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CAS NUMBER: 8012-89-3
EC NUMBER: 232-383-7
E901 (Beeswax) (cera alba) is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis.
E901 (Beeswax) is generally available as yellow, white, or bleached.
Yellow E901 (Beeswax) comes directly from the honeycomb, while white and bleached E901 (Beeswax) are processed form of yellow E901 (Beeswax).
E901 (Beeswax) can be produced synthetically.
In medicine, E901 (Beeswax) is used for lowering cholesterol, for relieving pain, and for swelling (inflammation), ulcers, diarrhea, and hiccups.
E901 (Beeswax) is also used for tablet coating.
In food industry, E901 (Beeswax) is used as a film to wrap cheese for maturing or as a food additive (E901) to give shine to the products, e.g.
E901 (Beeswax) is permitted for the surface treatment only of certain fruits.
E901 (Beeswax) is used as stiffening agents in beverages.
E901 (Beeswax) is also used as a carrier for colors in food.In manufacturing, yellow and white E901 (Beeswax) are used as thickeners, emulsifiers, and as stiffening agents in cosmetics. E901 (Beeswax) absolute is used as a fragrance in soaps and perfumes. 2,3 Furthermore, E901 (Beeswax) can be used to polish furniture.
E901 (Beeswax) is a product made from the honeycomb of the honeybee and other bees.
The mixing of pollen oils into honeycomb wax turns the white wax into a yellow or brown color.
E901 (Beeswax) is used for high cholesterol, pain, fungal skin infections, and other conditions.
But there is no good scientific research to support these uses.
In manufacturing, yellow and white E901 (Beeswax) are used as thickeners, emulsifiers, and as stiffening agents in cosmetics.
E901 (Beeswax) absolute is used as a fragrance in soaps and perfumes.
E901 (Beeswax) is also used to polish pills.
E901 (Beeswax) (cera alba) is a natural wax produced by honey bees of the genus Apis.
E901 (Beeswax) is formed into scales by eight wax-producing glands in the abdominal segments of worker bees, which discard it in or at the hive.
The hive workers collect and use it to form cells for honey storage and larval and pupal protection within the beehive.
Chemically, E901 (Beeswax) consists mainly of esters of fatty acids and various long-chain alcohols.
E901 (Beeswax) has been used since prehistory as the first plastic, as a lubricant and waterproofing agent, in lost wax casting of metals and glass, as a polish for wood and leather, for making candles, as an ingredient in cosmetics and as an artistic medium in encaustic painting.
E901 (Beeswax) is edible, having similarly negligible toxicity to plant waxes, and is approved for food use in most countries and in the European Union under the E number E901.
When bees, needing food, uncap honey, they drop the removed cappings and let them fall to the bottom of the hive.
E901 (Beeswax) is known for bees to rework such an accumulation of fallen old cappings into strange formations.
E901 (Beeswax) is a food grade wax with a white color when it is freshly prepared.
Later the color changes into yellow because of the presence of propolis and pollen colorants.
The typical odor of E901 (Beeswax) depends on the honey, bees, propolis, and pollen.
E901 (Beeswax) is crystalline in form and it mainly depends on the storage.
Along with the crystallization, the elasticity and stiffness of the wax also increases during storage.
The important quality of E901 (Beeswax) is its hardness. At low temperatures the E901 (Beeswax) exhibits higher rates of elasticity.
The heating process changes the physical properties of E901 (Beeswax).
Shrinkage of heated E901 (Beeswax) occurs by 10% upon cooling.
When the E901 (Beeswax) is heated at the temperature of 30–35°C, it attains the properties of plastics.
E901 (Beeswax) is insoluble in water and soluble in organic solvents, such as ether, acetone, xylol, benzene, chloroform, and tetrachloromethane.
In order to completely dissolve the E901 (Beeswax), the temperature must be increased beyond its melting point.
The edible coating made up of E901 (Beeswax), coconut oil, and sunflower oil has been used on strawberries and apricot fruits.
This coating showed a positive effect on the moisture loss, appearance, texture, and firmness.
The coconut oil containing monolauric acid showed antifungal effect on the coated fruit samples (Irina, 2012).
The edible coating of hydroxypropyl methylcellulose, E901 (Beeswax), and antifungal components, such as sodium methyl paraben, sodium benzoate, and sodium ethyl paraben has been studied on cherry tomatoes.
