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Glacial Acetic acid is a simple organic carboxylic acid with the formula CH₃COOH.
Glacial Acetic acid is the parent compound of acetates and acetic acid derivatives.
Glacial acetic acids acidity arises from the carboxyl (–COOH) functional group.
CAS Number: 64-19-7
Molecular Formula: C2H4O2
Molecular Weight: 60.05
EINECS Number: 200-580-7
Synonyms: acetic acid, 64-19-7, ethanoic acid, Vinegar acid, Acetic acid glacial, Ethylic acid, Glacial acetic acid, Acetic acid, glacial, Methanecarboxylic acid, Acetasol, Essigsaeure, Acide acetique, Aci-jel, Azijnzuur, Aceticum acidum, Kyselina octova, Acido acetico, Octowy kwas, HOAc, Orlex, ethoic acid, Ethanoic acid monomer, FEMA No. 2006, Orthoacetic acid, Acetopyrine, Acopyrine, Ethanoat, Acidum aceticum glaciale, Acidum aceticum, NSC-132953, NSC-406306, INS NO.260, Acetic acid 0.25% in plastic container, DTXSID5024394, INS-260, Q40Q9N063P, E-260, NSC-111201, NSC-112209, NSC-115870, NSC-127175, DTXCID304394, CHEBI:15366, Azetat, CH3-COO(-), Acetic acid (aqueous), Earcalm, New CleanFlex, RefChem:6, Glacial acetic acid (pure compound), Glacial, Acetic Acid, DYSPEPSIA FATIGUE, FUNGAL NAIL REPAIR, 200-580-7, 616-485-2, E260, hydron;acetate, MeCO2 anion, Vinegar, Azijnzuur [Dutch], Essigsaeure [German], Caswell No. 003, Otic Tridesilon, Octowy kwas [Polish], Acetic acid (natural), Acide acetique [French], Acido acetico [Italian], Kyselina octova [Czech], AcOH, Otic Domeboro, methane carboxylic acid, acetic acid-, ethanoate, UN2789, MeCOOH, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 044001, NSC 132953, BRN 0506007, Acetic acid, diluted, Acetic acid [JAN], AI3-02394, CH3COOH, CH3-COOH, CH3CO2H, 10.Methanecarboxylic acid, CHEMBL539, Acetic acid-2-13C,d4, C2H4O2, Acetic-13C2 acid (8CI,9CI), Shotgun, MFCD00036152, Acetic acid, of a concentration of more than 10 per cent, by weight, of acetic acid, aceticacid, C2:0, acetyl alcohol, Vosol, WLN: QV1, Acetic acid, >=99.7%, Acetic acid (glacial) 100%, FEMA Number 2006, ACETIC-13C2-2-D3 ACID, 97 ATOM % 13C, 97 ATOM % D, Acetic acid, ACS reagent, >=99.7%, ACY, HSDB 40, CCRIS 5952, EINECS 200-580-7, Ethylate, acetate ester, acetate esters, acetic aicd, acetic-acid, Glacial acetate, acetic cid, actic acid, UNII-Q40Q9N063P, acetic -acid, Distilled vinegar, Methylformic acid, Methanecarboxylate, Acetic acid, glacial [USP:JAN], Acetasol (TN), Acetic acid,glacial, Acetic acid, p.a., Vinegar (Salt/Mix), MeCO2H, HOOCCH3, Acetic acid LC/MS Grade, E 260, ACETIC ACID [II], ACETIC ACID [MI], Acetic acid, ACS reagent, SCHEMBL469, SCHEMBL934, bmse000191, bmse000817, bmse000857, Otic Domeboro (Salt/Mix), EC 200-580-7, Acetic acid (JP18/NF), ACETIC ACID [FHFI], SCHEMBL2414, Acetic Acid [for LC-MS], ACETIC ACID [VANDF], NCIOpen2_000659, NCIOpen2_000682, SCHEMBL49318, SCHEMBL93370, ACETIC ACID [MART.], Acetic acid, glacial (USP), Glacial acetic acid EP grade, 4-02-00-00094 (Beilstein Handbook Reference), 77671-22-8, Glacial acetic acid (JP18), UN 2790 (Salt/Mix), ACETIC ACID [WHO-DD], ACETIC ACID [WHO-IP], Acetic acid, dilute (12%), SCHEMBL316938, ACETICUM ACIDUM [HPUS], INS No. 260, GTPL1058, orb3025960, SCHEMBL7472549, Acetic Acid Glacial HPLC Grade, Acetic acid, analytical standard, Acetic acid, Glacial USP grade, SCHEMBL29602535, CHEBI:47622, Acetic acid, puriss., >=80%, MSK7505, Acetic acid, 