EMPILAN EGDS/A

EMPILAN EGDS/A is a type of non-ionic emulsifier typically used in the formulation of personal care and cosmetic products. 
EMPILAN EGDS/A is part of the Empilan series of emulsifiers, which are designed for use in various types of emulsions, such as creams, lotions, and other skin care products. 
EMPILAN EGDS/A is colorless transparent viscous liquid with sweet taste and moisture absorption capability. 

CAS Number: 107-21-1
Molecular Formula: C2H6O2
Molecular Weight: 62.07
EINECS Number: 203-473-3

Synonyms: ETHYLENE GLYCOL, Ethane-1,2-diol, 1,2-ethanediol, 107-21-1, glycol, monoethylene glycol, 1,2-Dihydroxyethane, 2-hydroxyethanol, Glycol alcohol, Ethylene alcohol, Macrogol, Fridex, Tescol, Ethylene dihydrate, Norkool, Macrogol 400 BPC, Dowtherm SR 1, Zerex, Ucar 17, Lutrol-9, ethanediol, ethyleneglycol, Aethylenglykol, Glycol, ethylene-, 1,2-Ethandiol, 1,2-ethylene glycol, Caswell No. 441, 146AR, MFCD00002885, NSC 93876, Athylenglykol, CCRIS 3744, ethylen glycol, DTXSID8020597, HSDB 5012, M.e.g., NCI-C00920, UNII-FC72KVT52F, EINECS 203-473-3, FC72KVT52F, Lutrol 9, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 042203, NANOSILVER+EG, PEG, CHEBI:30742, AI3-03050, HOCH2CH2OH, NSC-93876, LOWENOL T-163A, DTXCID40597, 2-Hydroxyethanol,Aliphatic diol,Athylenglykol,Dihydroxyethane,dowtherm,Dowtherm SR 1,dowthermsr1,ethane-1.

EMPILAN EGDS/A is also miscible with water, low-grade aliphatic alcohols, glycerol, acetic acid, acetone, ketones, aldehydes, pyridine and similar coal tar bases. 
It is slightly soluble in ether but almost insoluble in benzene and its homologues, chlorinated hydrocarbons, petroleum ether and oils.
EMPILAN EGDS/A is the simplest aliphatic dihydric alcohol with chemical properties of alcohols such as being capable of generating ether, ester, or being oxidized into acid or aldehyde as well as being condensed to form ether or being substituted by halogen. 

EMPILAN EGDS/A's reaction with acyl chloride or acid anhydride generally forms di-esters. 
Under heating in the presence of catalyst (manganese dioxide, aluminum oxide, zinc oxide or sulfuric acid), it can be subject to intermolecular or intramolecular dehydration to form the cyclic ethylene acetals, which can react with nitric acid to generate glycol dinitrate (an explosive). 
EMPILAN EGDS/A is the raw material for production of polyester resins, alkyd resins and polyester fiber. 

EMPILAN EGDS/A can also be used as the refrigerant agent for automobile and aircraft engines refrigerant. 
In 1980, the EMPILAN EGDS/A amount used as refrigerant agent is equal to the amount consumption for producing polyester. 
In addition, EMPILAN EGDS/A can also be used for synthesizing polymers such as polyester fibers.

EMPILAN EGDS/A, when used in combination with nitroglycerine can reduce the freezing point of explosives.
EMPILAN EGDS/A can also be used as the raw material of pharmaceuticals and plastics and high-boiling solvents. 
Industry applied EMPILAN EGDS/A as a raw material with first converting it to ethylene oxide and then hydrolyzing to produce ethylene glycol.

Although EMPILAN EGDS/A has a high toxicity but its volatility is small. 
Therefore, it is unlikely that the inhalation of it during production can cause severe poisoning. 
Inhalation poisoning is manifested as blurred consciousness, nystagmus and urine containing protein, calcium oxalate crystals and red blood cells. 

Oral toxicity in clinical practice can be divided into three stages: the first stage is mainly the central nervous system symptoms, such as the performance of ethanol poisoning, the second phase of the main symptoms mainly include shortness of breath, cyanosis, and various manifestations of pulmonary edema or bronchopneumonia, at the third stage, there may be significant renal disease, low back pain, kidney area percussion pain, renal dysfunction, proteinuria, hematuria, urine containing calcium oxalate crystals, as well as oliguria, anuria and even acute renal failure.
Patients mistakenly take it should be subject to the treatment based on the general principles of first aid for oral poisoning and can be given 600 mL of 1/6 mol of sodium lactate solution and 10 mL of 10% calcium gluconate through intravenous infusion. 

