GIBBERELLIC ACID

Gibberellic acid is a tetracyclic di-terpenoid compound. 
Gibberellic acid is one of the major hormones that can be synthesized in plants and fungi. 
Gibberellic acid has various kinds of physiological effects including stimulating seed germination, inducing mitotic division of the leaves, triggering transitions from meristem to shoot growth, vegetative to flowering, determining sex expression and grain development through crosstalk with many environmental signals such as light, temperature and water. 

CAS Number: 77-06-5
Molecular Formula: C19H22O6
Molecular Weight: 346.38
EINECS Number: 201-001-0

Synonyms: RYZUPSTRONG;(1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-2,4a,7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylenegibb;(1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-a-lacton;(3s,3ar,4s,4as,7s,9ar,9br,12s)-7,12-dihydroxy-3-methyl-6-methylene-2-oxoperhyd;(3s,3as,4s,4as,6s,8as,8bs,11s)-6,11-dihydroxy-3-methyl-12-methylene-2-oxo-4a,6;ethano-3,8b-prop-l-enoperhydroindeno-(1,2-b)furan-4-carboxylicacid;Gibb-3-ene-1,10-dicarboxylic acid, 2,4a,7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylene-, 1,4a-lactone, (1alpha,2beta,4aalpha,4bbeta,10beta)-;gibb-3-ene-1,10-dicarboxylicacid,2,4a,7-trihydroxy-1-methyl-8-methylene-,1,4

Gibberellic acid can be used to trigger germination of seeds which has previously remained dormant. 
Gibberellic acid can also used to induce the production of larger amount and bigger grapes, boosting the grape industry. 
In industry, Gibberellic acid can be produced from Solid-state Fermentation (SSF) which can have relatively high yield.

Gibberellic acid is a very potent hormone whose natural occurrence in plants controls their development. 
Gibberellic acid regulates growth, applications of very low concentrations can have a profound effect while too much will have the opposite effect. 
Gibberellic acid is usually used in concentrations between 0.01 and 10 mg/L.

Gibberellic acid is a hormone found in plants and fungi.
Its chemical formula is C19H22O6. When purified, it is a white to pale-yellow solid.

Plants in their normal state produce large amounts of GA3. 
Gibberellic acid is possible to produce the hormone industrially using microorganisms.
Gibberellic acid is a simple gibberellin, a pentacyclic diterpene acid promoting growth and elongation of cells. 

Gibberellic acid affects decomposition of plants and helps plants grow if used in small amounts, but eventually plants develop tolerance to it.
Gibberellic acid stimulates the cells of germinating seeds to produce mRNA molecules that code for hydrolytic enzymes. Gibberellic acid is a very potent hormone whose natural occurrence in plants controls their development. 
Gibberellic acid regulates growth, applications of very low concentrations can have a profound effect while too much will have the opposite effect.

Gibberellic acid is usually used in concentrations between 0.01 and 10 mg/L.[citation needed]
Gibberellic acid is a naturally occurring plant hormone (gibberellin) and one of the most widely used plant growth regulators in agriculture and horticulture. 
It controls and promotes key growth processes such as stem elongation, seed germination, flowering, and fruit development.

Gibberellic acid is used to stimulate plant growth and overcome dormancy, making it especially valuable for improving crop yield and uniformity.
This improves agricultural productivity and crop management.
Gibberellic acid belongs to the diterpene acid group of plant hormones, derived from the gibberellin biosynthetic pathway in fungi and plants.

Gibberellic acid acts by influencing gene expression related to cell elongation and division.
This improves understanding of plant growth regulation mechanisms.
Physically, it appears as a white to off-white crystalline powder, slightly soluble in water and more soluble in alkaline solutions.

Gibberellic acid affects how it is formulated for agricultural use.
This improves formulation flexibility.
Functionally, it acts as a growth promoter, seed germination enhancer, stem elongation stimulator, and flowering regulator.

Gibberellic acid is particularly effective in breaking seed dormancy and promoting rapid vegetative growth.
This improves plant development control.
Gibberellic acid is best described as a plant hormone used to regulate growth, stimulate elongation, break dormancy, and improve yield and quality in many crops.

Gibberellic acid is especially important because it acts as a central “growth acceleration signal” in plants, shifting metabolism from dormancy or slow growth into active development.
This makes it a key regulator in both natural plant cycles and agricultural manipulation.
Gibberellic acid improves control over plant developmental timing.

At the molecular level, GA₃ works by binding to gibberellin receptors (GID1 proteins), which triggers degradation of growth-repressing proteins (DELLA proteins).
Once DELLA proteins are removed, growth-related genes become active.
Gibberellic acid improves understanding of hormone signaling mechanisms.

