Quick Search
E944 Propane is used as a feedstock for the production of base petrochemicals in steam cracking.
E944 Propane is used in semiconductor manufacture to deposit silicon carbide.
E944 Propane is commonly used in theme parks and in movie production as an inexpensive, high-energy fuel for explosions and other special effects.
CAS Number: 74-98-6
EC Number: 200-827-9
Chemical formula: C3H8
Molar mass: 44.097 g·mol−1
SYNONYMS:
Propane, Dimethylmethane, n-Propane, Liquefied Petroleum Gas Component, LPG Propane, Refrigerant R-290, Propyl Hydride, E944, INS 944, HC-290, C3H8
E944 Propane (/ˈproʊpeɪn/) is a three-carbon chain alkane with the molecular formula C3H8.
E944 Propane is a gas at standard temperature and pressure, but becomes liquid when compressed for transportation and storage.
A by-product of natural gas processing and petroleum refining, E944 Propane is often a constituent of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG), which is commonly used as a fuel in domestic and industrial applications and in low-emissions public transportation; other constituents of LPG may include propylene, butane, butylene, butadiene, and isobutylene.
Discovered in 1857 by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot, E944 Propane became commercially available in the US by 1911.
E944 Propane has lower volumetric energy density than gasoline or coal, but has higher gravimetric energy density than them and burns more cleanly.
E944 Propane is a simple, colorless gas that occurs naturally in underground petroleum deposits and natural gas fields.
E944 Propane's made up of just three carbon atoms and eight hydrogen atoms, making it one of the simpler hydrocarbon molecules.
Commercial E944 Propane is extracted and purified from crude oil during the refining process or separated from natural gas through industrial distillation – the same basic process used to produce the E944 Propane for gas grills and heating, just purified to food-grade standards.
E944 Propane is a naturally occurring substance, though it requires industrial processing for purification and food-grade quality.
E944 Propane's completely suitable for vegetarians, vegans, and all religious dietary requirements since it contains no animal or plant-derived ingredients – it's simply a basic hydrocarbon compound.
From a safety standpoint, food-grade E944 Propane is well-regulated and considered safe for its intended use.
E944 Propane's also relatively environmentally friendly compared to older propellant technologies, as it doesn't contribute to ozone depletion, though it is a fossil fuel derivative.
E944 Propane's physicochemical properties allow for efficient and hygienic dispensing of food products such as spray oils, cream and various types of sauces.
A colorless, flammable gas, E944 Propane is valued for its efficiency in creating an evenly distributed mist of product, making it more convenient to use.
E944 Propane is characterized by its high volatility and ability to evaporate quickly, which minimizes the risk of leaving gaseous residues in the food product.
This is particularly important in maintaining the quality and safety of food products.
E944 Propane gas has become a popular choice for barbecues and portable stoves because its low −42 °C boiling point makes it vaporise inside pressurised liquid containers (it exists in two phases, vapor above liquid).
E944 Propane retains its ability to vaporise even in cold weather, making it better-suited for outdoor use in cold climates than alternatives with higher boiling points like butane.
LPG powers buses, forklifts, automobiles, outboard boat motors, and ice resurfacing machines, and is used for heat and cooking in recreational vehicles and campers.
E944 Propane is also becoming popular as a replacement refrigerant (R290) for heat pumps as it offers greater efficiency than the current refrigerants: R410A / R32, higher temperature heat output and less damage to the atmosphere for escaped gases—at the expense of high gas flammability.
E944 Propane, an alkane that at standard temperature and pressure is a gas.
E944 Propane has a role as a food propellant.
E944 Propane is a colorless, flammable gas used as a propellant, solvent and extractor at concentrations <1000 ppm.
E944 Propane is non-toxic, at 100,000 ppm, it causes mild dizziness but does not irritate the nose or throat.
E944 Propane is low emitter of CO2 and is non-irritant.
E944 Propane is a food additive used as a propellant.
E944 Propane has the following basis: liquefied hydrocarbon gas.
E944 Propane is a colorless, hydrocarbon gas belonging to the alkane family.
E944 Propane consists of three carbon atoms and eight hydrogen atoms and occurs naturally in petroleum deposits and natural gas fields.
