GLUTATHIONE

Glutathione is a tripeptide with a gamma peptide linkage between the carboxyl group of the glutamate side chain and cysteine. 
Glutathione is a tripeptide (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine) widely distributed in both plants and animals. 
Glutathione is an antioxidant found naturally in your body.

CAS Number: 70-18-8
Molecular Formula: C10H17N3O6S
Molecular Weight: 307.32
EINECS Number: 200-725-4

Glutathione serves as a nucleophilic co-substrate to glutathione transferases in the detoxification of xenobiotics and is an essential electron donor to glutathione peroxidases in the reduction of hydroperoxides. 
Glutathione is also involved in amino acid transport and maintenance of protein sulfhydryl reduction status. 

The concentration of Glutathione ranges from a few micromolar in plasma to several millimolar in tissues such as liver.
Glutathione is a substance made from the amino acids glycine, cysteine, and glutamic acid. 
Glutathione is produced by the liver and involved in many body processes.

Glutathione is involved in tissue building and repair, making chemicals and proteins needed in the body, and in immune system function.
Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant that may help protect the body from disease, slow cancer progression, and improve insulin sensitivity, among other benefits.
Glutathione is the most important nonprotein thiol widely distributed in animal tissues, plants, and microorganisms. 

Glutathione is also a key determinant of redox signaling and protection against oxidative stress.
Pharmaceutical secondary standards for application in quality control, provide pharma laboratories and manufacturers with a convenient and cost-effective alternative to the preparation of in-house working standards.

Glutathione (GSH, /ˌɡluːtəˈθaɪoʊn/) is an antioxidant in plants, animals, fungi, and some bacteria and archaea. 
Glutathione is capable of preventing damage to important cellular components caused by sources such as reactive oxygen species, free radicals, peroxides, lipid peroxides, and heavy metals.

The carboxyl group of the cysteine residue is attached by normal peptide linkage to glycine.
Glutathione biosynthesis involves two adenosine triphosphate-dependent steps:
First, γ-glutamylcysteine is synthesized from L-glutamate and cysteine. 

This conversion requires the enzyme glutamate–cysteine ligase (GCL, glutamate cysteine synthase). 
This reaction is the rate-limiting step in glutathione synthesis.
Second, Glutathione is added to the C-terminal of γ-glutamylcysteine. 

This condensation is catalyzed by glutathione synthetase.
While all animal cells are capable of synthesizing glutathione, glutathione synthesis in the liver has been shown to be essential. 
GCLC knockout mice die within a month of birth due to the absence of hepatic Glutathione synthesis.

The unusual gamma amide linkage in glutathione protects it from hydrolysis by peptidases.
Antioxidants are one of the body’s most powerful tools for preventing cell damage and keeping you healthy. 
Some antioxidants, like glutathione, are produced within the body. 

Although it has many uses, glutathione also has amazing anti-aging properties to help you maintain a brighter, more even complexion.
Glutathione is a naturally-occurring antioxidant that is typically produced by the liver. 
Although it has many medical uses, this powerful compound can work magic on your skin. 

Glutathione is present during vital bodily functions like tissue building, producing proteins and chemicals, and boosting the immune system. 
Glutathione is composed of glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine by peptide bonds condensation of three peptide compounds,which is the most important antioxidant stress of low molecular mercaptan in mammalian cells.

Also known as the antioxidant master of nature, the appearance is colorless transparent thin granular crystal, it is soluble in water, dilute alcohol, liquid ammonia, dimethyl formamide,and it’s insoluble in ethanol, ether, acetone.
Glutathiones solid character is stable, its aqueous solution is easy oxidized in the air for oxidized glutathione, widely exists in baker's yeast, wheat germ, animal liver, chicken blood, pig blood, tomato, pineapple, cucumber, of which is highest in the wheat germ and liver, content as high as 100~1000 mg/100 g.

With antioxidant, scavenging free radicals, detoxification, enhance immunity, anti-aging, anti-cancer, anti radiation damage, and other functions.
Glutathione also helps white blood cells to kill bacteria and prevent the oxidation of the vitamins C and E, to prevent stroke and cataract formation.
In addition, glutathione can bind the carcinogen, than excrete them through the urine in vitro.

