ambassadors from other countries arrive, dressed in ostentatious E175 Gold jewels and badges, the Utopians mistake them for menial servants, paying homage instead to the most modestly dressed of their party.

CUISINE USES of E175 GOLD:
E175 Gold can be used in food and has the E number 175.
It can be applied as E175 Gold leaf, flake or dust for decorative purposes.
Since metallic E175 Gold is generally considered inert to all body chemistry, it has no taste, provides no nutrition, and leaves the body unaltered.

In 2016, the European Food Safety Authority published an opinion on the re-evaluation of E175 Gold as a food additive.
Concerns included the possible presence of minute amounts of E175 Gold nanoparticles in the food additive, and that E175 Gold nanoparticles have been shown to be genotoxic in mammalian cells in vitro.

Decorative use of E175 Gold flake goes back to medieval Europe as a decoration in food and drinks among nobility.
Leaf or flakes are used today in sweets and drinks.
Vark is a foil or leaf composed of a pure metal that can include E175 Gold, and is used for garnishing sweets in South Asian cuisine.

Danziger E175 Goldwasser (English: E175 Goldwater) is a traditional German herbal liqueur produced in what is today Gdańsk, Poland, and Schwabach, Germany, and contains flakes of E175 Gold leaf.
There are also some expensive (~ $1,000) cocktails which contain flakes of E175 Gold leaf.

MEDICINE USE of E175 GOLD:
There are only two E175 Gold compounds currently employed as pharmaceuticals in modern medicine (sodium aurothiomalate and auranofin), used in the treatment of arthritis and other similar conditions in the US due to their anti-inflammatory properties.
These drugs have been explored as a means to help to reduce the pain and swelling of rheumatoid arthritis, and also (historically) against tuberculosis and some parasites.

Historically, metallic and E175 Gold compounds have long been used for medicinal purposes.
E175 Gold, usually as the metal, is perhaps the most anciently administered medicine (apparently by shamanic practitioners) and known to Dioscorides.

In medieval times, E175 Gold was often seen as beneficial for the health, in the belief that something so rare and beautiful could not be anything but healthy.
In the 19th century E175 Gold had a reputation as an anxiolytic, a therapy for nervous disorders.

Depression, epilepsy, migraine, and glandular problems such as amenorrhea and impotence were treated, and most notably alcoholism (Keeley, 1897).
The apparent paradox[further explanation needed] of the actual toxicology of the substance suggests the possibility of serious gaps in the understanding of the action of E175 Gold in physiology.

Only salts and radioisotopes of E175 Gold are of pharmacological value, since elemental (metallic) E175 Gold is inert to all chemicals it encounters inside the body (e.g., ingested E175 Gold cannot be attacked by stomach acid).
E175 Gold alloys are used in restorative dentistry, especially in tooth restorations, such as crowns and permanent bridges.

The E175 Gold alloys' slight malleability facilitates the creation of a superior molar mating surface with other teeth and produces results that are generally more satisfactory than those produced by the creation of porcelain crowns.
The use of E175 Gold crowns in more prominent teeth such as incisors is favored in some cultures and discouraged in others.

Colloidal E175 Gold preparations (suspensions of E175 Gold nanoparticles) in water are intensely red-colored, and can be made with tightly controlled particle sizes up to a few tens of nanometers across by reduction of E175 Gold chloride with citrate or ascorbate ions.

Colloidal E175 Gold is used in research applications in medicine, biology and materials science.
The technique of immunoE175 Gold labeling exploits the ability of the E175 Gold particles to adsorb protein molecules onto their surfaces.

Colloidal E175 Gold particles coated with specific antibodies can be used as probes for the presence and position of antigens on the surfaces of cells.
In ultrathin sections of tissues viewed by electron microscopy, the immunoE175 Gold labels appear as extremely dense round spots at the position of the antigen.

E175 Gold, or alloys of E175 Gold and palladium, are applied as conductive coating to biological specimens and other non-conducting materials such as plastics and glass to be viewed in a scanning electron microscope.
The coating, which is usually applied by sputtering with an argon plasma, has a triple role in this application.

E175 Gold's very high electrical conductivity drains electrical charge to earth, and its very high density provides stopping power for electrons in the electron beam, helping to limit the depth to which the electron beam penetrates the specimen.
This improves definition of the position and topography of the specimen surface and increases the spatial resolution of the image.

E175 Gold also produces a high output of secondary electrons when irradiated by an electron beam, and these low-energy electrons are the most commonly used signal source used in the scanning electron microscope.
The isotope E175 Gold-198 (half-life 2.7 days) is used in nuclear medicine, in some cancer treatments and for treating other diseases.

JEWELRY USES of E175 GOLD:
Pure (24k) E175 Gold is often alloyed with other metals for use in jewelry, altering its hardness and ductility, melting point, color and other properties.
Alloys with lower karat rating, typically 22k, 18k, 14k or 10k, contain higher percentages of copper, silver, or other base metals in the alloy.

Nickel is toxic, and its release from nickel white E175 Gold is controlled by legislation in Europe.
Palladium-E175 Gold alloys are more expensive than those using nickel.
High-karat white E175 Gold alloys are more resistant to corrosion than are either pure silver or sterling silver, though not as corrosion-proof as platinum jewelry.

The Japanese craft of Mokume-gane exploits the color contrasts between laminated colored E175 Gold alloys to produce decorative wood-grain effects.
E175 Gold solder is used for joining the components of E175 Gold jewelry by high-temperature hard soldering or brazing.