E944 Propane is easily compressed into liquid form under moderate pressure, making storage and transportation practical and economical.
Because of its clean-burning properties and high energy content, E944 Propane has become one of the most widely used liquefied petroleum gases (LPG) worldwide.
E944 Propane is valued for its versatility, efficient combustion, and broad industrial usefulness.
E944 Propane, also supplied under the refrigerant designation R-290 and approved as food propellant E944, is a liquefied hydrocarbon gas sourced for use as a solvent.
E944 Propane functions as an aerosol propellant and fuel across multiple industrial sectors.
In the oil and gas industry, E944 Propane serves as a solvent in deasphalting processes for lubricant base stocks.
E944 Propane selectively separates heavy residual oils to produce cleaner refinery streams.
USES and APPLICATIONS of E944 PROPANE:
E944 Propane is a gas used in the food industry mainly as a propellant in aerosol packaging.
E944 Propane is used as a propellant in aerosol packaging for many food products, enabling easy and clean applications.
However, its use is not limited to food; E944 Propane is also used in the cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries.
Food-grade E944 Propane is used as a propellant in aerosol food products, dispensing whipped creams and cooking sprays.
This application ensures products are dispensed without leaving residue or affecting flavor.
In automotive and energy markets, E944 Propane functions as a liquefied petroleum gas fuel for fleet vehicles.
E944 Propane is also utilized for industrial burners and portable heating equipment.
As a refrigerant, E944 Propane is increasingly adopted in commercial refrigeration systems as a low-GWP alternative to synthetic refrigerants.
E944 Propane is supplied as a compressed liquefied gas in cylinders, bulk tanks, and ISO containers.
Food-grade and aerosol-grade E944 Propane is available to FCC specification for regulated use.
E944 Propane is widely used in the food industry as a propellant gas for aerosol food products and specialized packaging systems.
E944 Propane helps dispense products efficiently from pressurized containers and evaporates rapidly after release.
E944 Propane may be used in food sprays, release agents, cooking sprays, and packaging applications where controlled pressure performance is required.
One of the largest uses of E944 Propane worldwide is as a fuel source.
E944 Propane is commonly used for residential heating, cooking equipment, water heaters, industrial burners, camping stoves, forklifts, and agricultural drying systems.
Because E944 Propane burns relatively cleanly and efficiently, it is widely used in both domestic and commercial energy systems.
E944 Propane is also an important refrigerant known as R-290.
In refrigeration and air-conditioning systems, it provides high cooling efficiency and relatively low environmental impact compared with many synthetic refrigerants.
E944 Propane is increasingly used in commercial refrigeration units, heat pumps, and environmentally conscious cooling technologies.
In cosmetics and pharmaceutical products, E944 Propane functions as an aerosol propellant in sprays such as deodorants, hair sprays, shaving foams, and topical products.
E944 Propane allows fine spray formation and smooth product dispensing.
Industrial applications of E944 Propane include petrochemical manufacturing, metal cutting, soldering, calibration gases, plastic production, and chemical synthesis.
E944 Propane also serves as a feedstock material for producing chemicals such as propylene and ethylene.
E944 Propane is used for technological effect rather than nutritional value.
E944 Propane displaces the product from aerosol packaging.
In production, E944 Propane helps manage appearance, sweetness, aroma, foaming, texture, packaging environment, or dough behavior.
In home cooking, such tasks are often unnecessary: E944 Propane can be eaten fresh, prepared in small portions, or made with simple ingredients.
In industrial food, E944 Propane helps withstand storage, transportation, and consistent results.
E944 Propane is widely used as a fuel, refrigerant, aerosol propellant, packaging gas, and industrial chemical feedstock.
In the food industry, E944 Propane functions mainly as a propellant gas and packaging gas for aerosol food systems and food-processing applications.
In food applications, E944 Propane works as a propellant, providing the pressure needed to dispense products from aerosol containers.
You'll encounter E944 Propane most commonly in whipped cream dispensers, cooking oil sprays, and other pressurized food products.