E901 (Beeswax) was found that the coating of hydroxypropyl methyl cellulose–E901 (Beeswax) containing sodium benzoate (2%) showed a decreased rate of change in the weight or moisture loss, firmness, and respiration (Cristiane et al., 2015).
E901 (Beeswax) is the material that bees use to build their nests.
E901 (Beeswax) is produced by young honeybees that secrete it as a liquid from special wax glands.
On contact with air, the wax hardens and forms scales, which appear as small flakes of wax on the underside of the bee.
About one million wax scales make 1 kg of wax.
Bees use the wax to build the well-known hexagonal cells that make up their comb, a very strong and efficient structure.
Bees use the comb cells to store honey and pollen; the queen lays her eggs in them, and young bees develop in them.
E901 (Beeswax) is produced by all species of honeybees, although the waxes produced by different species have slightly different chemical and physical properties.
E901 (Beeswax) is valued according to its purity and colour. Light-coloured wax is more highly valued than dark-coloured wax, because dark wax is likely to have been contaminated or overheated.
The finest E901 (Beeswax) is from wax cappings, which are the wax seals with which bees cover ripe honeycombs.
This new wax is pure and white. The presence of pollen turns it yellow.
Made from the honeycomb of the honeybee, E901 (Beeswax) is the purest and most natural of all waxes.
For each pound of E901 (Beeswax) provided by a honey bee, the bee visits over 30 million flowers.
To produce one pound of wax requires the bees to consume about eight to ten pounds of honey.
They secrete the E901 (Beeswax) from the underside of their abdomens, and then use the wax to construct a honeycomb.
Pure, natural, and soft E901 (Beeswax) - golden in color. E901 (Beeswax) has a melting point of 63°C/146°F.
E901 (Beeswax) comes in seven easy to peel wrapped sticks making it very convenient to handle.
Very useful for sealing the ends of capillary tubes when mounting crystals.
E901 (Beeswax) is the substance that forms the structure of a honeycomb; the bees secrete wax to build the honeycombs where to store honey.
Thanks to its rich hydrophobic protective properties, the E901 (Beeswax) is in fact present within cosmetics and body products.
Also, E901 (Beeswax) is used in the food industry: as a film to wrap cheese for maturing or as a food additive (E901) to give shine to the products.
Exactly as the honey which it contains, E901 (Beeswax) is also characterized by several therapeutic properties of great interest to us; it is thought to be particularly effective in healing bruises, inflammation and burns.
Recently, the interest of researchers has moved even on antimicrobial properties of E901 (Beeswax) although there are still few studies in the literature focused only on the action of E901 (Beeswax).
The few studies showed an antimicrobic effectiveness of E901 (Beeswax) against overall Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella enterica, Candida albicans and Aspergillus niger; these inhibitory effects are enhanced synergistically with other natural products such as honey or olive oil.
This minireview aims to be a collection of major scientific works that have considered the antimicrobial activity of E901 (Beeswax) alone or in combination with other natural products in recent years.
E901 (Beeswax), considered to be among the earliest of raw materials used by man from the time of the ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans, was used in many ways, not the least of which was in early medicine and cosmetics.
E901 (Beeswax) granules made here in the USA to the National Formulary standard.
Their granular form make them extremely easy to work with.
The acid number of E901 (Beeswax) ranges from 17 - 24; so between 57.9 - 81.5mg of borax is required from 1 gram of E901 (Beeswax).
Borax is 5 - 7% of the weight of E901 (Beeswax).
E901 (Beeswax), by itself is not an emulsifier.
When combined with Sodium Borate (aka Borax) in water, an emulsion can be made.
This is because borax dissolves in water and produces boric acid and sodium hydroxide.
The sodium hydroxide interacts with the cerotic acid in the E901 (Beeswax) (present at about 13%), neutralizing it and forming an anionic emulsifier called sodium cerotate and the boric acid acts to buffer the resulting emulsion.
This emulsifier makes the oil and water less likely to separate and the resulting cream more stable.
E901 (Beeswax) is possible to make an "emulsion" with just E901 (Beeswax), oils and water, heat and a great deal of mechanical high shear mixing, these resulting "emulsions" are not inherently stable and will tend to separate on standing, or when subjected to heat.