The liver is the most important detoxification organs, which contains rich in glutathione (GSH) on the liver function such as synthesis, detoxification, estrogen inactivated protection.
Glutathione is the first anti-oxidant that the human body is to counteract the damage of free radicals, and the free radical is a contributing factor to the aging and disease.
When the liver is damage, such as suffering from all kinds of liver disease, the body will consume large amounts of Glutathione to help repair the injured liver and detoxification, that cause the body's glutathione are greatly reduced.

But this time we need to take some glutathione peptide drugs, is advantageous to the injury of liver to repair itself.
Thus, glutathione peptide drugs are suitable for viral hepatitis (hepatitis a and hepatitis b, etc.), alcoholic liver disease,drug-induced liver disease, fatty liver disease ,it’s a good medicine to protect liver.

Glutathione is the most abundant thiol in animal cells, ranging from 0.5 to 10 mmol/L. 
Glutathione is present in the cytosol and the organelles.
Human beings synthesize glutathione, but a few eukaryotes do not, including some members of Fabaceae, Entamoeba, and Giardia. 

The only known archaea that make glutathione are halobacteria. 
Some bacteria, such as "Cyanobacteria" and Pseudomonadota, can biosynthesize glutathione.
Glutathione (Glutathione, GSH) is made up of glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine by peptide bonds condensation of three peptide compounds, chemical name called gamma-L-glutamine-L-in ammonia acyl-glycine,the Glutathione and other peptide and protein is different, it's a special peptide bond in the molecule,by glutamate gamma carboxyl (-COOH) and alpha amino-cysteine (NH2) peptidebond condensation.

Glutathione acts as an antioxidant that scavenges free radicals produced during cellular metabolism. 
Glutathione is a simple protein composed of three amino acids: glutamate, glycine and cysteine.
This tripeptide is involved in different cellular pathways and reactions. 

Glutathione is involved in lipid synthesis, breakdown and cellular immunity. 
Glutathione has two forms: oxidised glutathione (GSSH) and reduced glutathione (GSH). 
To maintain healthy cells and tissues, there must be a balance between the production of antioxidants and free radicals. 

When there is an imbalance, this can lead to injury of the cells and cellular death called apoptosis and early aging. 
Hopkins first discovered glutathione as early as 1921 , than divided it into reduced glutathione (GSH) and oxidative type (GSSG) two kinds.
Glutathione exists in all living cells, it’s higher in yeast, wheat germ and liver, 100~1000 mg/100 g.

According to recent data, S.c erevisiae Jacqueline Nottingham-5-8 strains of GSH content of up to 3058 mg/3058 g.
In dry yeast type oxidation Glutathione exists, and almost all people in red blood cells were reduced glutathione, Glutathione can be synthesized in the red blood cells.
Glutathione molecule contains a lively mercapto-SH, susceptible to oxidative dehydrogenation, two molecules of reduced glutathione (GSH) into a molecular dehydrogenation oxidation type glutathione (GSSG).

Peptide by oxidation type in two three disulfide bond together, which play an important physiological role in living organisms is reduced glutathione, GSSG as GSH is physiological activity.
Glutathione is an important antioxidant that is found naturally in the body and plays a vital role in many of our bodily functions. 
Glutathione is composed of three amino acids – cysteine, glycine, and glutamate – and is produced naturally in the human body. 

Glutathione’s also known as GSH for short. 
Glutathione can also be taken as a supplement to support healthy immune function, improve skin health, and other health benefits. 
However, it is important to understand the safe dosage levels and potential side effects of taking glutathione supplements before you start taking them.

Glutathione molecular weight of 307.33, melting point of 189~193 ℃ (decomposition), crystal is colorless transparent thin cylindrical in shape and isoelectric point of 5.93.
Glutathione is soluble in water, dilute alcohol, liquid ammonia and methyl formamide, and insoluble in alcohol, ether and acetone.Organisms only with physiological activity, Glutathione and GSSG need to restore to play its important physiological functions.
The Glutathione under high water activity is not easy to save, only controlling the water activity below 0.3 to long-term stability.