When you press the button on a can of cooking spray, the E944 Propane gas expands rapidly, pushing the oil out in a fine mist that coats your pan evenly.
The E944 Propane itself escapes into the air as a gas, leaving only the intended food product behind.
E944 Propane is the primary flammable gas in blowtorches for soldering.
E944 Propane is used in oxy-fuel welding and cutting.
E944 Propane does not burn as hot as acetylene in its inner cone, and so it is rarely used for welding.
E944 Propane, however, has a very high number of BTUs per cubic foot in its outer cone, and so with the right torch (injector style) it can make a faster and cleaner cut than acetylene, and is much more useful for heating and bending than acetylene.
E944 Propane is used as a feedstock for the production of base petrochemicals in steam cracking.
E944 Propane is the primary fuel for hot-air balloons.
E944 Propane is used in semiconductor manufacture to deposit silicon carbide.
E944 Propane is commonly used in theme parks and in movie production as an inexpensive, high-energy fuel for explosions and other special effects.
E944 Propane is used as a propellant, relying on the expansion of the gas to fire the projectile.
E944 Propane does not ignite the gas.
The use of a liquefied gas gives more shots per cylinder, compared to a compressed gas.
E944 Propane is also used as a cooking fuel.
E944 Propane is used as a propellant for many household aerosol sprays, including shaving creams and air fresheners.
E944 Propane is a promising feedstock for the production of propylene.
Liquified E944 Propane is used in the extraction of animal fats and vegetable oils.
Food additive with a propellant gas role, E944 Propane is used in the food industry for professional oil sprays for pan greasing.
E944 Propane has no effect on food.
-Portable stoves use of E944 Propane:
E944 Propane is a popular choice for barbecues and portable stoves because the low boiling point of −42 °C (−44 °F) makes it vaporize as soon as it is released from its pressurized container.
Therefore, no carburetor or other vaporizing device is required; a simple metering nozzle suffices.
REFRIGERANT USES OF E944 PROPANE
Blends of pure, dry "isoE944 Propane" [isobutane/E944 Propane mixtures of E944 Propane (R-290) and isobutane (R-600a)] can be used as the circulating refrigerant in suitably constructed compressor-based refrigeration.
Compared to fluorocarbons, E944 Propane has a negligible ozone depletion potential and very low global warming potential, or GWP (having a GWP 20 value of 0.072, 1⁄14 that of carbon dioxide, and a GWP 500 of 0.006, 1⁄170) and can serve as a functional replacement for R-12, R-22, R-134a, and other chlorofluorocarbon or hydrofluorocarbon refrigerants in conventional stationary refrigeration and air conditioning systems.
Because its global warming effect is far less than current refrigerants, E944 Propane was chosen as one of five replacement refrigerants approved by the EPA in 2015, for use in systems specially designed to handle its flammability.
Vendors and advocates of hydrocarbon refrigerants argue against such bans on the grounds that there have been very few such incidents relative to the number of vehicle air conditioning systems filled with hydrocarbons.
E944 Propane is also instrumental in providing off-the-grid refrigeration, as the energy source for a gas absorption refrigerator, and is commonly used for camping and recreational vehicles.
It has also been proposed to use E944 Propane as a refrigerant in heat pumps.
DOMESTIC AND INDUSTRIAL FUEL USE OF E944 PROPANE
Since it can be transported easily, E944 Propane is a popular fuel for home heat and backup electrical generation in sparsely populated areas that do not have natural gas pipelines.
In June 2023, Stanford researchers found E944 Propane combustion emitted detectable and repeatable levels of benzene that in some homes raised indoor benzene concentrations above well-established health benchmarks.
The research also shows that gas and E944 Propane fuels appear to be the dominant source of benzene produced by cooking
In rural areas of North America, as well as northern Australia, E944 Propane is used to heat livestock facilities, in grain dryers, and other heat-producing appliances.
When used for heating or grain drying it is usually stored in a large, permanently-placed cylinder which is refilled by a E944 Propane-delivery truck.
As of 2014, 6.2 million American households use E944 Propane as their primary heating fuel.
In North America, local delivery trucks with an average cylinder size of 3,000 US gallons (11 m3), fill up large cylinders that are permanently installed on the property, or other service trucks exchange empty cylinders of E944 Propane with filled cylinders.