This is because they are solely mechanical emulsions rather than chemically based ones.
E901 (Beeswax) is also used in many anhydrous products where it thickens formulations, adds to binding strength and improves structure, oil retention, pay-off and mold release.
PHYSICAL CHARACTERISTICS:
E901 (Beeswax) is a fragrant solid at room temperature.
The colors are light yellow, medium yellow, or dark brown and white.
E901 (Beeswax) is a tough wax formed from a mixture of several chemical compounds.
An approximate chemical formula for E901 (Beeswax) is C15H31COOC30H61.
E901 (Beeswax)s main constituents are palmitate, palmitoleate, and oleate esters of long-chain (30–32 carbons) aliphatic alcohols, with the ratio of triacontanyl palmitate CH3(CH2)29O-CO-(CH2)14CH3 to cerotic acid CH3(CH2)24COOH, the two principal constituents, being.
E901 (Beeswax) can be classified generally into European and Oriental types.
The saponification value is lower (3–5) for European E901 (Beeswax), and higher (8–9) for Oriental types.
The analytical characterization can be done by high-temperature Gas Chromatography.
E901 (Beeswax) has a relatively low melting point range of 62 to 64 °C (144 to 147 °F).
If E901 (Beeswax) is heated above 85 °C (185 °F) discoloration occurs.
The flash point of E901 (Beeswax) is 204.4 °C (400 °F).
Triacontanyl palmitate, a wax ester, is a major component of E901 (Beeswax).
When natural E901 (Beeswax) is cold, it is brittle, and its fracture is dry and granular.
At room temperature (conventionally taken as about 20 °C (68 °F)), it is tenacious and it softens further at human body temperature (37 °C (99 °F)).
The specific gravity of E901 (Beeswax) at 15 °C (59 °F) is from 0.958 to 0.975; that of melted E901 (Beeswax) at 98 to 99 °C (208.4 to 210.2 °F) (compared with water at 15.5 °C (59.9 °F)) is 0.9822.
USES:
Candle-making has long involved the use of E901 (Beeswax), which burns readily and cleanly, and this material was traditionally prescribed for the making of the Paschal candle or "Easter candle".
E901 (Beeswax) candles are purported to be superior to other wax candles, because they burn brighter and longer, do not bend, and burn cleaner.
E901 (Beeswax) is further recommended for the making of other candles used in the liturgy of the Roman Catholic Church.
E901 (Beeswax) is also the candle constituent of choice in the Eastern Orthodox Church.
Refined E901 (Beeswax) plays a prominent role in art materials both as a binder in encaustic paint and as a stabilizer in oil paint to add body.
E901 (Beeswax) is an ingredient in surgical bone wax, which is used during surgery to control bleeding from bone surfaces; shoe polish and furniture polish can both use E901 (Beeswax) as a component, dissolved in turpentine or sometimes blended with linseed oil or tung oil; modeling waxes can also use E901 (Beeswax) as a component; pure E901 (Beeswax) can also be used as an organic surfboard wax.
E901 (Beeswax) blended with pine rosin is used for waxing, and can serve as an adhesive to attach reed plates to the structure inside a squeezebox.
E901 (Beeswax) can also be used to make Cutler's resin, an adhesive used to glue handles onto cutlery knives.
E901 (Beeswax) is used in Eastern Europe in egg decoration; it is used for writing, via resist dyeing, on batik eggs (as in pysanky) and for making beaded eggs.
E901 (Beeswax) is used by percussionists to make a surface on tambourines for thumb rolls.
E901 (Beeswax) can also be used as a metal injection moulding binder component along with other polymeric binder materials.
E901 (Beeswax) was formerly used in the manufacture of phonograph cylinders.
It may still be used to seal formal legal or royal decree and academic parchments such as placing an awarding stamp imprimatur of the university upon completion of postgraduate degrees.
Purified and bleached E901 (Beeswax) is used in the production of food, cosmetics, and pharmaceuticals.
The three main types of E901 (Beeswax) products are yellow, white, and E901 (Beeswax) absolute.
In food preparation, E901 (Beeswax) is used as a coating for cheese; by sealing out the air, protection is given against spoilage (mold growth).
E901 (Beeswax) may also be used as a food additive E901, in small quantities acting as a glazing agent, which serves to prevent water loss, or used to provide surface protection for some fruits.