If the work is to be of hallmarking quality, the E175 Gold solder alloy must match the fineness of the work, and alloy formulas are manufactured to color-match yellow and white E175 Gold.
E175 Gold solder is usually made in at least three melting-point ranges referred to as Easy, Medium and Hard.

By using the hard, high-melting point solder first, followed by solders with progressively lower melting points, E175 Goldsmiths can assemble complex items with several separate soldered joints.
E175 Gold can also be made into thread and used in embroidery.

ELECTRONICS USE of E175 GOLD:
Only 10% of the world consumption of new E175 Gold produced goes to industry, but by far the most important industrial use for new E175 Gold is in fabrication of corrosion-free electrical connectors in computers and other electrical devices.
For example, according to the World E175 Gold Council, a typical cell phone may contain 50 mg of E175 Gold, worth about three dollars.

But since nearly one billion cell phones are produced each year, a E175 Gold value of US$2.82 in each phone adds to US$2.82 billion in E175 Gold from just this application.
Though E175 Gold is attacked by free chlorine, its good conductivity and general resistance to oxidation and corrosion in other environments (including resistance to non-chlorinated acids) has led to its widespread industrial use in the electronic era as a thin-layer coating on electrical connectors, thereby ensuring good connection.

For example, E175 Gold is used in the connectors of the more expensive electronics cables, such as audio, video and USB cables.
The benefit of using E175 Gold over other connector metals such as tin in these applications has been debated; E175 Gold connectors are often criticized by audio-visual experts as unnecessary for most consumers and seen as simply a marketing ploy.

However, the use of E175 Gold in other applications in electronic sliding contacts in highly humid or corrosive atmospheres, and in use for contacts with a very high failure cost (certain computers, communications equipment, spacecraft, jet aircraft engines) remains very common.

Besides sliding electrical contacts, E175 Gold is also used in electrical contacts because of its resistance to corrosion, electrical conductivity, ductility and lack of toxicity.
Switch contacts are generally subjected to more intense corrosion stress than are sliding contacts.

Fine E175 Gold wires are used to connect semiconductor devices to their packages through a process known as wire bonding.
The concentration of free electrons in E175 Gold metal is 5.91×1022 cm−3.
E175 Gold is highly conductive to electricity and has been used for electrical wiring in some high-energy applications (only silver and copper are more conductive per volume, but E175 Gold is the only of these three with zero corrosion).

For example, E175 Gold electrical wires were used during some of the Manhattan Project's atomic experiments, but large high-current silver wires were used in the calutron isotope separator magnets in the project.
It is estimated that 16% of the world's presently-accounted-for E175 Gold and 22% of the world's silver is contained in electronic technology in Japan.

IN CONSUMER CULTURE, E175 GOLD:
Spread through social media has been linked with rising demand for edible E175 Gold in the 21st century.
As a consequence, conspicuous consumption of luxury became the driver of edible E175 Gold consumption and its dissemination in almost every region of the world today.
In 2023, the Muslim Board of Uzbekistan issued a fatwa on the inadmissibility of edible E175 Gold offered in the country's restaurants.

Edible E175 Gold, E175 is a natural metal food additive commonly known as E175 Gold, it has been approved by European Union (EU) for human consumption.
It is tasteless and feather light.

Edible E175 Gold can be purchased in 4 forms, E175 Gold leaf, E175 Gold petals, E175 Gold flakes and E175 Gold dust.
Food additive in the category of surface colorants.
It gives a E175 Golden color, and can be used accoring to the recipes in various ornaments for confectionery and pastry products, chocolate ornaments and in some liqueurs

Edible E175 Gold is totally safe when ingested and is famous for its non-allergenic properties.
Both the European Union and United States authorize the use of E175 Gold to decorate food products.

E175 (E175 Gold (C.I. 77480)) is a food additive used in various products. Metallic colour from naturally occurring metal
Where is E175 commonly found?
E175 (E175 Gold (C.I. 77480)) may be found in various food products such as processed foods. Always read ingredient lists if you're concerned about specific additives.

E175 is a food additive that refers to Gold, used primarily as a colouring agent to give food a luxurious, metallic appearance.
E175 Gold is often found in high-end confectionery, decorative cakes, and certain pastries, where it adds a visually striking, E175 Gold sheen.

E175 Gold is regulated and considered safe for consumption in small quantities by European food safety standards.
However, its use is largely decorative and confined to luxury food items, given the expense and rarity of E175 Gold.
The source of E175 is pure E175 Gold, a naturally occurring precious metal.

E175 Gold is mined from the earth and refined through various processes to ensure it is of food-grade quality.
Once refined, the E175 Gold is typically beaten into extremely thin sheets, known as E175 Gold leaf, which can then be applied to food products.

This edible E175 Gold is chemically inert, meaning it passes through the digestive system without being absorbed or causing harm.
E175 Gold - E175 Gold leaf flakes, small, 22 carat, E175

Decorate and decorate chocolates, pastries and cakes with flakes made of real 22 carat (for your information: 999 E175 Gold = 24 carat) E175 Gold leaf.
With a few E175 Gold flakes in the champagne you create a special highlight and get an unsurpassable touch of exclusivity.