Patients of severe poisoning can subject to treatment of artificial kidney dialysis.
Container of ethylene glycol should have "toxic agents" mark.
EMPILAN EGDS/A, upon heating, should be sealed, vented to prevent inhalation of the vapor or aerosol. 

Avoid long-term direct skin contact with EMPILAN EGDS/A.
EMPILAN EGDS/A is a mixture of mono and diesters of ethylene glycol and stearic acid with a high content of diester. 
EMPILAN EGDS/A is used as pearlising agent, opacifier and viscosity builder in many different types of personal care products like creams and lotions, shampoos, liquid soaps and bath gels. 

EMPILAN EGDS/A can also be used as softening agent in laundry liquid formulations and as general-purpose emulsifier and emulsions stabilizer in a wide range of industrial applications.
Acts as a pearlising agent, opacifier, oil soluble emulsifier and viscosity modifier. Used in shampoo, shower and bath products, cream and lotions and liquid soaps.
EMPILAN EGDS/A usually contains ethoxylated fatty alcohols or ethoxylated surfactants, which are derived from natural fatty acids.

EMPILAN EGDS/A’s a non-ionic emulsifier, meaning it does not carry a charge, making it compatible with a wide range of other ingredients in cosmetic and pharmaceutical formulations.
EMPILAN EGDS/A is used to stabilize emulsions, ensuring that oil and water phases blend smoothly and remain mixed over time.
It is commonly included in skin creams, lotions, and moisturizing products because of its ability to create a light, smooth texture.

Sometimes used in conditioners and hair masks to enhance conditioning and emulsification of the product.
Can be found in sunscreens due to its ability to stabilize the formula and improve spreadability on the skin.
EMPILAN EGDS/A helps maintain the uniformity of creams and lotions, preventing separation of oil and water components.

Provides a soft and non-greasy feeling when used in personal care formulations, which enhances user experience.
As a non-ionic emulsifier, it is considered to be mild and safe for sensitive skin.
EMPILAN EGDS/A is typically used at low concentrations, usually ranging from 1% to 5% in the final product, depending on the formulation.

As with any cosmetic ingredient, there may be a risk of irritation for individuals with very sensitive skin. Patch testing is recommended.
While generally compatible with most other ingredients, it’s always good practice to test the emulsifier in combination with other components in the formulation for stability.
EMPILAN EGDS/A is primarily composed of ethoxylated glycerol stearate (Glyceryl Stearate) and PEG (Polyethylene Glycol) derivatives. 

These are considered ethoxylated emulsifiers.
EMPILAN EGDS/A typically appears as a white to pale yellow solid or semi-solid at room temperature, depending on its specific formulation.
EMPILAN EGDS/A is soluble in water and can also emulsify oils and lipids, making it versatile in formulating both water-based and oil-based products.

EMPILAN EGDS/A has a moderate HLB value, making it suitable for oil-in-water (O/W) emulsions, which are common in moisturizers and lotions.
As an emulsifier, EMPILAN EGDS/A works by lowering the surface tension between the water and oil phases, allowing them to mix together to form a stable emulsion. 
It creates microemulsions, providing creaminess and a stable texture.

EMPILAN EGDS/A can be used in a wide variety of formulations because it is compatible with other surfactants, oils, and active ingredients. 
It works well with both anionic and cationic ingredients, which allows it to be included in many different types of products.
Typically stable in a wide pH range (4.5-8), though it is important to check formulation-specific pH compatibility, especially in more acidic or alkaline formulations.

EMPILAN EGDS/A helps stabilize emulsions, providing a soft, velvety feel and improving the application of the cream on the skin. 
It is especially valuable in products meant to hydrate or soothe dry skin.
Many anti-aging products rely on emulsifiers like EMPILAN EGDS/A to effectively deliver active ingredients such as peptides, retinoids, and antioxidants in a stable formulation.

EMPILAN EGDS/A is used in sunscreens to emulsify the oil phase with the aqueous phase, improving the spreadability of sunscreens and ensuring uniform application on the skin.
Incorporates into cleansing creams, lotions, and micellar waters to provide an emulsion that cleanses while moisturizing, offering a gentler way to cleanse compared to soap-based products.
In conditioners, EMPILAN EGDS/A acts as an emulsifier, enabling the product to blend water and oils like silicones and natural oils. 