Large tractor-trailer trucks, with an average cylinder size of 10,000 US gallons (38 m3), transport E944 Propane from the pipeline or refinery to the local bulk plant.
The bobtail tank truck is not unique to the North American market, though the practice is not as common elsewhere, and the vehicles are generally called tankers.
In many countries, E944 Propane is delivered to end-users via small or medium-sized individual cylinders, while empty cylinders are removed for refilling at a central location.
There are also community E944 Propane systems, with a central cylinder feeding individual homes.
MOTOR FUEL USES OF E944 PROPANE
In the U.S., over 190,000 on-road vehicles use E944 Propane, and over 450,000 forklifts use it for power.
E944 Propane is the third most popular vehicle fuel in the world,
behind gasoline and diesel fuel.
In other parts of the world, E944 Propane used in vehicles is known as autogas.
In 2007, approximately 13 million vehicles worldwide use autogas.
The advantage of E944 Propane in cars is its liquid state at a moderate pressure.
This allows fast refill times, affordable fuel cylinder construction, and price ranges typically just over half that of gasoline.
Meanwhile, it is noticeably cleaner (both in handling, and in combustion), results in less engine wear (due to carbon deposits) without diluting engine oil (often extending oil-change intervals), and until recently was relatively low-cost in North America.
The octane rating of E944 Propane is relatively high at 110.
In the United States the E944 Propane fueling infrastructure is the most developed of all alternative vehicle fuels.
Many converted vehicles have provisions for topping off from "barbecue bottles".
Purpose-built vehicles are often in commercially owned fleets with private fueling facilities.
A further saving for E944 Propane fuel vehicle operators, especially in fleets, is that theft is much more difficult than with gasoline or diesel fuels.
E944 Propane is also used as fuel for small engines, especially those used indoors or in areas with insufficient fresh air and ventilation to carry away the more toxic exhaust of an engine running on gasoline or diesel fuel.
More recently, there have been lawn-care products like string trimmers, lawn mowers and leaf blowers intended for outdoor use, but fueled by E944 Propane in order to reduce air pollution.
Many heavy-duty highway trucks use E944 Propane as a boost, where it is added through the turbocharger, to mix with diesel fuel droplets.
The very high hydrogen content of E944 Propane helps the diesel fuel to burn hotter and therefore more completely.
This provides more torque, more horsepower, and a cleaner exhaust for the trucks.
E944 Propane is normal for a 7-liter medium-duty diesel truck engine to increase fuel economy by 20 to 33 percent when a E944 Propane boost system is used.
It is cheaper because E944 Propane is much cheaper than diesel fuel.
The longer distance a cross-country trucker can travel on a full load of combined diesel and E944 Propane fuel means they can maintain federal hours of work rules with two fewer fuel stops in a cross-country trip.
Truckers, tractor pulling competitions, and farmers have been using a E944 Propane boost system for over forty years in North America.
E944 PROPANE AND ITS FUNCTIONS IN FOOD
As a propellant, E944 Propane (E944) plays a key role in ensuring the convenience of aerosol packaged food products.
E944 Propane improves application hygiene while ensuring that products are evenly distributed, resulting in a better consumer experience.
ENERGY CONTENT of E944 PROPANE:
The enthalpy of combustion of E944 Propane gas where all products return to standard state, for example where water returns to its liquid state at standard temperature (known as higher heating value), is (2,219.2 ± 0.5) kJ/mol, or (50.33 ± 0.01) MJ/kg.
The enthalpy of combustion of E944 Propane gas where products do not return to standard state, for example where the hot gases including water vapor exit a chimney, (known as lower heating value) is 2,043.455 kJ/mol.
The lower heat value is the amount of heat available from burning the substance where the combustion products are vented to the atmosphere; for example, the heat from a fireplace when the flue is open.
DENSITY of E944 PROPANE:
The density of E944 Propane gas at 25 °C (77 °F) is 1.808 kg/m3, about 1.5× the density of air at the same temperature.