Studies have found that in vitamin C (pH3.3) in aqueous solution containing Glutathione, with strong reducing effect of vitamin C, GSH no oxidation of solution for the GSSG, but the decomposition speed is accelerated;But in the vitamin C solution GSSG will not change as Glutathione, and save the stability is very good.
And oral intake of GSSG in the upper small intestine can be restored as Glutathione, in the small intestine epithelial cell surface by gamma GTP (GSH is decomposed into glutamic acid and Cys-Gly) and the role of the dipeptide enzyme and is absorbed, can also play an important physiological function.

Glutathione is widely found in animals and plants, and the contents of the bread yeast, wheat germ and animal liver are very high,100~100 mg/1000 g;Content is also rich in human and animal blood, such as human blood contains 26~34 mg/100 g, chicken blood contains 58-73 mg/73 g, pig blood contains 10~15 mg/100 g, the dog blood contains 14~22 mg/100 g.Many vegetables, potato and corn also contains Glutathione.
Glutathione exists in reduced (GSH) and oxidized (GSSG) states.

The ratio of reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione within cells is a measure of cellular oxidative stress where increased GSSG-to-GSH ratio is indicative of greater oxidative stress. 
In healthy cells and tissue, more than 90% of the total glutathione pool is in the reduced form (GSH), with the remainder in the disulfide form (GSSG).
In the reduced state, the thiol group of cysteinyl residue is a source of one reducing equivalent. 

Glutathione disulfide (GSSG) is thereby generated. The oxidized state is converted to the reduced state by NADPH.
This conversion is catalyzed by glutathione reductase:
NADPH + GSSG + H2O → 2 GSH + NADP+ + OH−

Glutathione is synthesized in the body from the amino acids l-cysteine, l-glutamic acid and glycine. 
Glutathione is a key component of the antioxidant system which protects the body from free radicals at the cellular level.
Glutathione, reduced is an endogenous tripeptide (γ-glutamylcysteinylglycine) widely found in plants and animals. 

Glutathione is the predominant non-protein thiol found in animal tissues and in many physiological fluids. 
An antioxidant involved in amino acid transport and maintenance of protein sulfhydryl reduction status. 
Glutathione posseses several metabolic, regulatory, and protective functions. 

Glutathione is a tripeptide molecule composed of three amino acids: glutamine, cysteine, and glycine. 
Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant that plays a crucial role in protecting cells from oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals and reactive oxygen species. 
Glutathione is naturally produced in the body and is found in nearly every cell, with particularly high concentrations in the liver.

Glutathione Synthesis: Glutathione is synthesized within the cells, primarily in the liver.
Glutathione is a tripeptide composed of three amino acids: glutamine, cysteine, and glycine. 
The availability of cysteine, which contains a sulfur atom, is often the rate-limiting factor in the synthesis of glutathione.

Diet and Glutathione: Consuming a diet rich in sulfur-containing foods, such as garlic, onions, and cruciferous vegetables (e.g., broccoli, Brussels sprouts), can help support the body's natural production of glutathione. 
Additionally, certain foods like whey protein and alpha-lipoic acid can also promote glutathione synthesis.

Glutathione is part of the body's antioxidant network, which includes other antioxidants like vitamins C and E, as well as enzymes like superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase. 
These antioxidants work together to neutralize free radicals and protect cells from damage.
Reduced levels of glutathione have been associated with a variety of health conditions.

Glutathione is essential for detoxifying the liver and protecting it from damage. 
Glutathione plays a critical role in the liver's ability to process and eliminate toxins.
Some research suggests that glutathione deficiency may be linked to neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's disease, although the exact mechanisms are still being studied.

Glutathione's role in detoxification and cell protection has led to investigations into its potential role in cancer prevention and treatment. 
However, its role in cancer is complex and context-dependent.
Glutathione has been studied in the context of HIV/AIDS, as some patients with this condition have lower glutathione levels. 

Glutathione may play a role in immune function and the progression of the disease.
Glutathione supplements are available in various forms, including oral capsules, intravenous injections, and topical creams. 

However, the effectiveness of oral supplementation is a subject of debate, as Glutathione is broken down in the digestive system, making it challenging to raise blood levels significantly through oral intake. 
Intravenous administration is more direct but should be done under medical supervision.