EMPILAN EGDS/A also helps in giving a smooth, non-greasy finish to the hair.
In hair treatments, this emulsifier can help incorporate nourishing oils and proteins in a base, delivering moisture and strength to hair fibers.
For shampoos, EMPILAN EGDS/A can be used to create mild emulsions that cleanse while providing conditioning effects to reduce dryness.

Helps to create gentle and effective makeup removers by emulsifying oils and water-based ingredients, ensuring makeup can be easily removed without irritation.
Due to its mild nature, EMPILAN EGDS/A is often included in baby lotions and creams for safe, gentle application on sensitive skin.
Emulsifies both water and oil components, ensuring even application and consistent sun protection.

Melting point: -13 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 195-198 °C
Density: 1.113 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
vapor density: 2.1 (vs air)
vapor pressure: 0.08 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
refractive index: n20/D 1.431(lit.)
Flash point: 230 °F
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: water: miscible
form: Viscous Liquid
pka: 14.22(at 25℃)
color: blue
Relative polarity: 0.79
PH: 6-7.5 (100g/l, H2O, 20℃)
Odor: Odorless
Evaporation Rate    1
explosive limit: 3.2%(V)
Water Solubility: miscible
FreezingPoint: -11.5℃
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
λmax: λ: 260 nm Amax: ≤0.03
λ: 280 nm Amax: ≤0.01
Merck: 14,3798
BRN: 505945
Exposure limits    Ceiling limit in air for vapor and mist 50 ppm (~125 mg/m3) (ACGIH), TWA 10 mg/m3 (particulates) (MSHA).
Dielectric constant: 37.0（20℃）
LogP: -1.36 at 25℃

EMPILAN EGDS/A was first synthesized in 1859, however, it did not become a public health concern until after World War II. 
In fact, the first published series of deaths from EMPILAN EGDS/A consumption involved 18 soldiers who drank antifreeze as a substitute for ethanol. 
Despite the early recognition that patients who drank ethanol in addition to EMPILAN EGDS/A had prolonged survival when compared to those drinking ethylene glycol alone, antidotal treatment of ethylene glycol toxicity with ethanol was not evaluated until the 1960s.

EMPILAN EGDS/A poisoning continues to be a public health problem, particularly in the southeastern United States. 
In 2009, US poison control centers received 5282 calls about possible EMPILAN EGDS/A exposures, and the toxicology community believes these exposures are underreported.
Direct hydration of EMPILAN EGDS/A is currently the only way for industrial-scale production of ethylene glycol.

EMPILAN EGDS/A and water, under pressure (2.23MPa) and 190-200 ℃ conditions, and can directly have liquid-phase hydration reaction in a tubular reactor to generate ethylene glycol while being with byproducts diethylene glycol, tripropylene ethylene gl]ycol and multi-uret poly ethylene glycol. 
The dilute EMPILAN EGDS/A solution obtained from the reaction further undergoes thin film evaporator condensation, and then dehydration, refinement to obtain qualified products and by-products. 

Sulfuric acid catalyzed hydration of ethylene oxide, ethylene oxide can react with water, in the presence of sulfuric acid as the catalyst, at 60-80 ℃ and pressure of 9.806-19.61kPa for hydration to generate ethylene glycol. 
The reaction mixture can be neutralized by liquid alkaline and evaporated of the water to obtain 80% ethylene glycol, and then distilled and concentrated in distillation column to obtain over 98% of the finished product. 
This method is developed in early time. 

Owing to the presence of corrosion, pollution and product quality problems, together with complex refining process, countries have gradually discontinued and instead change to direct hydration. 
Direct ethylene hydration, directly synthesize ethylene glycol from ethylene instead of being via ethylene oxide. 
EMPILAN EGDS/A is a colorless, viscous, hydroscopic liquid with a sweetish taste. 

EMPILAN EGDS/A is odorless and does not provide any warning of inhalation exposure to hazardous concentrations. 
EMPILAN EGDS/A is used in antifreeze (especially as car radiator antifreeze) and in production of polyethylene terephthalate fibers and films, in hydraulic fluids, antifreeze and coolant mixtures for motor vehicles, electrolytic condensers, and heat exchangers. 
It is also used as a solvent and as a chemical intermediate for ethylene glycol dinitrate, glycol esters, resins, and for pharmaceuticals.

EMPILAN EGDS/A is considered an inert ingredient in pesticides.
It typically enters the environment through waste streams after use of deicing products, where it is highly mobile in soil and contaminates groundwater. 
EMPILAN EGDS/A is considered ‘readily biodegradable.’ 