The density of liquid E944 Propane at 25 °C (77 °F) is 0.493 g/cm3, which is equivalent to 4.11 pounds per U.S. liquid gallon or 493 g/L.
E944 Propane expands at 1.5% per 10 °F.
Thus, liquid E944 Propane has a density of approximately 4.2 pounds per gallon (504 g/L) at 60 °F (15.6 °C).
As the density of E944 Propane changes with temperature, this fact must be considered every time when the application is connected with safety or custody transfer operations.
If enough headspace is not left in a tank when filling, the tank could rupture when it heats up.
CHARACTERISTICS OF E944 PROPANE
E944 Propane is characterized by its high volatility, strong combustion efficiency, and ease of liquefaction under moderate pressure.
These properties allow E944 Propane to be stored compactly in cylinders and tanks while remaining easy to transport and distribute.
One of the most important characteristics of E944 Propane is its clean-burning nature compared with many liquid fossil fuels.
Combustion of E944 Propane generally produces lower levels of soot, particulate matter, and certain pollutants.
This makes E944 Propane valuable for heating, cooking, industrial fuel systems, and portable energy applications.
E944 Propane also possesses excellent thermodynamic properties, allowing effective use as a refrigerant and aerosol propellant.
Because the gas evaporates rapidly at atmospheric pressure, E944 Propane is highly effective in spray systems and cooling technologies.
Although E944 Propane itself is non-toxic under controlled conditions, it can displace oxygen in enclosed environments and create serious fire or explosion hazards if improperly handled.
BENEFITS OF E944 PROPANE
E944 Propane offers many important advantages in industrial, commercial, and food-related applications.
One of its primary benefits is its high energy efficiency and clean combustion behavior.
Compared with several traditional fuels, E944 Propane generally produces lower emissions of soot and certain pollutants, making it useful in cleaner energy systems.
Another major benefit is its versatility.
E944 Propane can function effectively as a fuel, refrigerant, aerosol propellant, packaging gas, and chemical feedstock across many industries.
E944 Propane's ability to liquefy easily under moderate pressure allows efficient storage and transportation in portable cylinders and bulk tanks.
In refrigeration systems, E944 Propane provides excellent thermodynamic efficiency and relatively low environmental impact.
E944 Propane has very low ozone depletion potential and low global warming potential compared with many fluorinated refrigerants.
E944 Propane is also valued for its rapid evaporation, reliable combustion properties, and broad equipment compatibility.
In aerosol products, it produces stable pressure and fine spray characteristics.
In industrial fuel systems, E944 Propane delivers consistent heating performance and operational reliability.
E944 Propane is widely available globally and remains one of the most economically important liquefied petroleum gases used in residential, commercial, and industrial sectors.
E944 Propane, a propellant gas, is used in aerosol food sprays, like cooking oil sprays.
E944 Propane helps dispense the oil as a fine mist without affecting taste or nutrition.
The same gas is used in lighters and camping stoves, but food-grade E944 Propane is highly purified.
Exposure from cooking sprays is considered negligible — the amounts of E944 Propane that could enter food are extremely small.
FUNCTIONS (INCI) of E944 PROPANE:
Propellant :
E944 Propane generates pressure in an aerosol pack, expelling contents when the valve is opened.
Some liquefied propellants can act as solvents
E944 PROPANE IS PRESENT IN:
E944 Propane is present in 1.78% of cosmetics.
*Shaving cream (88.72%)
*Styling mousse (76.81%)
*Dry shampoo (75.1%)
*Deodorant spray (74.35%)
*Shower foam (48.33%)
PURITY of E944 PROPANE:
The North American standard grade of automotive-use E944 Propane is rated HD-5 (Heavy Duty 5%).
HD-5 grade has a maximum of 5 percent butane, but E944 Propane sold in Europe has a maximum allowable amount of butane of 30 percent, meaning it is not the same fuel as HD-5.
The LPG used as auto fuel and cooking gas in Asia and Australia also has very high butane content.
Propylene (also called propene) can be a contaminant of commercial E944 Propane.
E944 Propane containing too much propene is not suited for most vehicle fuels.
HD-5 is a specification that establishes a maximum concentration of 5% propene in E944 Propane.