Melting point: 192-195 °C (dec.) (lit.)
alpha: -16.5 º (c=2, H2O)
Boiling point: 754.5±60.0 °C(Predicted)
Density: 1.4482 (rough estimate)
refractive index: -17 ° (C=2, H2O)
storage temp.: 2-8°C
solubility: H2O: 50 mg/mL
form: powder
pka: pK1 2.12; pK2 3.53; pK3 8.66; pK4 9.12(at 25℃)
color: White
PH: 3 (10g/l, H2O, 20°C)
Odor: Odorless
Water Solubility: soluble
Merck: 14,4475
BRN: 1729812
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
InChIKey: RWSXRVCMGQZWBV-WDSKDSINSA-N
LogP: -1.645 (est)

Among the many metabolic processes in which it participates, glutathione is required for the biosynthesis of leukotrienes and prostaglandins. 
Glutathione plays a role in the storage of cysteine. 
Glutathione enhances the function of citrulline as part of the nitric oxide cycle.

Glutathione is a cofactor and acts on glutathione peroxidase.
Glutathione is used to produce S-sulfanylglutathione, which is part of hydrogen sulfide metabolism.
Glutathione acts as a potent antioxidant, neutralizing harmful free radicals and protecting cells from oxidative damage. 

This helps maintain cellular health and prevents DNA, protein, and lipid damage.
Glutathione plays a central role in detoxifying the body by binding to and aiding in the removal of various toxins and pollutants, including heavy metals, drugs, and carcinogens.
Glutathione supports the immune system by helping white blood cells function effectively in defending the body against infections and illnesses.

Glutathione has the ability to regenerate other antioxidants such as vitamin C and vitamin E, enhancing their effectiveness in combating oxidative stress.
Glutathione helps maintain the structure and function of proteins in the body by protecting them from damage caused by oxidative stress.
Some people use glutathione supplements or topical products for potential skin-lightening and anti-aging effects, although the effectiveness of such applications is a subject of ongoing research and debate.

Glutathione levels have been linked to various health conditions, including neurodegenerative diseases, liver diseases, and autoimmune disorders. 
Imbalances in glutathione levels may contribute to the development or progression of these conditions.

Reduced glutathione (GSH) is a kind of important material in the cell, which is composed of glutamic acid, cysteine and glycine, containing sulphur, in order to maintain cell biological functions play an important role, has a variety of biological functions, including participation in the Krebs cycle and sugar metabolism,which is glyceraldehyde triose phosphate dehydrogenase and phosphoric acid dehydrogenase coenzyme, to activate a variety of enzymes, promote sugar, fat and protein metabolism, influence the process of cell metabolism;Through the thiol and free radicals in the body and the electronic base,than change into easy metabolic acids substances, accelerate the elimination of the free radicals, and avoid damage to the cell, reduce the toxic effects of chemotherapy, radiotherapy, protect the renal tubules from damage of cisplatin Glutathione can be used to protect the liver, the synthesis of the liver, the function of the toxin, and the toxin, promote the metabolism of bile acids, which is beneficial to the absorption of fat and fat soluble vitamins. 

Apply to alleviate chemotherapy, radiation therapy, especially the toxic effects of high-dose chemotherapy;Or for the treatment of all kinds of hypoxemia, such as acute anemia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, sepsis, etc.;Glutathione can be used for liver diseases, including viral, drugs, alcohol and other chemical toxicity caused by the treatment of liver damage.In addition reduced glutathione can also be used for organophosphorus, amino, or aid in the treatment of nitro aromatic compounds poisoning.
For acute drug-induced renal injury, uremia, diabetes complications, and also have therapeutic effect of neuropathy.

In the combination of Glutathione, the catalytic activity of glutathione-S-transferase and the combination of exogenous chemicals or their metabolites, which can decrease the toxicity and increase the polarity, is one of the most important methods in the biological transformation.
When is suitable for the reaction of exogenous chemicals in large doses, may make the depletion of glutathione, a metabolic saturation (metabolic saturation), and in combined with the amount of time no longer increases with the increase of the exogenous chemicals dosage.