In cell elongation, Gibberellic acid increases the plasticity of the plant cell wall by activating enzymes that loosen structural components like cellulose and hemicellulose.
This allows cells to expand under internal turgor pressure.
Gibberellic acid improves plant growth efficiency.

Melting point: 227 °C
Boiling point: 401.12 °C (rough estimate)
alpha: 82.5º (c=10, ethanol)
Density: 1.34 g/cm3 (20℃)
refractive index: 81° (C=2, MeOH)
storage temp.: 0–6°C
solubility: 5 g/L
form: powder
pka: 4.0 (at 25℃)
color: white to pale yellow
optical activity: [α]20/D +80 ± 3° (c = 1% in methanol)
Water Solubility: 5 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck: 14,4419
BRN: 54346
Henry's Law Constant: 6.2×10⁹ mol/(m3Pa) (HSDB 2015)
Stability: stable. combustible. incompatible with acids, strong oxidizing agents.
Major Application: agriculture
Cosmetics Ingredients Functions: SKIN CONDITIONING
InChIKey: IXORZMNAPKEEDV-OBDJNFEBSA-N
SMILES: C[C@]12C@@HC=C[C@@]3(OC1=O)[C@@H]4CC[C@]5(O)C[C@]4(CC5=C)C@HC(O)=O
LogP: 0.240

Gibberellic acid is a growth promoting substance found widely in plants. 
Gibberellic acid was first isolated from the fungus Gibberella. 
Gibberellic acid increases the rate of photosynthesis and helps in the elongation of cells. 

Gibberellic acid promotes the flowering and germination of plants. 
With a general formula of Cl9H22O6, gibberellins are also produced by Azotobacter, Azospirillum, etc.

Gibberellic acid is part of a larger family of gibberellins (GA₁, GA₂₀, GA₄, etc.), but GA₃ is the most widely used in agriculture because of its stability and effectiveness.
This makes it the standard commercial form.
Gibberellic acid improves agricultural consistency.

At the physiological level, Gibberellic acid promotes growth by stimulating cell elongation and cell division, especially in stems and leaves.
Gibberellic acid activates genes that weaken cell walls and allow expansion.
Gibberellic acid improves plant growth regulation.

In seed germination, gibberellic acid breaks dormancy by triggering enzymes such as α-amylase, which convert stored starch into sugars for energy.
Gibberellic acid allows seeds to germinate even under unfavorable conditions.
This improves germination efficiency.

In stem elongation, GA₃ causes internode elongation, leading to taller plants.
Gibberellic acid is especially noticeable in dwarf varieties, which can be restored to normal height.
This improves plant development control.

In flowering regulation, it can induce or enhance flowering in certain long-day or biennial plants.
However, effects depend strongly on species and timing.
Gibberellic acid improves crop management precision.

In fruit development, gibberellic acid can increase fruit size and reduce seed formation in some crops (e.g., grapes).
Gibberellic acid improves market quality and yield value.
In post-harvest physiology, GA₃ can delay aging processes (senescence) in some plants by maintaining metabolic activity.

Gibberellic acid improves storage life and quality retention.
In interaction with other hormones, gibberellic acid works together with auxins, cytokinins, and abscisic acid to balance growth and stress responses.
Gibberellic acid improves hormonal regulation understanding.

In environmental behavior, GA₃ is biodegradable and naturally occurring, meaning it breaks down relatively quickly in soil and plant systems.
Gibberellic acid improves environmental compatibility.
In seed dormancy control, gibberellic acid counteracts inhibitors like abscisic acid (ABA), effectively “switching on” germination pathways.

Gibberellic acid hormonal balance determines whether a seed remains dormant or begins growth.
This improves germination regulation.

In temperature and environmental responses, Gibberellic acid is often involved in plants responding to seasonal changes such as spring growth after winter dormancy.
Cold or light signals can influence its production in plants.
Gibberellic acid improves understanding of seasonal plant behavior.

In dwarf plant physiology, many dwarf varieties naturally have reduced gibberellin synthesis or signaling.
Applying Gibberellic acid can temporarily restore normal stem elongation, showing its direct role in height regulation.
Gibberellic acid improves genetic–hormonal relationship understanding.

Uses Of Gibberellic acid:
Gibberellic Acid is a a pentacyclic diterpene acid. 
Gibberellic Acid is a hormone that is found in plants which promotes the growth and elongation of cells. 
Gibberellic acid acts as a plant growth reg ulator on account of its physiological and morphological effects in extremely low concentrations. 