E944 Propane and other LP gas specifications are established in ASTM D-1835.
All E944 Propane fuels include an odorant, almost always ethanethiol, so that the gas can be smelled easily in case of a leak.
E944 Propane as HD-5 was originally intended for use as vehicle fuel.
HD-5 is currently being used in all E944 Propane applications.
Typically in the United States and Canada, LPG is primarily E944 Propane (at least 90%), while the rest is mostly ethane, propylene, butane, and odorants including ethyl mercaptan.
This is the HD-5 standard, (maximum allowable propylene content, and no more than 5% butanes and ethane) defined by the American Society for Testing and Materials by its Standard 1835 for internal combustion engines.
Not all products labeled "LPG" conform to this standard, however.
In Mexico, for example, gas labeled "LPG" may consist of 60% E944 Propane and 40% butane.
"The exact proportion of this combination varies by country, depending on international prices, on the availability of components and, especially, on the climatic conditions that favor LPG with higher butane content in warmer regions and E944 Propane in cold areas"
COMPARISON WITH NATURAL GAS OF E944 PROPANE
E944 Propane is bought and stored in a liquid form, LPG.
E944 Propane can easily be stored in a relatively small space.
By comparison, compressed natural gas (CNG) cannot be liquefied by compression at normal temperatures, as these are well above its critical temperature.
As a gas, very high pressure is required to store useful quantities.
This poses the hazard that, in an accident, just as with any compressed gas cylinder (such as a CO2 cylinder used for a soda concession) a CNG cylinder may burst with great force, or leak rapidly enough to become a self-propelled missile.
Therefore, CNG is much less efficient to store than E944 Propane, due to the large cylinder volume required.
An alternative means of storing natural gas is as a cryogenic liquid in an insulated container as liquefied natural gas (LNG).
This form of storage is at low pressure and is around 3.5 times as efficient as storing it as CNG.
Unlike E944 Propane, if a spill occurs, CNG will evaporate and dissipate because it is lighter than air.
E944 Propane is much more commonly used to fuel vehicles than is natural gas, because that equipment costs less.
E944 Propane requires just 1,220 kilopascals (177 psi) of pressure to keep it liquid at 37.8 °C (100 °F).
NUTRITIONAL VALUE AND METABOLISM
E944 Propane usually does not provide complete nutrition.
Even sugar-free sweeteners are not equivalent to a healthy product: they change sweetness but do not add protein, fiber, micronutrients, or satiety on their own.
For keto, LCHF, diabetes, and weight control, it is important to look at the entire recipe.
With sweeteners, individual responses to glucose and appetite should be considered, while with glazing agents and gases, E944 Propane should be understood that they have almost no impact on macronutrients.
E944 Propane is typically derived from plant or synthetic sources and does not contain any prohibited ingredients according to Islamic dietary laws.
HISTORY of E944 PROPANE:
E944 Propane was first synthesized by the French chemist Marcellin Berthelot in 1857 during his researches on hydrogenation.
Berthelot made E944 Propane by heating propylene dibromide (C3H6Br2) with potassium iodide and water.
E944 Propane was found dissolved in Pennsylvanian light crude oil by Edmund Ronalds in 1864.
Walter O. Snelling of the U.S. Bureau of Mines highlighted it as a volatile component in gasoline in 1910, which marked the "birth of the E944 Propane industry" in the United States.
The volatility of these lighter hydrocarbons caused them to be known as "wild" because of the high vapor pressures of unrefined gasoline.
On March 31, 1912, The New York Times reported on Snelling's work with liquefied gas, saying "a steel bottle will carry enough gas to light an ordinary home for three weeks".
It was during this time that Snelling—in cooperation with Frank P. Peterson, Chester Kerr, and Arthur Kerr—developed ways to liquefy the LP gases during the refining of gasoline.
Together, they established American Gasol Co., the first commercial marketer of E944 Propane.
Snelling had produced relatively pure E944 Propane by 1911, and on March 25, 1913, his method of processing and producing LP gases was issued patent #1,056,845.
A separate method of producing LP gas through compression was developed by Frank Peterson and E944 Propane's patent was granted on July 2, 1912.