The corresponding exogenous chemical toxicity, then the dose-response curve with a low dose not, the poison dynamics is characterized by nonlinear dynamics.
Glutathione depletion mixed order is some kind of exogenous chemicals dosage is too large, also can be due to another foreign competition the combination effect of chemicals, or because of undernutrition or tissue damage that glutathione reduced supplies.GSH depletion have any condition that causes can make the original tolerance dose of poison.
Many biochemical reactions in the human body are enzyme catalyzed reactions, most of these enzymes with thiol as active groups, the state of the thiol group determines the activation and inhibition of enzyme activity. 

Glutathione is natural activator, these enzymes in cells containing sulphur human body cell metabolism can be generated by H2O2 back into H2O, remove free radicals in the body.
Free radicals can damage the cell membrane, promote the body's aging, and induce tumor or hardening of the arteries.
Of anti peroxidation to human cells, but also can improve the antioxidant ability of skin, make skin burnish.

Human aging, infections, poisoning, exogenous toxins, oxidative stress, electrophilic compound attack can be made within the cell plasma Glutathione level reduces, the phenomenon of apoptosis occurs in very early stage, its degradation process can be observed in the early apoptosis, so it can be observed in the early stage of apoptosis.
Glutathione can eliminate lipid oxidation generating , and has the oxidation resistance to grease, still can prevent the sapidity nucleotide (inosinic acid, guanylic acid) food (fish cake, sausage, soy sauce, etc.) of the nucleotide decomposition and lose taste delicious taste.

Glutathione levels tend to decline as individuals age. 
This decrease in glutathione levels may contribute to the aging process and age-related diseases, as oxidative stress is believed to play a role in aging. 
Some researchers are exploring the potential benefits of supplementing with glutathione or its precursors to combat age-related health issues.

Intense physical exercise can lead to oxidative stress in the body due to increased oxygen consumption. 
Athletes and individuals who engage in regular vigorous exercise may be interested in glutathione's role in reducing exercise-induced oxidative damage and improving recovery. 
Some studies suggest that supplementing with antioxidants, including glutathione precursors like N-acetylcysteine (NAC), may have benefits in this context.

Glutathione is a biochemical process in the body that involves the addition of a methyl group to various molecules. 
Glutathione reactions are critical for numerous functions, including the synthesis and recycling of glutathione. 
Individuals with certain genetic variations affecting methylation pathways may have altered glutathione metabolism and might require special attention to their glutathione levels.

Some individuals use glutathione supplements, creams, or injections for potential skin-lightening effects. 
However, the safety and efficacy of these products for cosmetic purposes remain a topic of debate and ongoing research. 
Glutathione essential to be cautious and consult a dermatologist or healthcare provider before using glutathione for skin-related purposes.

Research on glutathione continues to expand, with ongoing investigations into its potential benefits for various health conditions, including respiratory diseases, cardiovascular health, and even mental health disorders. 
Clinical trials are essential to validate the safety and effectiveness of glutathione interventions.
In rare cases, individuals may have genetic disorders or medical conditions that lead to a deficiency in glutathione. 

Such deficiencies can be associated with severe health issues and may require specialized medical management.
Glutathione supplements could potentially interact with certain medications, and your healthcare provider can help you assess the potential risks and benefits.

Glutathione supplementation has been evaluated in clinical trials in various formulations (eg, oral, intravenous [IV], topical, intranasal, nebulized) for its effects on HIV, Parkinson disease, Alzheimer disease, autism, cystic fibrosis, and cardiovascular diseases, among other conditions. 
N-acetylcysteine, as the precursor to glutathione, has demonstrated efficacy in raising glutathione levels and is frequently chosen for this purpose.

Mechanism of action:
Glutathione (GSH) participates in leukotriene synthesis and is a cofactor for the enzyme glutathione peroxidase. 
Glutathione also plays a role in the hepatic biotransformation and detoxification process; it acts as a hydrophilic molecule that is added to other lipophilic toxins or wastes prior to entering biliary excretion.
Glutathione participates in the detoxification of methylglyoxal, a toxic by-product of metabolism, mediated by glyoxalase enzymes. 