Soft gelatin capsules and tablet coatings may also use E901.
E901 (Beeswax) is also a common ingredient of natural chewing gum.
The wax monoesters in E901 (Beeswax) are poorly hydrolysed in the guts of humans and other mammals, so they have insignificant nutritional value.
Some birds, such as honeyguides, can digest E901 (Beeswax).
E901 (Beeswax) is one of the oldest raw ingredients used in cosmetic preparations.
E901 (Beeswax) is traditionally used as an emulsifier for water-in-oil emulsions and is now also used to regulate a formulation’s consistency.
E901 (Beeswax) is used as part of the wax composition of solid and paste products such as creams, lipsticks, and pomades.
When on the skin’s surface, it can form a network rather than a film, as is the case with petroleum.
Though there is no scientific proof for it, E901 (Beeswax) is credited with anti-inflammatory, anti-allergic, antioxidant, anti-bactericidal, germicidal, skin-softening, and elasticity enhancing properties.
As an anti-oxidant, E901 (Beeswax) has some free-radical scavenging ability.
Depending on its source, E901 (Beeswax) can be considered a non-comedogenic ingredient.
E901 (Beeswax) rarely causes sensitivity, and allergic reactions to E901 (Beeswax) are low.
The use of E901 (Beeswax) in skin care and cosmetics has been increasing.
A German study found E901 (Beeswax) to be superior to similar barrier creams (usually mineral oil-based creams such as petroleum jelly), when used according to its protocol.
E901 (Beeswax) is used in lip balm, lip gloss, hand creams, salves, and moisturizers; and in cosmetics such as eye shadow, blush, and eye liner.
E901 (Beeswax) is also an important ingredient in moustache wax and hair pomades, which make hair look sleek and shiny.
In oil spill control, E901 (Beeswax) is processed to create Petroleum Remediation Product (PRP).
E901 (Beeswax) is used to absorb oil or petroleum-based pollutants from water.
E901 (Beeswax) has a very rich history, with a far wider range of uses than any other bee product.
In the past, E901 (Beeswax) was especially valued for candles, because it has a higher melting point than many other waxes, and so the candles remain upright in hot weather.
E901 (Beeswax) was also used for modeling and for casting.
Some of the world's finest bronze statues and gold ornaments have been made by the lost-wax process in which a E901 (Beeswax) model is made and encased in mud or plaster that is allowed to dry; the whole is then heated, the molten wax allowed to escape, and molten metal poured in.
The metal solidifies in the exact shape of the original E901 (Beeswax) cast, and the casing material is then broken away.
In the batik method of dyeing cloth, and in etching on a glass or metal surface, E901 (Beeswax) can be used as a “resist,” applied to certain areas of a surface to protect them from reaction during a subsequent process.
One of the most important current uses of E901 (Beeswax) is in ointments, emollient skin creams, and lotions. It also is still used in polishes and other protective coatings, and as a lubricant in the armament and other industries.
E901 (Beeswax)s dielectric properties have led to its use in electrical engineering.
The most important substances used as glazing agents are natural or synthetic waxes, such as E901 (Beeswax), candelilla wax, carnauba wax, hydrogenated poly-1-decene, microcrystalline wax, montan acid esters, oxidized polyethylene wax, and shellac.
All these additives are used for surface treatments of some entire fresh fruits.
E901 (Beeswax), candelilla wax, carnauba wax, and shellac are also used in chewing gum; chocolate products; coffee; confections; potato-, cereal-, flour-, or starch-based snacks; fine bakery wares coated with chocolate; and processed nuts.
Microcrystalline wax and hydrogenated poly-1-decene are used in chewing gum and confections. Glazing agents, with the exception of carnauba wax and hydrogenated poly-1-decene, are used in food at levels in accordance with GMP (about 4000 mg kg− 1).
E901 (Beeswax) is used at levels varying between 200 and 1200 mg kg− 1.
The maximum use level for hydrogenated poly-1-decene is 2000 mg kg− 1.
E901 (Beeswax) can create a protective layer on the skin. It’s also a humectant, which means that it attracts water.
Both of these qualities can help the skin stay hydrated.
E901 (Beeswax) is also a natural exfoliator, ideal for sloughing away dead skin cells.