The 1920s saw increased production of LP gases, with the first year of recorded production totaling 223,000 US gallons (840 m3) in 1922.
In 1927, annual marketed LP gas production reached 1 million US gallons (3,800 m3), and by 1935, the annual sales of LP gas had reached 56 million US gallons (210,000 m3).
Major industry developments in the 1930s included the introduction of railroad tank car transport, gas odorization, and the construction of local bottle-filling plants.
The year 1945 marked the first year that annual LP gas sales reached a billion gallons.
By 1947, 62% of all U.S. homes had been equipped with either natural gas or E944 Propane for cooking.
In 1950, 1,000 E944 Propane-fueled buses were ordered by the Chicago Transit Authority, and by 1958, sales in the U.S. had reached 7 billion US gallons (26,000,000 m3) annually.
In 2004, it was reported to be a growing $8-billion to $10-billion industry with over 15 billion US gallons (57,000,000 m3) of E944 Propane being used annually in the U.S.
During the COVID-19 pandemic, E944 Propane shortages were reported in the United States due to increased demand.
ETYMOLOGY of E944 PROPANE:
The prop- root found in E944 Propane and names of other compounds with three-carbon chains was derived from propionic acid, which in turn was derived from the Ancient Greek words πρῶτος, protos, "first" and πίων, pion, "fat", as it was the "first" member of the series of fatty acids.
ADDITIONAL TECHNICAL INFORMATION of E944 PROPANE:
E944 Propane is primarily obtained during natural gas processing and petroleum refining operations.
Commercial E944 Propane is commonly distributed as part of liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) systems and may be mixed with butane depending on regional fuel standards and climate conditions.
E944 Propane belongs to the saturated hydrocarbon alkane family and contains only carbon and hydrogen atoms.
Under pressure, E944 Propane exists as a liquid, but it rapidly vaporizes when pressure is released.
Commercial E944 Propane may be supplied in:
*Portable cylinders
*Bulk storage tanks
*Aerosol containers
*Refrigeration systems
*Industrial gas systems
Purity standards vary depending on intended use, particularly for food-grade, refrigerant-grade, and industrial-grade E944 Propane products.
PROPERTIES AND REACTIONS of E944 PROPANE:
E944 Propane is a colorless, odorless gas.
Ethyl mercaptan is added as a safety precaution as an odorizer, and is commonly called a "rotten egg" smell.
At normal pressure it liquifies below its boiling point at −42 °C and solidifies below its melting point at −187.7 °C.
E944 Propane crystallizes in the space group P21/n.
The low space-filling of 58.5% (at 90 K), due to the bad stacking properties of the molecule, is the reason for the particularly low melting point.
E944 Propane undergoes combustion reactions in a similar fashion to other alkanes.
In the presence of excess oxygen, E944 Propane burns to form water and carbon dioxide.
When insufficient oxygen is present for complete combustion, carbon monoxide, soot (carbon), or both, are formed as well.
The complete combustion of E944 Propane produces about 50 MJ/kg of heat.
E944 Propane combustion is much cleaner than that of coal or unleaded gasoline.
E944 Propane's per-BTU production of CO2 is almost as low as that of natural gas.
E944 Propane burns hotter than home heating oil or diesel fuel because of the very high hydrogen content.
The presence of C–C bonds, plus the multiple bonds of propylene and butylene, produce organic exhausts besides carbon dioxide and water vapor during typical combustion.
These bonds also cause E944 Propane to burn with a visible flame.
PRODUCTION of E944 PROPANE:
E944 Propane is produced as a by-product of two other processes, natural gas processing and petroleum refining.
The processing of natural gas involves removal of butane, E944 Propane, and large amounts of ethane from the raw gas, to prevent condensation of these volatiles in natural gas pipelines.
Additionally, oil refineries produce some E944 Propane as a by-product of cracking petroleum into gasoline or heating oil.
The supply of E944 Propane cannot easily be adjusted to meet increased demand, because of the by-product nature of E944 Propane production.
About 90% of U.S. E944 Propane is domestically produced.
The United States imports about 10% of the E944 Propane consumed each year, with about 70% of that coming from Canada via pipeline and rail.