Glyoxalase I catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to S-D-Lactoyl-glutathione. 
Glyoxalase II catalyzes the conversion of S-D-Lactoyl Glutathione to Reduced Glutathione and D-lactate. 
Glyoxalase I catalyzes the conversion of methylglyoxal and reduced glutathione to S-D-Lactoyl-glutathione. 

Glyoxalase II catalyzes the conversion of S-D-Lactoyl Glutathione to Reduced Glutathione and D-lactate. 
Glutathione is a cofactor of conjugation and reduction reactions that are catalyzed by glutathione S-transferase enzymes expressed in the cytosol, microsomes, and mitochondria. 
However, Glutathione is capable of participating in non-enzymatic conjugation with some chemicals, as it is hypothesized to do to a significant extent with n-acetyl-p-benzoquinone imine (NAPQI), the reactive cytochrome P450 reactive metabolite formed by toxic overdose of acetaminophen. 

Glutathione in this capacity binds to NAPQI as a suicide substrate and in the process detoxifies it, taking the place of cellular protein sulfhydryl groups which would otherwise be toxically adducted. 
The preferred medical treatment to an overdose of this nature, whose efficacy has been consistently supported in literature, is the administration (usually in atomized form) of N-acetylcysteine, which is used by cells to replace spent GSSG and allow a usable Glutathione pool.

Uses Of Glutathione:
Glutathione is a kind of small molecular peptide, a large number of peptides in living organisms, especially in liver cells, protect the liver cell membrane, promote the role of liver enzyme activity, and with a number of toxic chemicals in combination with play the role of detoxification.
To the drug poisoning, alcoholism and other causes of liver injury, disease such as cirrhosis of the liver have good curative effect.

With antioxidant, scavenging free radicals, detoxification, enhance immunity, anti-aging, anti-cancer, anti radiation damage, and other functions.
Glutathione is used as biochemical reagents,detoxification drugs, it is mainly used for the poisoning of heavy metals, acrylonitrile, fluoride, carbon monoxide and organic solvents.
Glutathione is a peptide composed of cysteine, glycine, and glutamate. 

Glutathione is believed to enhance the skin’s cellular metabolism and oxygen utilization. 
Glutathione has been found to protect the fibroblast against free radical-induced oxidation and act as a powerful antioxidant. 
Studies indicate that it can inactivate the tyrosinase enzyme and quench free radicals that contribute to tyrosinase and melanin formation, thereby serving as a skin-lightening or de- pigmenting agent. 

Glutathione is a component of plant and animal tissue, naturally occurring in the body and essential for the proper functioning of the immune system.
Glutathione has been used to treat a wide range of medical conditions for many years, but recently, more people are turning to glutathione supplements and intravenous (IV) therapy to improve their overall health. 
By increasing levels of glutathione, patients can expect numerous health benefits including improved immune system function, anti-aging effects, and detoxification. 

Glutathione is a powerful antioxidant that helps protect cells from oxidative stress and damage caused by free radicals. 
This general antioxidant property can have wide-ranging health benefits, including reducing the risk of chronic diseases associated with oxidative damage.
Glutathione plays a central role in the detoxification of the body, particularly in the liver. 

Glutathione helps the body eliminate various toxins, drugs, heavy metals, and environmental pollutants. 
This detoxifying function is essential for maintaining overall health.
Given its crucial role in detoxification, glutathione is often used to support liver health. 

Glutathione may be used in cases of liver diseases, toxin exposure, or alcohol abuse to help protect and repair liver cells.
Glutathione supports the immune system by enhancing the activity of immune cells, particularly white blood cells. 
This can help the body in its defense against infections and illnesses.

Some individuals use glutathione supplements or topical products for potential anti-aging and skin-lightening effects. 
Glutathione is believed to reduce the production of melanin, which can lead to a brighter complexion.
Glutathione is sometimes used as a supplemental therapy in respiratory conditions like chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) and asthma. 

Glutathione may help reduce inflammation and improve lung function.
There is ongoing research into the potential use of glutathione in neurodegenerative diseases like Parkinson's and Alzheimer's. 
Glutathione antioxidant and neuroprotective properties make it of interest in these conditions.