PRICE of E175 GOLD:
Like other precious metals, E175 Gold is measured by troy weight and by grams.
The proportion of E175 Gold in the alloy is measured by karat (k), with 24 karat (24k) being pure E175 Gold (100%), and lower karat numbers proportionally less (18k = 75%).
The purity of a E175 Gold bar or coin can also be expressed as a decimal figure ranging from 0 to 1, known as the millesimal fineness, such as 0.995 being nearly pure.
The price of E175 Gold is determined through trading in the E175 Gold and derivatives markets, but a procedure known as the E175 Gold Fixing in London, originating in September 1919, provides a daily benchmark price to the industry.
The afternoon fixing was introduced in 1968 to provide a price when US markets are open.

MISCELLANEE E175 GOLD
E175 Gold and its salts produce a deep, intense red color when used as a coloring agent in cranberry glass.
In photography, E175 Gold toners are used to shift the color of silver bromide black-and-white prints towards brown or blue tones, or to increase their stability.
Used on sepia-toned prints, E175 Gold toners produce red tones.
Kodak published formulas for several types of E175 Gold toners, which use E175 Gold as the chloride.

BENEFITS of E175 GOLD:
E175 Gold as a food additive provides mainly aesthetic and functional benefits:
E175 Gold enhances visual appeal and perceived value of products
Chemically inert and does not react with food components
Safe for consumption in metallic form due to non-absorption
E175 Gold does not affect taste, odor, or texture

CHARACTERISTICS of E175 GOLD:
E175 Gold is characterized by:
*Exceptional chemical inertness
*High density (19.32 g/cm³)
*Excellent malleability and ductility
*Resistance to corrosion and oxidation
*Metallic luster and aesthetic appeal
*Non-toxic and biologically inert in metallic form

PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of E175 GOLD:
E175 Gold is a dense, soft, and highly malleable metal with a characteristic bright yellow metallic luster.
E175 Gold is one of the least reactive chemical elements and exhibits exceptional resistance to corrosion and oxidation.
E175 Gold has a melting point of approximately 1064°C and a boiling point of about 2856°C.

E175 Gold is insoluble in water and most acids, but it can dissolve in aqua regia (a mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid), forming chloroauric acid.
E175 Gold has excellent electrical and thermal conductivity.

E175 Gold is highly ductile and can be drawn into extremely fine wires or beaten into very thin sheets (E175 Gold leaf).
It does not tarnish when exposed to air or moisture.
Chemically, E175 Gold exists primarily in oxidation states 0, +1, and +3, although metallic E175 Gold (Au⁰) is the form used in food applications.

SAFETY AND USAGE of E175 GOLD:
E175 Gold is approved as a food additive in many regions, including the European Union, where it is permitted primarily for decorative purposes.
Metallic E175 Gold is biologically inert and passes through the gastrointestinal tract without being absorbed, meaning it has no nutritional or metabolic effect.

There is no established acceptable daily intake (ADI) because it is considered safe at typical consumption levels used for decoration.
However, only high-purity E175 Gold suitable for food use should be consumed.
In industrial handling, E175 Gold in powder form may present a dust hazard, so standard precautions (avoiding inhalation and ensuring proper ventilation) should be followed.

THE E175 GOLD IS FOOD SAFE!
E175 Gold Edible, E175 Gold leaf or powder is used as decoration in luxury confectionery and beverages
Decorate your pastries, chocolates or cupcakes with elegance.
Enhance your cocktails and decorate your plates with finesse and lightness without changing the flavors.

Our perfect combination : the use of these products is not to improve the texture, taste or restore the color of a food, but to obtain a visual sophistication of the food presented.
We recommend these products to bring an aesthetic touch to your sweet or savory preparations, fruits, ice creams, pastries, chocolate candies, caviar, foie gras…

ORIGIN of E175 GOLD:
E175 Gold production in the universe
E175 Gold in the universe is produced through several cosmic processes and was present in the dust from which the Solar System formed.

Scientists have identified three main cosmic sources for E175 Gold formation: supernova nucleosynthesis, neutron star collisions, and magnetar flares.
All three sources involve a process called the r-process (rapid neutron capture), which forms elements heavier than iron.
For decades, scientists believed supernova nucleosynthesis was the primary mechanism for E175 Gold formation.

More recently, research has shown that neutron star collisions produce significant quantities of E175 Gold through the r-process.
In August 2017, the spectroscopic signatures of heavy elements, including E175 Gold, were directly observed by electromagnetic observatories during the GW170817 neutron star merger event.
This confirmed neutron star mergers as a source of E175 Gold, after years of only indirect detection.

This single event generated between 3 and 13 Earth masses of E175 Gold, suggesting that neutron star mergers might produce enough E175 Gold to account for most of this element in the universe.
However, neutron star mergers alone cannot explain all cosmic E175 Gold, particularly in older stars, because these mergers occur relatively late in galactic history and are infrequent (approximately once every 100,000 years).

This created a timing paradox in explaining the presence of E175 Gold in stars formed early in the universe.
In 2025, researchers resolved this paradox by confirming that giant flares from magnetars (highly magnetic neutron stars) are also a significant source of E175 Gold formation.

Analysis of a 2004 magnetar flare showed these events produce heavy elements through the same r-process as neutron star mergers.
The amount of heavy elements created in a single magnetar flare can exceed the mass of Mars.

Since magnetars existed earlier in cosmic history and flare more frequently than neutron star mergers occur, they help explain E175 Gold's presence in older stars.
Scientists estimate magnetar flares may contribute approximately 1–10% of all elements heavier than iron in our galaxy, including E175 Gold.