Generally Gibberellic acid affects only the plant parts above the soil surface.
Gibberellic acid is used as a plant growth hormone. 
It is also used to trigger germination in dormant seeds in laboratory and green house settings and to stimulate rapid stem and root growth and induce mitotic division in the leaves of some plants. 

Gibberellic acid also serves in grape growing industry as a hormone to induce the production of larger bundles and bigger grape.
Gibberellic acid is sometimes used in laboratory and greenhouse settings to trigger germination in seeds that would otherwise remain dormant.
It is also widely used in the grape-growing industry as a hormone to induce the production of larger bunches and bigger grapes, especially Thompson seedless grapes. 

In the Okanagan and Creston valleys, it is also used as a growth regulator in the cherry industry.
Gibberellic acid is used commercially on Clementine Mandarin oranges to ensure a full and profitable crop of seedless fruit. 
To prevent the formation of seeds, Clementine groves must be isolated or netted to exclude foreign pollen from other citrus varieties. 

However, without cross-pollination, these trees naturally fail to set sufficient fruit, leading to very low yields. 
Applied directly onto the blossoms as a spray, Gibberellic acid stimulates the development of the fruit without the need for fertilization, guaranteeing a high yield of seedless fruit from the isolated trees.

Gibberellic acid is mainly used as a plant growth regulator, germination stimulant, growth promoter, and crop yield enhancer because it directly controls plant elongation and developmental processes.
In seed germination treatments, it is used to break dormancy and improve germination rates.
Gibberellic acid improves seed performance and uniform crop establishment.

In fruit enlargement applications, it is used to increase fruit size in crops like grapes and citrus.
Gibberellic acid improves market quality and yield value.
In stem elongation control, it is used to promote growth in dwarf or stunted plants.

Gibberellic acid improves plant development balance.
In flowering regulation, it is used to induce or synchronize flowering in certain crops.
Gibberellic acid improves harvest planning and productivity.

In malting industry (barley brewing process), it is used to stimulate enzyme production during malting.
Gibberellic acid improves brewing efficiency and quality.
In horticultural production, it is used to enhance ornamental plant growth and uniformity.

Gibberellic acid improves aesthetic plant quality.
In tissue culture systems, it is used to promote shoot elongation and development.
Gibberellic acid improves plant regeneration success.

Gibberellic acid is mainly used as a plant growth regulator, germination promoter, elongation stimulator, and yield enhancer because it activates plant growth pathways related to cell expansion and division.
In seed germination treatments, it is used to break seed dormancy and promote faster and more uniform germination.
Gibberellic acid improves crop establishment and productivity.

In stem elongation control, it is used to increase plant height and internode length, especially in dwarf or stunted plants.
Gibberellic acid improves plant growth and uniformity.
In fruit enlargement applications, it is used to increase fruit size and improve market quality in crops such as grapes and citrus.

Gibberellic acid improves yield value and commercial appearance.
In flowering regulation, it is used to induce or synchronize flowering in certain plant species.
This improves harvest timing and crop management.

In malting industry (barley processing), it is used to stimulate enzyme production during germination for brewing purposes.
Gibberellic acid improves malt quality and efficiency.
In horticultural production, it is used to enhance ornamental plant growth, elongation, and visual quality.

This improves aesthetic and commercial value.
In tissue culture systems, it is used to promote shoot elongation and improve plant regeneration.
This improves micropropagation efficiency.

In post-harvest applications, it is sometimes used to delay senescence (aging) in certain fruits and vegetables.
Gibberellic acid improves shelf life and storage quality.

Safety Profile
Mildly toxic by ingestion. Questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. hlutation data reported. When heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
Gibberellic acid is considered a low-to-moderate hazard plant growth regulator, with most risks related to irritation rather than high systemic toxicity.
It may cause eye and skin irritation, especially in concentrated powder or solution form.

Gibberellic acid improves safe handling awareness.
Inhalation of dust may lead to respiratory irritation, coughing, or throat discomfort.
Gibberellic acid improves workplace exposure control.

Ingestion in large amounts may cause gastrointestinal discomfort such as nausea or abdominal pain, though it is not considered highly toxic.
This improves ingestion safety awareness.
Gibberellic acid is generally considered low acute toxicity to humans and animals, especially at the low concentrations used in agriculture.

Gibberellic acid improves confidence in regulated use.
From an environmental perspective, Gibberellic acid is readily biodegradable and naturally occurring, so it does not persist long in ecosystems.

This improves environmental safety understanding.
Gibberellic acid is a relatively safe plant hormone used in controlled agricultural applications, with primary hazards limited to irritation and standard chemical handling precautions, rather than significant toxicity risks.