By making E901 (Beeswax) into a lotion bar, it will work double-duty to keep your skin soft and hydrated.
E901 (Beeswax) processing is easy.
Rendering E901 (Beeswax) to a quality suitable for export involves only simple heating and filtering methods to ensure that the E901 (Beeswax) is clean.
E901 (Beeswax) can be moulded into blocks using any suitably sized containers as moulds.
The blocks are broken into small pieces to assure buyers that the E901 (Beeswax) is pure and clean.
E901 (Beeswax) has many traditional uses.
In some countries in Asia and Africa, it is used in creating batik fabrics and in the lost-wax method of casting small metal objects.
E901 (Beeswax) is widely used as a waterproofing agent for wood and leather, and for strengthening threads; it is used in village industries such as candle-making and as an ingredient in ointments, medicines, soaps and polishes.
E901 (Beeswax) is in great demand on the world market.
There are more than 300 industrial uses for E901 (Beeswax).
Cosmetics and pharmaceutical industries are the major users, accounting for 70 percent of the world trade, and require first-class E901 (Beeswax) that has not been overheated.
The price ranges from US$4 to US$8 per kg.
Other significant users are the beekeeping industries in industrialized countries that need E901 (Beeswax) for cosmetic foundations and for candle-making.
E901 (Beeswax) is used in the manufacture of electronic components and CDs, in modelling and casting for industry and art, in polishes for shoes, furniture and floors, in grafting waxes and in specialized industrial lubricants.
E901 (Beeswax) is an important raw ingredient for various household products. The largest consumer of E901 (Beeswax) is the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry, where it is a component of creams, ointments, pastes, lotions and lipsticks.
Thus, E901 (Beeswax) is used in large quantities for the manufactoring of candles.
-Transport and storage of E901 (Beeswax) is simple, because no special packaging is required. E901 (Beeswax) is normally exported as small unwrapped lumps in hessian sacks.
-E901 (Beeswax) does not deteriorate with age. Individual beekeepers or cooperatives can store small amounts until they have enough to sell.
-As with honey, E901 (Beeswax) can be considered an appropriate export crop for developing countries, because beekeeping does not use land required for local food production.
-In areas where most or all of the honey produced is consumed locally and where there is no major local use for E901 (Beeswax), honeycombs are often discarded, even though they could provide additional income. Beekeepers sometimes need to be trained in methods of rendering and saving E901 (Beeswax), and encouraged to sell their combined crop in one transaction.
USAGES:
-Prevent Rust:
Coat things like hand tools, cast iron pieces, and shovels to prevent them from rusting out.
You can even rub E901 (Beeswax) on the wooden handle of your shovel to help protect against wear and tear.
-Cheese Waxing:
If you produce your own cheese, E901 (Beeswax) is the best natural cover for cheeses.
If the cheese is wet, you will need to let it dry before applying the hot wax.
This is to ensure a proper seal because the wax will not adhere to wet surfaces.
E901 (Beeswax) works well for sealing because it has a low melting point.
-Waxed Thread:
Waxed thread is often used in handmade crafts such as hand-sewn leather goods and making jewelry.
The wax on the thread provides lubrication that can make sewing easier.
Plain thread can be rubbed against a cube of bee’s wax, coating the thread in the wax.
-Coating Nails & Screws:
Once you coat your nails and screws with E901 (Beeswax), they do not splinter the wood while you hammer them in.
-Wood Lubricant:
Rub E901 (Beeswax) on sliding glass doors, windows, or drawers that tend to stick to restore smooth movement.
E901 (Beeswax) is also a fantastic lubricant for oiling very old furniture joints.
-E901 (Beeswax) Crayons:
There are many different variations for making E901 (Beeswax) crayons, but most use equal weight amounts of E901 (Beeswax) and white bar soap.
E901 (Beeswax) crayons tend to be harder than the soy, giving the ability to add more details to pictures.
-Envelope Seal:
You can make a E901 (Beeswax) seal and apply it to an envelope that you are sending out.
This would be great for an invitation to a wedding or baby shower.
-Waterproof Shoes and Boots:
Rub the E901 (Beeswax) over the entire shoe.
Next, use a blow dryer to melt the wax all over the shoe then let set for about 5 minutes before wearing!