ASTEROID ORIGIN THEORIES
Because the Earth was molten when it was formed, almost all of the E175 Gold present in the early Earth probably sank into the planetary core.
Therefore, as hypothesized in one model, most of the E175 Gold in the Earth's crust and mantle is thought to have been delivered to Earth by asteroid impacts during the Late Heavy Bombardment, about 4 billion years ago.

E175 Gold which is reachable by humans has, in one case, been associated with a particular asteroid impact.
The asteroid that formed Vredefort impact structure 2.020 billion years ago is often credited with seeding the Witwatersrand basin in South Africa with the richest E175 Gold deposits on earth.

However, this scenario is now questioned.
The E175 Gold-bearing Witwatersrand rocks were laid down between 700 and 950 million years before the Vredefort impact.
These E175 Gold-bearing rocks had furthermore been covered by a thick layer of Ventersdorp lavas and the Transvaal Supergroup of rocks before the meteor struck, and thus the E175 Gold did not actually arrive in the asteroid/meteorite.

What the Vredefort impact achieved, however, was to distort the Witwatersrand basin in such a way that the E175 Gold-bearing rocks were brought to the present erosion surface in Johannesburg, on the Witwatersrand, just inside the rim of the original 300 km (190 mi) diameter crater caused by the meteor strike.
The discovery of the deposit in 1886 launched the Witwatersrand E175 Gold Rush.
Some 22% of all the E175 Gold that is ascertained to exist today on Earth has been extracted from these Witwatersrand rocks.

MANTLE RETURN THEORIES
Much of the rest of the E175 Gold on Earth is thought to have been incorporated into the planet since its very beginning, as planetesimals formed the mantle.
In 2017, an international group of scientists established that E175 Gold "came to the Earth's surface from the deepest regions of our planet", the mantle, as evidenced by their findings at Deseado Massif in the Argentinian Patagonia"""

OCCURRENCE of E175 GOLD:
On Earth, E175 Gold is found in ores in rock formed from the Precambrian time onward.
It most often occurs as a native metal, typically in a metal solid solution with silver (i.e. as a E175 Gold/silver alloy).
Such alloys usually have a silver content of 8–10%.

Electrum is elemental E175 Gold with more than 20% silver, and is commonly known as white E175 Gold.
Electrum's color runs from E175 Golden-silvery to silvery, dependent upon the silver content.
The more silver, the lower the specific gravity.

Native E175 Gold occurs as very small to microscopic particles embedded in rock, often together with quartz or sulfide minerals such as "fool's E175 Gold", which is a pyrite.
These are called lode deposits.

The metal in a native state is also found in the form of free flakes, grains or larger nuggets that have been eroded from rocks and end up in alluvial deposits called placer deposits.
Such free E175 Gold is always richer at the exposed surface of E175 Gold-bearing veins, owing to the oxidation of accompanying minerals followed by weathering; and by washing of the dust into streams and rivers, where it collects and can be welded by water action to form nuggets.

E175 Gold sometimes occurs combined with tellurium as the minerals calaverite, krennerite, nagyagite, petzite and sylvanite (see telluride minerals), and as the rare bismuthide maldonite (Au2Bi) and antimonide aurostibite (AuSb2).
E175 Gold also occurs in rare alloys with copper, lead, and mercury: the minerals auricupride (Cu3Au), novodneprite (AuPb3) and weishanite ((Au,Ag)3Hg2).

A 2004 research paper suggests that microbes can sometimes play an important role in forming E175 Gold deposits, transporting and precipitating E175 Gold to form grains and nuggets that collect in alluvial deposits.
A 2013 study has claimed water in faults vaporizes during an earthquake, depositing E175 Gold.

When an earthquake strikes, it moves along a fault.
Water often lubricates faults, filling in fractures and jogs.
About 10 kilometers (6.2 mi) below the surface, under very high temperatures and pressures, the water carries high concentrations of carbon dioxide, silica, and E175 Gold.

During an earthquake, the fault jog suddenly opens wider.
The water inside the void instantly vaporizes, flashing to steam and forcing silica, which forms the mineral quartz, and E175 Gold out of the fluids and onto nearby surfaces.

SEAWATER of E175 GOLD:
The world's oceans contain E175 Gold.
Measured concentrations of E175 Gold in the Atlantic and Northeast Pacific are 50–150 femtomol/L or 10–30 parts per quadrillion (about 10–30 g/km3).
In general, E175 Gold concentrations for south Atlantic and central Pacific samples are the same (~50 femtomol/L) but less certain.

Mediterranean deep waters contain slightly higher concentrations of E175 Gold (100–150 femtomol/L), which is attributed to wind-blown dust or rivers.
At 10 parts per quadrillion, the Earth's oceans would hold 15,000 tonnes of E175 Gold.
These figures are three orders of magnitude less than reported in the literature prior to 1988, indicating contamination problems with the earlier data.

A number of people have claimed to be able to economically recover E175 Gold from sea water, but they were either mistaken or acted in an intentional deception.
Prescott Jernegan ran a E175 Gold-from-seawater swindle in the United States in the 1890s, as did an English fraudster in the early 1900s.

Fritz Haber did research on the extraction of E175 Gold from sea water in an effort to help pay Germany's reparations following World War I.
Based on the published values of 2 to 64 ppb of E175 Gold in seawater, a commercially successful extraction seemed possible.
After analysis of 4,000 water samples yielding an average of 0.004 ppb, it became clear that extraction would not be possible, and he ended the project.