99.8%, anhydrous, Acetic acid, AR, >=99.8%, Acetic acid, LR, >=99.5%, Acetic acid, extra pure, 99.8%, Acetic acid, 99.5-100.0%, Acetic acid, glacial [for LC-MS], Acetic acid, Glacial, ACS Reagent, STR00276, Acetic acid, puriss., 99-100%, Tox21_301453, Acetic acid, glacial, >=99.85%, BDBM50074329, FA 2:0, LMFA01010002, MFCD00067265, NSC132953, NSC406306, STL264240, Acetic acid, for HPLC, >=99.8%, AKOS000268789, ACIDUM ACETICUM [WHO-IP LATIN], DB03166, UN 2789, Acetic acid, >=99.5%, FCC, FG, Acetic acid, natural, >=99.5%, FG, Acetic acid, ReagentPlus(R), >=99%, CAS-64-19-7, Acetic acid, USP, 99.5-100.5%, NCGC00255303-01, Acetic acid 1000 microg/mL in Methanol, Acetic acid, SAJ first grade, >=99.0%, DB-085748, A2035, Acetic acid 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, Acetic acid, >=99.99% trace metals basis, Acetic acid, JIS special grade, >=99.7%, Acetic acid, purified by double-distillation, NS00002089, Acetic acid, UV HPLC spectroscopic, 99.9%, EN300-18074, Acetic acid, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, >=99%, ACETIC-1-13C-2-D3 ACID-1 H (D), Bifido Selective Supplement B, for microbiology, C00033, D00010, ORLEX HC COMPONENT ACETIC ACID, GLACIAL, Q47512, VOSOL HC COMPONENT ACETIC ACID, GLACIAL, Acetic acid, glacial, electronic grade, 99.7%, TRIDESILON COMPONENT ACETIC ACID, GLACIAL, A834671, ACETASOL HC COMPONENT ACETIC ACID, GLACIAL, Acetic acid, >=99.7%, SAJ super special grade, F044721, SR-01000944354, SR-01000944354-1, Glacial acetic acid, meets USP testing specifications, InChI=1/C2H4O2/c1-2(3)4/h1H3,(H,3,4, Acetic acid, >=99.7%, suitable for amino acid analysis, USP Solution Acetic Acid 2.00 Normal Conforms to USP, Acetic acid, >=99.7%, for titration in non-aqueous medium, Acetic acid, for luminescence, BioUltra, >=99.5% (GC), Acetic acid, p.a., ACS reagent, reag. 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Glacial Acetic acid is a highly concentrated form of acetic acid, typically containing ≥99–100% acetic acid.
The term “glacial” refers to its tendency to solidify into ice-like crystals at temperatures below about 16.6 °C, not to its origin.
Glacial Acetic acid is the pure, water-free form of acetic acid.
Glacial Acetic acid is a colorless, clear liquid with a strong, sharp, vinegar-like odor.
Below its freezing point, it forms transparent crystalline solids.
Glacial Acetic acid is completely miscible with water, alcohols, ethers, and many organic solvents.
Glacial acetic acid is corrosive and hygroscopic.
It readily absorbs moisture from the air and releases heat when mixed with water.
This behavior distinguishes it from dilute acetic acid solutions.
Industrially, glacial acetic acid is a key chemical intermediate.
Glacial Acetic acid is used to manufacture vinyl acetate monomer, acetic anhydride, acetate esters, and cellulose acetate.
These products are essential in plastics, coatings, adhesives, and fibers.
In laboratories, glacial acetic acid is widely used as a reagent and solvent.
Glacial Acetic acid participates in esterification, acetylation, buffering systems, and analytical chemistry.
Its high purity makes it suitable for controlled chemical reactions.
Glacial acetic acid differs significantly from household vinegar.
Vinegar typically contains only 4–8% acetic acid in water.
Glacial acetic acid is far more concentrated and requires strict safety precautions.