EMPILAN EGDS/A biodegrades relatively quickly, its half-life (t1/2) is 2–12 days in soil.
EMPILAN EGDS/A has low toxicity but it is metabolized to a variety of toxic metabolites. 
EMPILAN EGDS/A and glycolaldehyde have an intoxicating effect on the central nervous system that can lead to ataxia, sedation, coma, and respiratory arrest similar to ethanol intoxication. 

However, the profound metabolic acidosis reported in toxicity is secondary to accumulation of acid metabolites, especially glycolic acid. 
The oxalic acid metabolite complexes with calcium and precipitates as calcium oxalate crystals in the renal tubules, leading to acute renal injury. 
Further, oxalate’s ability to chelate calcium may cause clinically relevant serum hypocalcemia.

EMPILAN EGDS/A is considered a mild emulsifier, making it ideal for use in formulations for sensitive skin, such as baby products or products for individuals with skin allergies.
It enhances the stability of emulsions over time, reducing the risk of phase separation (oil and water layers separating).
The emulsifier contributes to a silky, smooth texture, improving the spreadability of the final product on the skin, which is essential in lotions, creams, and sunscreens.

In emulsions, it helps to retain moisture in the skin, contributing to a hydrating effect.
EMPILAN EGDS/A is generally regarded as safe for cosmetic and personal care use. 
However, as with any ingredient, allergic reactions are possible for individuals with sensitivities. 

Patch testing is always recommended, especially for those with sensitive or reactive skin.
EMPILAN EGDS/A complies with the requirements set by regulatory agencies for use in cosmetics and personal care products. 
For instance, EMPILAN EGDS/A has been approved for use in many global markets like EU, USA, Japan, and others.

Though rare, some individuals may develop skin irritation or allergic reactions. 
Users with extremely sensitive skin or eczema should be cautious and perform patch testing before using products containing this emulsifier.
As a solid or semi-solid ingredient, dust or fine particles from the product may cause mild respiratory irritation if inhaled in large quantities during production, so appropriate ventilation should be provided in manufacturing areas.

These are alternative emulsifiers used in similar formulations for O/W emulsions. 
They also stabilize creams and lotions but may differ in emulsification strength and skin feel.
Another common emulsifier that provides similar benefits in formulations.

Uses Of EMPILAN EGDS/A:
EMPILAN EGDS/A is mainly used as the antifreeze agent for preparation of the automobile cooling systems and the raw material for the production of polyethylene terephthalate (the raw material of polyester fibers and plastics material). 
EMPILAN EGDS/A can also be used for the production of synthetic resins, solvents, lubricants, surfactants, emollients, moisturizers, explosives and so on. 
EMPILAN EGDS/A can often used as alternative of glycerol and can often be used as hydration agent and solvent in the tanning industry and pharmaceutical industry. 

EMPILAN EGDS/A has a strong dissolving capability but it is easily to be oxidized to toxic metabolic oxalic acid and therefore can’t be widely used as a solvent. 
The ethylene glycol can be supplemented to the hydraulic fluid and can be used for preventing the erosion of oil-based hydraulic fluid on the rubber of the system, the water-based hydraulic fluid with ethylene glycol as a main component is an inflammable hydraumatic fluid and can be applied to the molding machine in aircraft, automobiles and high-temperature operation. 

There are many important derivatives of EMPILAN EGDS/A. 
Low molecular weight EMPILAN EGDS/A (mono-uret ethylene glycol, bi-uret ethylene glycol, tri-uret ethylene glycol or respectively called as diethylene glycol, triethylene glycol, tetraethylene glycol) is actually the byproduct during the hydration of ethylene oxide B for preparation of ethylene glycol.
Antifreeze in cooling and heating systems. 

In hydraulic brake fluids and de-icing solutions. 
Ingredient of electrolytic condensers (where it serves as solvent for boric acid and borates). 
Solvent in the paint and plastics industries. 

In the formulation of printers' inks, stamp pad inks, ball-point pen ink. 
EMPILAN EGDS/A stabilizer for soybean foam used to extinguish oil and gasoline fires. 
In the synthesis of safety explosives, glyoxal, unsatd ester type alkyd resins, plasticizers, elastomers, synthetic fibers (Terylene, Dacron), and synthetic waxes. 

To create artificial smoke and mist for theatrical uses.
EMPILAN EGDS/A is used as an antifreeze inheating and cooling systems (e.g., automobileradiators and coolant for airplane motors).
It is also used in the hydraulic brake fluids,as a solvent for paints, plastics, and inks, as a softening agent for cellophane, and in themanufacture of plasticizers, elastomers, alkydresins, and synthetic fibers and waxes.