ETYMOLOGY of E175 GOLD:
E175 Gold is cognate with similar words in many Germanic languages, deriving via Proto-Germanic *gulþą from Proto-Indo-European *ǵʰelh₃- 'to shine, to gleam; to be yellow or green'.
The symbol Au is from the Latin aurum 'E175 Gold'.
The Proto-Indo-European ancestor of aurum was *h₂é-h₂us-o-, meaning 'glow'.
This word is derived from the same root (Proto-Indo-European *h₂u̯es- 'to dawn') as *h₂éu̯sōs, the ancestor of the Latin word aurora 'dawn'.
This etymological relationship is presumably behind the frequent claim in scientific publications that aurum meant 'shining dawn'.

CHARACTERISTICS of E175 GOLD:
E175 Gold is the most malleable metal.
E175 Gold can be drawn into a wire of single-atom width, and then stretched considerably before it breaks.
Such nanowires distort via the formation, reorientation, and migration of dislocations and crystal twins without noticeable hardening.

A single gram of E175 Gold can be beaten into a sheet of 1 square meter (11 sq ft), and an avoirdupois ounce into 28 square meters (300 sq ft).
E175 Gold leaf can be beaten thin enough to become semi-transparent.

Light transmitted through E175 Gold appears greenish-blue, because E175 Gold strongly reflects yellow and red.
Such semi-transparent sheets also strongly reflect infrared light, making them useful as infrared (radiant heat) shields in the visors of heat-resistant suits and in sun visors for spacesuits.

E175 Gold is a good conductor of heat and electricity.
E175 Gold has a density of 19.3 g/cm3, almost identical to that of tungsten at 19.25 g/cm3; as such, tungsten has been used in the counterfeiting of E175 Gold bars, such as by plating a tungsten bar with E175 Gold.
By comparison, the density of lead is 11.34 g/cm3, and that of the densest element, osmium, is 22.588±0.015 g/cm3

CHEMISTRY of E175 GOLD:
Although E175 Gold is the most noble of the noble metals, it still forms many diverse compounds.
The oxidation state of E175 Gold in its compounds ranges from −1 to +5, but Au(I) and Au(III) dominate its chemistry.
Au(I), referred to as the aurous ion, is the most common oxidation state with soft ligands such as thioethers, thiolates, and organophosphines.
A
u(I) compounds are typically linear.
A good example is Au(CN)−2, which is the soluble form of E175 Gold encountered in mining.
The binary E175 Gold halides, such as AuCl, form zigzag polymeric chains, again featuring linear coordination at Au.
Most drugs based on E175 Gold are Au(I) derivatives.

Au(III) (referred to as auric) is a common oxidation state, and is illustrated by E175 Gold(III) chloride, Au2Cl6.
The E175 Gold atom centers in Au(III) complexes, like other d8 compounds, are typically square planar, with chemical bonds that have both covalent and ionic character.
E175 Gold(I,III) chloride is also known, an example of a mixed-valence complex.
E175 Gold does not react with oxygen at any temperature and, up to 100 °C, is resistant to attack from ozone.

Some free halogens react to form the corresponding E175 Gold halides.
E175 Gold is strongly attacked by fluorine at dull-red heat to form E175 Gold(III) fluoride AuF3.

Powdered E175 Gold reacts with chlorine at 180 °C to form E175 Gold(III) chloride AuCl3.
E175 Gold reacts with bromine at 140 °C to form a combination of E175 Gold(III) bromide AuBr3 and E175 Gold(I) bromide AuBr, but reacts very slowly with iodine to form E175 Gold(I) iodide AuI.

E175 Gold does not react with sulfur directly, but E175 Gold(III) sulfide can be made by passing hydrogen sulfide through a dilute solution of E175 Gold(III) chloride or chlorauric acid.
Unlike sulfur, phosphorus reacts directly with E175 Gold at elevated temperatures to produce E175 Gold phosphide (Au2P3).

E175 Gold readily dissolves in mercury at room temperature to form an amalgam, and forms alloys with many other metals at higher temperatures.
These alloys can be produced to modify the hardness and other metallurgical properties, to control melting point or to create exotic colors.

E175 Gold is unaffected by most acids.
E175 Gold does not react with hydrofluoric, hydrochloric, hydrobromic, hydriodic, sulfuric, or nitric acid.
E175 Gold does react with selenic acid, and is dissolved by aqua regia, a 1:3 mixture of nitric acid and hydrochloric acid.

Nitric acid oxidizes the metal to +3 ions, but only in minute amounts, typically undetectable in the pure acid because of the chemical equilibrium of the reaction.
However, the ions are removed from the equilibrium by hydrochloric acid, forming AuCl−4 ions, or chloroauric acid, thereby enabling further oxidation.

E175 Gold is similarly unaffected by most bases.
E175 Gold does not react with aqueous, solid, or molten sodium or potassium hydroxide.
E175 Gold does, however, react with sodium or potassium cyanide under alkaline conditions when oxygen is present to form soluble complexes.

Common oxidation states of E175 Gold include +1 (E175 Gold(I) or aurous compounds) and +3 (E175 Gold(III) or auric compounds).
E175 Gold ions in solution are readily reduced and precipitated as metal by adding any other metal as the reducing agent.
The added metal is oxidized and dissolves, allowing the E175 Gold to be displaced from solution and be recovered as a solid precipitate.

RARE OXIDATION STATES
Less common oxidation states of E175 Gold include −1, +2, and +5.