Some athletes and fitness enthusiasts use glutathione supplements or its precursors, such as N-acetylcysteine (NAC), to potentially improve exercise performance and recovery by reducing oxidative stress and muscle damage.
Glutathione has been investigated for its potential role in mental health, including mood disorders and conditions like autism spectrum disorder. 
More research is needed in this area.

While not a standalone treatment, glutathione is sometimes used as part of complementary and integrative cancer care to support overall health and reduce the side effects of cancer treatments like chemotherapy.
Glutathione may be used in the treatment of certain skin conditions, such as melasma and hyperpigmentation, to help lighten dark spots and improve skin tone.
Glutathione is present in the eye's lens and plays a role in protecting against oxidative damage. 

Glutathione may be of interest in eye health and the prevention of cataracts and other age-related eye conditions.
Glutathione is used in the treatment of lung diseases for patients who are HIV positive. 
Glutathione protects the cancerous cells by conferring resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs. 

Glutathione is involved in many aspects of metabolism including transport of g-glutanyl amino acids and reductive cleavage of disulfide bonds. 
As an antioxidant, it prevents damage to important cellular components that arise due to reactive oxygen species like free radicals and peroxide. 
Glutathione is also used to decrease the concentrations of inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, IL-18) as well as involved in increasing the level of serum Ca2+ ions. 

Glutathione is also used in white wine production.
Some people use glutathione supplements as a potential remedy for reducing the symptoms of a hangover. 
Alcohol metabolism depletes glutathione, and supplementing with it may help the body process alcohol-related toxins more efficiently.

Glutathione has been explored as a possible therapy for chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) or myalgic encephalomyelitis (ME). 
Some studies suggest that intravenous glutathione may improve symptoms in some individuals with CFS, although further research is needed.
Glutathione has been studied for its potential neuroprotective effects in Parkinson's disease. 

Glutathione may help protect dopaminergic neurons from oxidative stress, which is a characteristic feature of the disease.
In cases of radiation therapy for cancer treatment, glutathione may be used to help protect healthy cells from radiation-induced damage. 
Glutathione is often administered intravenously in this context.

Glutathione is present in high concentrations in semen and is important for sperm health. 
Some men with fertility issues may consider glutathione supplementation to improve sperm quality.
Some studies have explored the use of glutathione in children with autism, as there is evidence of oxidative stress in some individuals with ASD. 

However, the efficacy and safety of this approach are still under investigation.
Glutathione may play a role in wound healing and tissue repair. 
Some healthcare providers use glutathione as part of wound care protocols.

Glutathione may offer protection against UV radiation damage to the skin, which can help reduce the risk of sunburn and skin aging. 
However, it should not be used as a sole method of sun protection.
Glutathione has been studied in relation to certain eye conditions, such as glaucoma and macular degeneration.

Some research suggests that it may have a protective role in maintaining eye health.
Some studies have investigated the use of glutathione as a complementary therapy in individuals with HIV/AIDS.
Glutathione's role in supporting the immune system has led to its exploration as a potential supplement for those living with the virus. 

However, its effectiveness remains a subject of research.
Glutathione is sometimes used as part of integrative cancer care to support patients undergoing chemotherapy.
It may help reduce chemotherapy-related side effects and improve overall well-being, although it should be used under medical supervision.

Glutathione is included in some cosmetic and skincare products marketed as antioxidants. 
These products claim to offer skin protection and anti-aging benefits, although the efficacy of topical glutathione in skincare is still debated.
N-acetylcysteine (NAC), a precursor of glutathione, is used as an antidote for acetaminophen (paracetamol) poisoning. 

Glutathione helps replenish glutathione levels in the liver and prevent liver damage caused by the overdose of this common pain reliever.
There is some ongoing research into the potential use of glutathione in managing multiple sclerosis (MS), an autoimmune disease that affects the central nervous system. 
Glutathione's antioxidant properties may play a role in reducing inflammation and protecting nerve cells.

Some individuals with chronic inflammatory conditions, such as rheumatoid arthritis and inflammatory bowel disease, may consider glutathione supplementation as part of their integrative treatment plan. 
Glutathione may help modulate inflammation and support overall health.