The remaining 30% of imported E944 Propane comes to the United States from other sources via ocean transport.
After it is separated from the crude oil, North American E944 Propane is stored in huge salt caverns.
Examples of these are Fort Saskatchewan, Alberta; Mont Belvieu, Texas; and Conway, Kansas.
These salt caverns can store 80,000,000 barrels (13,000,000 m3) of E944 Propane.
ON OTHER PLANETS, E944 PROPANE:
E944 Propane was first discovered in space in 1981 in the atmosphere of Saturn's moon Titan based on spectroscopic observations from the Voyager 1 IRIS instrument.
This was subsequently confirmed by ground-based observations using the TEXES instrument on the IRTF telescope and mapped by the CIRS instrument on Cassini.
E944 Propane was subsequently been detected in the atmosphere of Saturn using TEXES,
and predicted but unconfirmed on Jupiter, Neptune and Uranus.
PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of E944 PROPANE:
Chemical formula: C3H8
Molar mass: 44.097 g·mol−1
Appearance: Colorless gas
Odor: Odorless
Density: 2.0098 kg/m3 (at 0 °C, 101.3 kPa)
Melting point: −187.7 °C; −305.8 °F; 85.5 K
Boiling point: −42.25 to −42.04 °C; −44.05 to −43.67 °F; 230.90 to 231.11 K
Critical point (T, P): 370 K (97 °C; 206 °F), 4.23 MPa (41.7 atm)
Solubility in water: 47 mg⋅L−1 (at 0 °C)
log P: 2.236
Vapor pressure: 853.16 kPa (at 21.1 °C (70.0 °F))
Henry's law
constant (kH): 15 nmol⋅Pa−1⋅kg−1
Conjugate acid: Propanium
Magnetic susceptibility (χ): −40.5 × 10−6 cm3/mol
Dipole moment: 0.083 D
Thermochemistry
Heat capacity (C): 73.60 J⋅K−1⋅mol−1
Std enthalpy of
formation (ΔfH⦵298): −105.2–104.2 kJ⋅mol−1
Std enthalpy of
combustion (ΔcH⦵298): −2.2197–2.2187 MJ⋅mol−1
Product Name: E944 Propane
Common Name: Propane
E Number: E944
EC Number: 200-827-9
CAS Number: 74-98-6
Molecular Formula: C₃H₈
Molecular Weight: 44.10 g/mol
Chemical Type: Alkane hydrocarbon
Appearance: Colorless gas
Odor: Odorless in pure form
Physical State: Compressed liquefied gas
Physical State: Gas
Appearance: Colorless
Odor: Odorless in pure form
Molecular Formula: C₃H₈
Molecular Weight: 44.10 g/mol
Density: Approximately 1.88 kg/m³
Boiling Point: −42.1 °C
Melting Point: −187.7 °C
Water Solubility: Very slightly soluble
Solubility in Organic Solvents: Soluble in alcohol, ether, chloroform
Vapor Pressure: High
Relative Vapor Density: Heavier than air
Flammability: Extremely flammable
Flash Point: Approximately −104 °C
Autoignition Temperature: Approximately 470 °C
Explosion Limits in Air: About 2.1–9.5%
Compressibility: Easily liquefied under pressure
Stability: Stable under normal conditions
Reactivity: Reacts with strong oxidizing agents
Evaporation Rate: Very rapid
Thermal Conductivity: Low
Oxidizing Properties: None
Hygroscopicity: Non-hygroscopic
Surface Tension: Low
pH: Neutral
Environmental Persistence: Low
FIRST AID MEASURES of E944 PROPANE:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation:
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact:
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing.
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact:
Rinse out with plenty of water.
Call in ophthalmologist.
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing:
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most).
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available
ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of E944 PROPANE:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains.
Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions.
Take up dry.
Dispose of properly.
Clean up affected area.
FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of E944 PROPANE:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2)
Foam
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.
EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of E944 PROPANE:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection.
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.
HANDLING and STORAGE of E944 PROPANE:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed.
Dry.
STABILITY and REACTIVITY of E944 PROPANE:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available