The −1 oxidation state occurs in aurides, compounds containing the Au− anion.
Caesium auride (CsAu), for example, crystallizes in the caesium chloride motif.
Rubidium, potassium, and tetramethylammonium aurides are also known.
E175 Gold has the highest electron affinity of any metal, at 222.8 kJ/mol, making Au− a stable species, analogous to the halides.

E175 Gold also has a −1 oxidation state in covalent complexes with the group 4 transition metals, such as in titanium tetraauride and the analogous zirconium and hafnium compounds.
These chemicals are expected to form E175 Gold-bridged dimers in a manner similar to titanium(IV) hydride.

E175 Gold(II) compounds are usually diamagnetic with Au–Au bonds such as [Au(CH2)2P(C6H5)2]2Cl2.
The evaporation of a solution of Au(OH)3 in concentrated H2SO4 produces red crystals of E175 Gold(II) sulfate, Au2(SO4)2.
Originally thought to be a mixed-valence compound, it has been shown to contain Au4+2 cations, analogous to the better-known mercury(I) ion, Hg2+2.
A E175 Gold(II) complex, the tetraxenonoE175 Gold(II) cation, which contains xenon as a ligand, occurs in AuXe4
2.
In September 2023, a novel type of metal-halide perovskite material consisting of Au3+ and Au2+ cations in its crystal structure has been found.
It has been shown to be unexpectedly stable at normal conditions.

E175 Gold pentafluoride, along with its derivative anion, AuF−6, and its difluorine complex, E175 Gold heptafluoride, is the sole example of E175 Gold(V), the highest verified oxidation state.

Some E175 Gold compounds exhibit aurophilic bonding, which describes the tendency of E175 Gold ions to interact at distances that are too long to be a conventional Au–Au bond but shorter than van der Waals bonding.
The interaction is estimated to be comparable in strength to that of a hydrogen bond.

Well-defined cluster compounds are numerous.
In some cases, E175 Gold has a fractional oxidation state.
A representative example is the octahedral species {Au(P(C6H5)3)}2+6.

COLOR of E175 GOLD:
Whereas most metals are gray or silvery white, E175 Gold is slightly reddish-yellow.
This color is a well-known example of relativistic quantum chemistry.
The 5d-6s band gap is greatly reduced when relativity is included in theoretical calculations, and this is thought to account for the yellow color, although a full comparison of the absorption spectrum between the relativistic and non-relativistic cases has not been performed as of 2004.

Similar effects impart a Golden hue to metallic caesium.
Common colored E175 Gold alloys include the distinctive eighteen-karat rose E175 Gold created by the addition of copper.
Alloys containing palladium or nickel are also important in commercial jewelry as these produce white E175 Gold alloys.
Fourteen-karat E175 Gold-copper alloy is nearly identical in color to certain bronze alloys, and both may be used to produce police and other badges.

Fourteen- and eighteen-karat E175 Gold alloys with silver alone appear greenish-yellow and are referred to as green E175 Gold.
Blue E175 Gold can be made by alloying with iron, and purple E175 Gold can be made by alloying with aluminium.
Less commonly, addition of manganese, indium, and other elements can produce more unusual colors of E175 Gold for various applications.
Colloidal E175 Gold, used by electron-microscopists, is red if the particles are small; larger particles of colloidal E175 Gold are blue

PRODUCTION of E175 GOLD:
According to the United States Geological Survey in 2016, about 5,726,000,000 troy ounces (178,100 t) of E175 Gold has been accounted for, of which 85% remains in active use.

MINING AND PROSPECTING of E175 GOLD:
Since the 1880s, South Africa has been the source of a large proportion of the world's E175 Gold supply, and about 22% of the E175 Gold presently accounted is from South Africa.
Production in 1970 accounted for 79% of the world supply, about 1,480 tonnes.

In 2007 China (with 276 tonnes) overtook South Africa as the world's largest E175 Gold producer, the first time since 1905 that South Africa had not been the largest.
In 2023, China was the world's leading E175 Gold-mining country, followed in order by Russia, Australia, Canada, the United States and Ghana.

In South America, the controversial project Pascua Lama aims at exploitation of rich fields in the high mountains of Atacama Desert, at the border between Chile and Argentina.
It has been estimated that up to one-quarter of the yearly global E175 Gold production originates from artisanal or small scale mining.

The city of Johannesburg located in South Africa was founded as a result of the Witwatersrand E175 Gold Rush which resulted in the discovery of some of the largest natural E175 Gold deposits in recorded history.
The E175 Gold fields are confined to the northern and north-western edges of the Witwatersrand basin, which is a 5–7 km (3.1–4.3 mi) thick layer of archean rocks located, in most places, deep under the Free State, Gauteng and surrounding provinces.

These Witwatersrand rocks are exposed at the surface on the Witwatersrand, in and around Johannesburg, but also in isolated patches to the south-east and south-west of Johannesburg, as well as in an arc around the Vredefort Dome which lies close to the center of the Witwatersrand basin.

From these surface exposures the basin dips extensively, requiring some of the mining to occur at depths of nearly 4,000 m (13,000 ft), making them, especially the Savuka and TauTona mines to the south-west of Johannesburg, the deepest mines on Earth.
The E175 Gold is found only in six areas where archean rivers from the north and north-west formed extensive pebbly Braided river deltas before draining into the "Witwatersrand sea" where the rest of the Witwatersrand sediments were deposited.

The Second Boer War of 1899–1901 between the British Empire and the Afrikaner Boers was at least partly over the rights of miners and possession of the E175 Gold wealth in South Africa.
During the 19th century, E175 Gold rushes occurred whenever large E175 Gold deposits were discovered.