Glacial Acetic acid is an important industrial and laboratory chemical.
Its value lies in its purity, reactivity, and versatility.
However, due to its corrosive nature, it must be handled with care.
Glacial Acetic acid is a colourless liquid or crystal with a sour, vinegar-like odour and is one of the simplest carboxylic acids and is an extensively used chemical reagent.
Glacial Acetic acid has wide application as a laboratory reagent, in the production of cellulose acetate mainly for photographic film and polyvinyl acetate for wood glue, synthetic fibres, and fabric materials.
Glacial Acetic acid has also been of large use as a descaling agent and acidity regulator in food industries.
Glacial Acetic acid is a simple monocarboxylic acid containing two carbons.
Glacial Acetic acid has a role as a protic solvent, a food acidity regulator, an antimicrobial food preservative and a Daphnia magna metabolite.
It is a conjugate acid of an acetate.
Glacial acetic acid plays an important role in chemical equilibria and acid–base chemistry.
Although classified as a weak acid in water, its high concentration gives it strong acidic behavior in practice.
This dual character makes it useful for controlled acidification without introducing water.
In organic synthesis, glacial acetic acid is frequently used as both reagent and reaction medium.
It can act as an acetylating agent precursor or as an acid catalyst.
Many oxidation, condensation, and rearrangement reactions rely on its presence.
Glacial acetic acid shows good compatibility with metal catalysts and reagents.
Glacial Acetic acid is often used in catalytic processes involving palladium, rhodium, or cobalt systems.
This is particularly important in large-scale industrial oxidation and carbonylation reactions.
In pharmaceutical manufacturing, glacial acetic acid is used to adjust pH, control salt formation, and purify intermediates.
Glacial Acetic acids volatility allows easy removal after processing.
This supports clean reaction workups and crystallization steps.
In textile and fiber processing, glacial acetic acid is used in cellulose acetate production.
It acts as both solvent and reactant in acetylation of cellulose.
This application is critical for producing acetate fibers and films.
Glacial acetic acid is also important in food and biotechnology processing, but only after controlled dilution.
Glacial Acetic acid is used for pH control, extraction, and preservation steps.
Strict regulations apply due to its corrosive nature in concentrated form.
Molecular formula: C2H4O2
Molecular weight: 60.05 g/mol
Melting point: 16.2 °C
Boiling point: 117–118 °C
Density: 1.049 g/mL (25 °C)
Specific gravity: 1.0492 (20 °C)
Vapor density: 2.07 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: 11.4 mm Hg (20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.371
FEMA: 2006 | Acetic acid
Flash point: 104 °F
Storage temperature: Store below +30 °C
Solubility: Miscible with alcohol
Form: Solution
Color: Colorless
pKa: 4.74 (25 °C)
pH range: 2.4 (1.0 M solution)
pH (1 mM): 3.91
pH (10 mM): 3.39
pH (100 mM): 2.88
Odor: Strong, pungent, vinegar-like (detectable at 0.2–1.0 ppm)
Odor type: Acidic
Odor threshold: 0.006 ppm
Explosive limit: 4–19.9% (v/v)
Biological source: Synthetic
Evaporation rate: 0.97
Glacial acetic acid, CH3COOH, is a colorless, volatile liquid at ambient temperatures.
The pure compound, glacial acetic acid, owes its name to its ice-like crystalline appearance at 15.6°C.
As generally supplied, acetic acid is a 6 N aqueous solution (about 36%) or a 1 N solution (about 6%).
These or other dilutions are used in adding appropriate amounts of acetic acid to foods.
Glacial acetic acid is the characteristic acid of vinegar, its concentration ranging from 3.5 to 5.6%.
Glacial acetic acid and acetates are present in most plants and animal tissues in small but detectable amounts.
They are normal metabolic intermediates, are produced by such bacterial species as Acetobacter and can be synthesized completely from carbon dioxide by such microorganisms as Clostridium thermoaceticum.
The rat forms acetate at the rate of 1% of its body weight per day.
Glacial acetic acid is a weak carboxylic acid with a pungent odor that exists as a liquid at room temperature.
Glacial acetic acid was probably the first acid to be produced in large quantities.
The name acetic comes from acetum, which is the Latin word for “sour” and relates to the fact that acetic acid is responsible for the bitter taste of fermented juices.