HISTRORICAL USES:
E901 (Beeswax) was among the first plastics to be used, alongside other natural polymers such as gutta-percha, horn, tortoiseshell, and shellac.
For thousands of years, E901 (Beeswax) has had a wide variety of applications; it has been found in the tombs of Egypt, in wrecked Viking ships, and in Roman ruins.
E901 (Beeswax) never goes bad and can be heated and reused. Historically, it has been used:
-As candles - the oldest intact E901 (Beeswax) candles north of the Alps were found in the Alamannic graveyard of Oberflacht, Germany, dating to 6th/7th century AD
-In the manufacture of cosmetics
-As a modelling material in the lost-wax casting process, or cire perdue
-For wax tablets used for a variety of writing purposes
-In encaustic paintings such as the Fayum mummy portraits
-In bow making
-To strengthen and preserve sewing thread, cordage, shoe laces, etc.
-As a component of sealing wax
-To strengthen and to forestall splitting and cracking of wind instrument reeds
-To form the mouthpieces of a didgeridoo, and the frets on the Philippine kutiyapi – a type of boat lute
-As a sealant or lubricant for bullets in cap and ball firearms
-To stabilize the military explosive Torpex – before being replaced by a petroleum-based product
-In producing Javanese batik
-As an ancient form of dental tooth filling
-As the joint filler in the slate bed of pool and billiard tables.
APPLICATIONS:
-Lip balms and lotion bars
-Emulsions (oil-in-water and water-in-oil)
-Thickener for anhydrous, oil-based serums
-Sealing capillaries
-Keep bees busy
CHEMICAL PROPERTIES:
Yellow or light brown pieces or plates with a fine-grained, matt and non-crystalline fracture; when warmed in the hand they become soft and malleable.
E901 (Beeswax) has a faint odour, characteristic of honey. It is tasteless and does not stick to the teeth.
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES:
E901 (Beeswax) is a yellowish-white solid, somewhat translucent in thin layers.
E901 (Beeswax) is insoluble in water and sparingly soluble in cold alcohol.
Boiling alcohol dissolves cerotic acid and part of the myricin, which are constituents of the wax.
E901 (Beeswax) is a fragrant solid at room temperature.
The colors are light yellow, medium yellow, or dark brown and white.
E901 (Beeswax) is a tough wax formed from a mixture of several chemical compounds.
An approximate chemical formula for E901 (Beeswax) is C15H31COOC30H61.
E901 (Beeswax)s main constituents are palmitate, palmitoleate, and oleate esters of long-chain (30–32 carbons) aliphatic alcohols, with the ratio of triacontanyl palmitate CH3(CH2)29O-CO-(CH2)14CH3 to cerotic acid CH3(CH2)24COOH, the two principal constituents, being 6:1.
E901 (Beeswax) can be classified generally into European and Oriental types.
The saponification value is lower (3–5) for European E901 (Beeswax), and higher (8–9) for Oriental types.
The analytical characterization can be done by high-temperature Gas Chromatography.
E901 (Beeswax) has a relatively low melting point range of 62 to 64 °C (144 to 147 °F).
If E901 (Beeswax) is heated above 85 °C (185 °F) discoloration occurs.
The flash point of E901 (Beeswax) is 204.4 °C (400 °F).[10]
When natural E901 (Beeswax) is cold, it is brittle, and its fracture is dry and granular.
At room temperature (conventionally taken as about 20 °C (68 °F)), it is tenacious and it softens further at human body temperature (37 °C (99 °F)).
The specific gravity of E901 (Beeswax) at 15 °C (59 °F) is from 0.958 to 0.975; that of melted E901 (Beeswax) at 98 to 99 °C (208.4 to 210.2 °F) (compared with water at 15.5 °C (59.9 °F)) is 0.9822.
PHARMACEUTICAL PROPERTIES:
E901 (Beeswax) is a chemically bleached form of yellow wax and is used in similar applications: for example, to increase the consistency of creams and ointments, and to stabilize water-in-oil emulsions.
E901 (Beeswax) is used to polish sugar-coated tablets and to adjust the melting point of suppositories.
E901 (Beeswax) microspheres may be used in oral dosage forms to retard the absorption of an active ingredient from the stomach, allowing the majority of absorption to occur in the intestinal tract.