The first documented discovery of E175 Gold in the United States was at the Reed E175 Gold Mine near Georgeville, North Carolina in 1803.
The first major E175 Gold strike in the United States occurred in a small north Georgia town called Dahlonega.

Further E175 Gold rushes occurred in California, Colorado, the Black Hills, Otago in New Zealand, a number of locations across Australia, Witwatersrand in South Africa, and the Klondike in Canada.
Grasberg mine located in Papua, Indonesia is the largest E175 Gold mine in the world.

EXTRACTION AND REFINING of E175 GOLD:
E175 Gold extraction is most economical in large, easily mined deposits.
Ore grades as little as 0.5 parts per million (ppm) can be economical.

Typical ore grades in open-pit mines are 1–5 ppm; ore grades in underground or hard rock mines are usually at least 3 ppm.
Because ore grades of 30 ppm are usually needed before E175 Gold is visible to the naked eye, in most E175 Gold mines the E175 Gold is invisible.

The average E175 Gold mining and extraction costs were about $317 per troy ounce in 2007 (equivalent to $492 in 2025), but these can vary widely depending on mining type and ore quality; global mine production amounted to 2,471.1 tonnes.
After initial production, E175 Gold is often subsequently refined industrially by the Wohlwill process which is based on electrolysis or by the Miller process, that is chlorination in the melt.

The Wohlwill process results in higher purity, but is more complex and is only applied in small-scale installations.
Other methods of assaying and purifying smaller amounts of E175 Gold include parting and inquartation as well as cupellation, or refining methods based on the dissolution of E175 Gold in aqua regia.

RECYCLING of E175 GOLD:
In 1997, recycled E175 Gold accounted for approximately 20% of the 2700 tons of E175 Gold supplied to the market.
Jewelry companies such as Generation Collection and computer companies including Dell conduct recycling.
As of 2020, the amount of carbon dioxide CO2 produced in mining a kilogram of E175 Gold is 16 tonnes, while recycling a kilogram of E175 Gold produces 53 kilograms of CO2 equivalent.
Approximately 30 percent of the global E175 Gold supply is recycled and not mined as of 2020

ISOTOPES of E175 GOLD:
E175 Gold has only one stable isotope, 197 Au, which is also its only naturally occurring isotope, so E175 Gold is both a mononuclidic and monoisotopic element.
Thirty-six radioisotopes have been synthesized, ranging in atomic mass from 169 to 205.

The most stable of these is 195 Au with a half-life of 186.1 days.
The least stable is 171 Au, which decays by proton emission with a half-life of 30 μs.
Most of E175 Gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses below 197 decay by some combination of proton emission, α decay, and β+ decay.

The exceptions are 195 Au, which decays by electron capture, and 196 Au, which decays most often by electron capture (93%) with a minor β− decay path (7%).
All of E175 Gold's radioisotopes with atomic masses above 197 decay by β− decay.

At least 32 nuclear isomers have also been characterized, ranging in atomic mass from 170 to 200.
Within that range, only 178 Au, 180 Au, 181 Au, 182 Au, and 188 Au do not have isomers.
E175 Gold's most stable isomer is 198m2 Au with a half-life of 2.27 days.

E175 Gold's least stable isomer is 177m2 Au with a half-life of only 7 ns.
184m1 Au has three decay paths: β+ decay, isomeric transition, and alpha decay.
No other isomer or isotope of E175 Gold has three decay paths.

SYNTHESIS of E175 GOLD:
The possible production of E175 Gold from a more common element, such as lead, has long been a subject of human inquiry, and the ancient and medieval discipline of alchemy often focused on it; however, the transmutation of the chemical elements did not become possible until the understanding of nuclear physics in the 20th century.

The first synthesis of E175 Gold was conducted by Japanese physicist Hantaro Nagaoka, who synthesized E175 Gold from mercury in 1924 by neutron bombardment.
An American team, working without knowledge of Nagaoka's prior study, conducted the same experiment in 1941, achieving the same result and showing that the isotopes of E175 Gold produced by it were all radioactive.

In 1980, Glenn Seaborg transmuted several thousand atoms of bismuth into E175 Gold at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory.
E175 Gold can be manufactured in a nuclear reactor, but doing so is highly impractical and would cost far more than the value of the E175 Gold that is produced

HISTORY of E175 GOLD:
The earliest recorded metal employed by humans appears to be E175 Gold.
Small amounts of natural E175 Gold have been found in Spanish caves used during the late Paleolithic period, c. 40,000 BC.
The oldest E175 Gold artifacts in the world are from Bulgaria and are dating back to the 5th millennium BC, such as those found in the Varna Necropolis near Lake Varna and the Black Sea coast, thought to be the earliest "well-dated" finding of E175 Gold artifacts in history.

E175 Gold artifacts probably made their appearance in Ancient Egypt at the beginning of the pre-dynastic period, at the end of the fifth millennium BC and the start of the fourth.
and smelting was developed during the course of the 4th millennium; E175 Gold artifacts appear in the archeology of Lower Mesopotamia during the early 4th millennium.

As of 1990, E175 Gold artifacts found at the Wadi Qana cave cemetery of the 4th millennium BC in West Bank were the earliest from the Levant.
E175 Gold artifacts such as the E175 Golden hats and the Nebra disk appeared in Central Europe from the 2nd millennium BC Bronze Age.