Glacial acetic acid has a well-defined freezing point of about 16.6 °C, which is unusually high for a small organic liquid.
At or below this temperature, it solidifies into clear, ice-like crystals, which is the origin of the term “glacial.”
This phase change is reversible and does not alter its chemical identity.
In solution chemistry, glacial acetic acid acts as a protic solvent with moderate polarity.
Glacial acetic acid can dissolve many organic compounds and some inorganic salts.
Its solvent properties make it useful for reactions that require acidic but non-aqueous conditions.
Glacial acetic acid exhibits self-association through hydrogen bonding.
Molecules often form dimers in the liquid and vapor phases.
This behavior influences its boiling point, vapor pressure, and spectroscopic properties.
From a reactivity standpoint, glacial acetic acid readily participates in esterification and acetylation reactions.
Glacial acetic acid reacts with alcohols to form acetate esters, often in the presence of an acid catalyst.
These reactions are fundamental in organic synthesis and industrial chemistry.
In aqueous systems, dilution of glacial acetic acid is strongly exothermic.
Heat is released as hydrogen bonds form between acetic acid and water molecules.
For safety, acetic acid should always be added slowly to water, not the reverse.
Glacial acetic acid is also important in buffer preparation.
When combined with acetate salts, it forms acetate buffer systems.
These buffers are widely used in biochemistry, microbiology, and analytical laboratories.
In materials science, glacial acetic acid is used to control pH and solubility during synthesis processes.
Glacial acetic acid plays a role in polymer processing, sol–gel chemistry, and surface treatments.
Its predictable acidity allows precise control of reaction environments.
Glacial acetic acid is valued not only as a chemical feedstock but also as a versatile solvent and reagent.
Its physical properties, hydrogen bonding, and reactivity make it central to many laboratory and industrial operations.
From a physical chemistry perspective, glacial acetic acid is often used as a model hydrogen-bonding liquid.
Its dimer formation is studied in spectroscopy and thermodynamics.
These studies help explain intermolecular forces in carboxylic acids.
Glacial acetic acid is valued for its purity, reactivity, and controllability.
It bridges laboratory chemistry and large-scale industrial production.
Glacial acetic acids usefulness is balanced by the need for careful handling and respect for its corrosive properties.
Uses:
Glacial acetic acid is an important industrial chemical.
The reaction of acetic acid with hydroxyl containing compounds, especially alcohols, results in the formation of acetate esters.
The largest use of acetic acid is in the production of vinyl acetate.
Vinyl acetate can be produced through the reaction of acetylene and acetic acid.
Glacial acetic acid is also produced from ethylene and acetic acid. Vinyl acetate is polymerized into polyvinyl acetate (PVA), which is used in the production of fibers, films, adhesives, and latex paints.
Glacial acetic acid, which is used in textiles and photographic film, is produced by reacting cellulose with acetic acid and acetic anhydride in the presence of sulfuric acid.
Other esters of acetic acid, such as ethyl acetate and propyl acetate, are used in a variety of applications.
Glacial acetic acid is used to produce the plastic polyethylene terephthalate (PET).
Glacial acetic acid is used to produce pharmaceuticals.
Glacial acetic acid is an acidulant that is a clear, colorless liquid which has an acid taste when diluted with water.
It is 99.5% or higher in purity and crystallizes at 17°c.
Glacial acetic acid is used in salad dressings in a diluted form to provide the required acetic acid.
Glacial acetic acid is used as a preservative, acidulant, and flavoring agent.
Glacial acetic acid is also termed acetic acid, glacial.
Glacial acetic acid is used as table vinegar, as preservative and as an intermediate in the chemical industry, e.g. acetate fibers, acetates, acetonitrile, pharmaceuticals, fragrances, softening agents, dyes (indigo) etc.
Glacial acetic acid is widely used in chemical manufacturing as a key raw material.
Glacial acetic acid is a precursor for vinyl acetate monomer, acetic anhydride, and acetate esters.
These products are essential in plastics, adhesives, coatings, and synthetic fibers.
In laboratory and analytical chemistry, glacial acetic acid is used as a reagent and solvent.
It is employed in esterification, acetylation, and acid-catalyzed reactions.
Glacial acetic acid is also used to prepare acetate buffer solutions.
In pharmaceutical production, glacial acetic acid is used for pH adjustment and salt formation.