E901 (Beeswax) coatings can also be used to affect the release of drug from ion-exchange resin beads.
PRODUCTION:
E901 (Beeswax) is formed by worker bees, which secrete it from eight wax-producing mirror glands on the inner sides of the sternites (the ventral shield or plate of each segment of the body) on abdominal segments 4 to 7.
The sizes of these wax glands depend on the age of the worker, and after many daily flights, these glands gradually begin to atrophy.
The new wax is initially glass-clear and colorless, becoming opaque after chewing and being contaminated with pollen by the hive worker bees, becoming progressively yellower or browner by incorporation of pollen oils and propolis.
E901 (Beeswax) scales are about three millimetres (0.12 in) across and 0.1 mm (0.0039 in) thick, and about 1100 are needed to make a gram of wax.
Worker bees use the E901 (Beeswax) to build honeycomb cells.
For the wax-making bees to secrete wax, the ambient temperature in the hive must be 33 to 36 °C (91 to 97 °F).
The book E901 (Beeswax) Production, Harvesting, Processing and Products suggests one kilogram (2.2 lb) of E901 (Beeswax) is sufficient to store 22 kg (49 lb) of honey.
Another study estimated that one kilogram (2.2 lb) of wax can store 24 to 30 kg (53 to 66 lb) of honey.
Sugars from honey are metabolized in wax-gland-associated fat cells into E901 (Beeswax).
The amount of honey used by bees to produce wax has not been accurately determined, but according to Whitcomb's 1946 experiment, 6.66 to 8.80 kg (14.7 to 19.4 lb) of honey yields one kilogram (2.2 lb) of wax.
PROCESSING:
When beekeepers extract the honey, they cut off the wax caps from each honeycomb cell with an uncapping knife or machine.
E901 (Beeswax) may arise from such cappings, or from an old comb that is scrapped, or from the beekeeper removing unwanted burr comb and brace comb and suchlike.
E901 (Beeswax) color varies from nearly white to brownish, but most often is a shade of yellow, depending on purity, the region, and the type of flowers gathered by the bees.
The wax from the brood comb of the honey bee hive tends to be darker than wax from the honeycomb because impurities accumulate more quickly in the brood comb.
Due to the impurities, the wax must be rendered before further use.
The leftovers are called slumgum, and is derived from old breeding rubbish (pupa casings, cocoons, shed larva skins, etc), bee droppings, propolis, and general rubbish.
E901 (Beeswax) may be clarified further by heating in water.
As with petroleum waxes, it may be softened by dilution with mineral oil or vegetable oil to make it more workable at room temperature.
HOW DOES IT WORK:
E901 (Beeswax) might help lower cholesterol levels, prevent infections, and help protect the stomach from ulcers caused by non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs).
STORAGE:
When the wax is heated above 150℃, esterification occurs with a consequent lowering of acid value and elevation of melting point.
E901 (Beeswax) is stable when stored in a well-closed container, protected from ligh.
IUPAC NAMES:
E901 (Beeswax)
E901 (Beeswax)
E901 (Beeswax)
E901 (Beeswax) (The wax obtained from the honeycomb of the bee. It consists primarily of myricyl palmitate, cerotic acid and esters and some high-carbon paraffins.)
E901 (Beeswax) extract
cera alba
SYNONYMS:
E901 (Beeswax), YELLOW
E901 (Beeswax) ABSOLUTE
E901 (Beeswax) ABSOLUTE BRECHE
E901 (Beeswax), BLEACHED, WHITE
E901 (Beeswax), WHITE
E901 (Beeswax)
CERA ALBA
CERA FLAVA
FEMA 2126
Bee wax white
WHITE E901 (Beeswax) NF PASTILLES)
E901 (Beeswax), WHITE CAKE
E901 (Beeswax), WHITE PRILLED
WAX, BEES, YELLOW
WAX WHITE
WAX
WAX, BEES
WAX, BEES, WHITE
WHITE E901 (Beeswax)
WHITE WAX
YELLOW E901 (Beeswax)
YELLOW WAX
White?Bee?Wax
Chinese(insect) wax
E901 (Beeswax), REFINED, YELLOW
E901 (Beeswax)Pure(White)ForHistology
Ceraalbaorflava
Chinese (insect) wax,white wax
E901 (Beeswax),pure,refined, yellow