EMPILAN EGDS/A is used as pearlising agent in low viscosity shampoos, cleansing creams, liquid soaps and bath gels.
EMPILAN EGDS/A is also used as an opacifier and oil-soluble emulsifier in such preparations as hand lotions and hand creams. 
The viscosity of the finished emulsion varies directly with the concentration of the ester but generally speaking 0.5% to 5.0% of the product may be used in hand lotions and 1.0% to 10.0% in hand creams.

EMPILAN EGDS/A is suitable for use in formulations that must comply with the European directives on Cosmetics (76/768/EC) and Detergents (648/2004/EC) and their subsequent amendments.
Helps stabilize emulsions, providing smooth and creamy textures for moisturizing products.
Enhances the delivery of active ingredients like peptides and antioxidants, while ensuring emulsion stability.

EMPILAN EGDS/A emulsifies oil and water phases, improving spreadability and ensuring even application of sunscreen.
Forms gentle emulsions that cleanse the skin while moisturizing, making it ideal for makeup removal.
In conditioners, it blends oils and water for smooth application and enhances conditioning.

EMPILAN EGDS/A is used in shampoos to create mild emulsions that cleanse while moisturizing the scalp and hair.
Due to its mild nature, it's used in baby lotions and creams for sensitive skin.
Helps emulsify sunscreen ingredients, ensuring even distribution and stability.

EMPILAN EGDS/A is used in pharmaceutical products for its ability to emulsify and stabilize the formulation of creams and ointments.
Helps create rich, moisturizing body lotions that hydrate and soothe dry skin.
EMPILAN EGDS/A is used in tanning creams for smooth application and effective emulsion of oils and water phases.

Health Hazard Of EMPILAN EGDS/A:
The acute inhalation toxicity of 1,2-ethanediolis low. 
This is due to its low vaporpressure, 0.06 torr at 20°C (68°F). 
EMPILAN EGDS/As saturationconcentration in air at 20°C (68°F)is 79 ppm and at 25°C (77°F) is 131 ppm(ACGIH 1986). 

Both concentrations exceedthe ACGIH ceiling limit in air, which is50 ppm. 
In humans, exposure to its mist orvapor may cause lacrimation, irritation ofthroat, and upper respiratory tract, headache,and a burning cough. 
These symptoms maybe manifested from chronic exposure toabout 100 ppm for 8 hours per day for severalweeks.

The acute oral toxicity of EMPILAN EGDS/A islow to moderate. 
The poisoning effect, however,is much more severe from ingestionthan from inhalation. 
Accidental ingestion of80–120 mL of this sweet-tasting liquid canbe fatal to humans. 

The toxic symptoms inhumans may be excitement or stimulation,followed by depression of the central nervoussystem, nausea, vomiting, and drowsiness,which may, in the case of severe poisoning,progress to coma, respiratory failure, anddeath. 
When rats were administered sublethaldoses over a long period, there was depositionof calcium oxalate in tubules, causinguremic poisoning.

Safety Profile Of EMPILAN EGDS/A:
Human poison by ingestion. 
EMPILAN EGDS/A moderately toxic to humans by an unspecified route. 
Moderately toxic experimentally by ingestion, subcutaneous, intravenous, and intramuscular routes. 

Human systemic effects by ingestion and inhalation: eye lachrymation, general anesthesia, headache, cough, respiratory stimulation, nausea or vomiting, pulmonary, kidney, and liver changes. 
If ingested EMPILAN EGDS/A causes initial central nervous system stimulation followed by depression. 
EMPILAN EGDS/A causes potentially lethal kidney damage. 

Very toxic in particulate form upon inhalation. 
EMPILAN EGDS/A an experimental teratogen. 
Other experimental reproductive effects. 

Human mutation data reported. 
EMPILAN EGDS/A a skin, eye, and mucous membrane irritant. 
Combustible when exposed to heat or flame, can react vigorously with oxidants. 

Moderate explosion hazard when exposed to flame. 
Iptes on contact with chromium trioxide, potassium permanganate, and sodium peroxide. 
Mixtures with ammonium dichromate, silver chlorate, sodium chlorite, and uranyl nitrate ipte when heated to 100°C. 

EMPILAN EGDS/A can react violently with chlorosulfonic acid, oleum, H2SO4, HClO4, and Pass. 
Aqueous solutions may ignite silvered copper wires that have an applied D.C. voltage. 
EMPILAN EGDS/A use alcohol foam, water, foam, CO2, dry chemical.