Glacial acetic acid aids in crystallization and purification of active pharmaceutical ingredients.
Its volatility allows easy removal after processing.
In textile and polymer industries, it is used in the manufacture of cellulose acetate.
This process produces acetate fibers, films, and plastics.
Glacial acetic acid acts as both solvent and reactant in acetylation steps.
In food processing, glacial acetic acid is used after controlled dilution.
Glacial acetic acid functions as an acidity regulator, preservative, and extraction aid.
Strict regulations govern its use due to its concentrated corrosive form.
In biotechnology and microbiology, it is used to control pH in fermentation and extraction processes.
It helps maintain optimal conditions for biological reactions.
Only diluted forms are used in biological systems.
In metal treatment and surface processing, glacial acetic acid is used for cleaning and pickling.
It removes oxides and residues from metal surfaces.
This improves adhesion and surface quality.
In photography and printing, it has been used in stop baths and processing solutions.
It helps halt chemical reactions at precise stages.
These applications rely on its predictable acidity.
Glacial acetic acid is used where high-purity acidity, solvent capability, and chemical reactivity are required.
Glacial acetic acid is used in adhesive and sealant formulations.
Glacial acetic acid serves as a solvent and pH regulator during production of acetate-based adhesives.
This supports consistent viscosity and bonding performance.
In coatings and paints, glacial acetic acid is used during resin synthesis and formulation.
It helps control polymerization conditions and solubility of intermediates.
This is important for producing stable, high-quality coating systems.
In rubber and elastomer processing, it is used to neutralize alkaline residues and adjust processing conditions.
This improves material consistency and downstream performance.
Applications are typically limited to controlled industrial environments.
Glacial acetic acid is applied in leather processing and tanning.
It is used for pH adjustment and fixation of tanning agents.
This helps achieve uniform treatment and improved leather quality.
In agricultural and agrochemical manufacturing, it is used as a processing aid.
It assists in formulation and stabilization of certain active ingredients.
Direct application is always in diluted, regulated forms.
In water treatment and laboratory-scale purification, glacial acetic acid is used to regenerate ion-exchange resins.
It also aids in cleaning and descaling procedures.
These uses rely on its controlled acidity.
In chemical synthesis research, glacial acetic acid is used as a reaction medium for nitration, oxidation, and condensation reactions.
Its predictable behavior allows fine control of reaction rates and selectivity.
This makes it a preferred solvent in many organic synthesis protocols.
Glacial acetic acid is also used in quality control and calibration.
It serves as a reference acid in titrations and analytical methods.
This supports accurate chemical measurement and standardization.
Glacial acetic acid is selected in applications requiring precise acidity, high purity, and multifunctional solvent behavior.
Its uses span manufacturing, research, and processing industries.
Safety Profile:
A human poison by an unspecified route.
Moderately toxic by various routes a severe eye and skin irritant.
Can cause burns, lachrymation, and conjunctivitis.
Human systemic effects by ingestion: changes in the esophagus, ulceration, or bleeding from the small and large intestines.
Human systemic irritant effects and mucous membrane irritant experimental reproductive effects.
Glacial acetic acid is classified as a corrosive substance and presents significant hazards in concentrated form.
Glacial acetic acid can cause severe chemical burns and must be handled with strict safety precautions.
Its risks are substantially greater than those of dilute acetic acid solutions such as vinegar.
Skin contact can result in serious burns, blistering, and tissue damage.
Even short exposure may cause irritation, while prolonged contact can lead to deep chemical injury.
Protective gloves, lab coats, and chemical-resistant materials are required.
Eye contact may cause severe irritation or permanent damage.
Symptoms include intense pain, redness, and possible vision impairment.
Immediate and prolonged rinsing with water is essential in case of exposure.
Inhalation of vapors may cause respiratory tract irritation.
High concentrations can lead to coughing, difficulty breathing, and lung irritation.
Adequate ventilation or fume hood use is necessary when handling.
Ingestion of glacial acetic acid is highly dangerous.
It can cause severe burns to the mouth, throat, and stomach.
Immediate medical attention is required if swallowed.
Glacial acetic acid is flammable, with a flash point around 39 °C (depending on purity).
Glacial acetic acid can form combustible vapors in air.
It should be kept away from heat, sparks, and open flames.