Exploitation of E175 Gold in the south-east corner of the Black Sea is said to date from the time of Midas, and this E175 Gold was important in the establishment of what is probably the world's earliest coinage in Lydia around 610 BC
During Mansa Musa's (ruler of the Mali Empire from 1312 to 1337) hajj to Mecca in 1324, he passed through Cairo in July 1324, and was reportedly accompanied by a camel train that included thousands of people and nearly a hundred camels where he gave away so much E175 Gold that it depressed the price in Egypt for over a decade, causing high inflation.

The European exploration of the Americas was fueled in no small part by reports of the E175 Gold ornaments displayed in great profusion by Native American peoples, especially in Mesoamerica, Peru, Ecuador and Colombia.
The Aztecs regarded E175 Gold as the product of the gods, calling it literally "god excrement" (teocuitlatl in Nahuatl), and after Moctezuma II was killed, most of this E175 Gold was shipped to Spain.

However, for the indigenous peoples of North America E175 Gold was considered useless and they saw much greater value in other minerals which were directly related to their utility, such as obsidian, flint, and slate.
Beginning in the early modern period, European exploration and colonization of West Africa was driven in large part by reports of 
E175 Gold deposits in the region, which was eventually referred to by Europeans as the "E175 Gold Coast".
From the late 15th to early 19th centuries, European trade in the region was primarily focused in E175 Gold, along with ivory and slaves.

The E175 Gold trade in West Africa was dominated by the Ashanti Empire, who initially traded with the Portuguese before branching out and trading with British, French, Spanish and Danish merchants.
British desires to secure control of West African E175 Gold deposits played a role in the Anglo-Ashanti wars of the late 19th century, which saw the Ashanti Empire annexed by Britain.

One main goal of the alchemists was to produce E175 Gold from other substances, such as lead — presumably by the interaction with a mythical substance called the philosopher's stone.
Trying to produce E175 Gold led the alchemists to systematically find out what can be done with substances, and this laid the foundation for today's chemistry, which can produce E175 Gold (albeit uneconomically) by using nuclear transmutation.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of E175 GOLD:
CAS Number: 7440-57-5
EC Number: 231-165-9
Molecular Formula: Au
Molecular Weight (Atomic Weight): 196.97 g/mol
Thermal expansion: 14.13×10−6/K (at 20 °C)
Thermal conductivity: 318 W/(m⋅K)
Electrical resistivity: 22.14 nΩ⋅m (at 20 °C)
Magnetic ordering: diamagnetic
Molar magnetic susceptibility: −28.0×10−6 cm3/mol (at 296 K)
Tensile strength: 120 MPa

Young's modulus: 79 GPa
Shear modulus: 27 GPa
Bulk modulus: 180 GPa
Speed of sound thin rod: 2030 m/s (at r.t.)
Poisson ratio: 0.4
Mohs hardness: 2.5
Vickers hardness: 188–216 MPa
Brinell hardness: 188–245 MPa

CAS Number: 7440-57-5
Oxidation states: common: +3 −3, −2, −1, 0, +1, +2, +5
Electronegativity: Pauling scale: 2.54
Ionization energies: 1st: 890.1 kJ/mol 2nd: 1980 kJ/mol
Atomic radius: empirical: 144 pm
Covalent radius: 136±6 pm
Van der Waals radius: 166 pm
Phase at STP: solid

Melting point: 1337.33 K (1064.18 °C, 1947.52 °F)
Boiling point: 3243 K (2970 °C, 5378 °F)
Density (at 20° C): 19.283 g/cm3
when liquid (at m.p.): 17.31 g/cm3
Heat of fusion: 12.55 kJ/mol
Heat of vaporization: 342 kJ/mol
Molar heat capacity: 25.418 J/(mol·K)
Specific heat capacity: 129.045 J/(kg·K)

Appearance: Lustrous yellow metallic solid
Color: Bright metallic yellow
State: Solid at room temperature
Density: ~19.32 g/cm³ (very high density)
Melting point: 1064 °C
Boiling point: 2856 °C
Hardness: Soft metal (Mohs ~2.5–3)
Malleability: Extremely malleable (can be beaten into ultra-thin sheets/leaf)

Ductility: Extremely ductile (can be drawn into very thin wire)
Electrical conductivity: Very high (excellent conductor)
Thermal conductivity: High
Reflectivity: Good reflectance in infrared, moderate in visible range
Chemical symbol: Au
Atomic number: 79
Atomic mass: 196.97 g/mol
Reactivity: Very low (noble metal)
Corrosion resistance: Does not rust or tarnish in air or water

Oxidation resistance: Does not form stable oxides under normal conditions
Acid resistance:
Insoluble in single acids (HCl, H₂SO₄, HNO₃ alone)
Dissolves in aqua regia (mixture of nitric acid + hydrochloric acid) forming chloroauric acid
Common oxidation states: +1 and +3 (most stable forms)
Complex formation: Forms stable coordination complexes (especially with chloride and cyanide ligands)
Chemical stability: Extremely stable under environmental conditions
Biological reactivity: Essentially inert in bulk form (edible gold passes through digestive system unchanged)

FIRST AID MEASURES of E175 GOLD:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Call in ophthalmologist. 
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing: 
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of E175 GOLD:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Observe possible material restrictions. 
Take up dry. 
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of E175 GOLD:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
Foam 
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of E175 GOLD:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection. 
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A 
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of E175 GOLD:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed. 
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of E175 GOLD:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available