Research is exploring whether oxidative stress and glutathione imbalances play a role in the development and progression of Alzheimer's disease. 
Studies are ongoing to investigate the potential benefits of glutathione supplementation in Alzheimer's management.

In ophthalmology, glutathione eye drops are sometimes used to help manage conditions like cataracts and dry eye syndrome. 
These drops aim to provide antioxidant support and promote eye health.

Glutathione has been studied in the context of diabetic neuropathy, a condition characterized by nerve damage due to diabetes. 
Glutathione may help reduce oxidative stress and improve nerve function in some cases.

Safety Profile Of Glutathione:
Some individuals may be sensitive or allergic to glutathione supplements or the substances used as carriers or additives in the supplements. 
Allergic reactions can range from mild skin rashes to severe anaphylactic reactions, which can be life-threatening.

High doses of oral glutathione supplements may cause gastrointestinal discomfort, including nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea. 
These symptoms can be particularly common with poorly absorbed forms of glutathione.

Glutathione supplements may interact with certain medications. 
For example, Glutathione could potentially interfere with the action of some chemotherapy drugs.
Glutathione's essential to consult with a healthcare provider if you're taking medications and considering glutathione supplementation.

How an individual responds to glutathione supplementation can vary. 
Some people may benefit from Glutathione, while others may not experience noticeable effects or may even experience adverse reactions.

The use of glutathione for skin-lightening purposes is a topic of controversy and debate. 
The long-term safety and effectiveness of glutathione for skin lightening are not well-established, and there are concerns about potential side effects and uneven skin tone.

Synonyms Of Glutathione:
glutathione
70-18-8
L-Glutathione
Glutathion
Isethion
L-Glutathione reduced
Tathion
Glutathione-SH
reduced glutathione
Glutinal
Tathione
Deltathione
Neuthion
Copren
Glutide
Triptide
Ledac
Glutatione
GSH
Glutatiol
Panaron
Glutathione SH
L-Glutatione
Glutathione (reduced)
glutathione reduced
gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
Agifutol S
gamma-L-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
Glutathione [JAN]
5-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
Glutham
Aec glutathione
L-Glutathione, reduced
L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
gamma-L-Glutamylcysteinylglycine
Reduced l-glutathione
CCRIS 2094
glutathione red
red. glutathione
Bakezyme RX
N-(N-gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycine
N-(N-L-gamma-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycine
UNII-GAN16C9B8O
EINECS 200-725-4
GAN16C9B8O
glycine, N-(N-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)-
NSC 400639
L-Glutathione reduce
Glycine, L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-
(S)-2-Amino-5-(((R)-1-((carboxymethyl)amino)-3-mercapto-1-oxopropan-2-yl)amino)-5-oxopentanoic acid
DTXSID6023101
C10H17N3O6S
CHEBI:16856
Glutathione [BAN:JAN]
(2S)-2-amino-5-[[(2R)-1-(carboxymethylamino)-1-oxo-3-sulfanylpropan-2-yl]amino]-5-oxopentanoic acid
Glutathione (Reduced type)
L-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
L-Glutathione (reduced form)
Glycine, L-.gamma.-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-
(2S)-2-amino-4-{[(1R)-1-[(carboxymethyl)carbamoyl]-2-sulfanylethyl]carbamoyl}butanoic acid
DTXCID903101
BenzenaMine, 2-[(4-Methoxyphenyl)Methoxy]-
106272-20-2
95687-20-0
GLUTATHIONE (II)
GLUTATHIONE [II]
N-(N-L-.gamma.-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycine
N5-((R)-1-((carboxymethyl)amino)-3-mercapto-1-oxopropan-2-yl)-L-glutamine
GLUTATHIONE (MART.)
GLUTATHIONE [MART.]
gamma-Glutamylcysteinylglycine
GLUTATHIONE (USP-RS)
GLUTATHIONE [USP-RS]
[Glu(-Cys)]n-Gly
GLUTATHIONE (EP MONOGRAPH)
GLUTATHIONE [EP MONOGRAPH]
MFCD00065939
NSC400639
CAS-70-18-8
(S)-2-Amino-5-((R)-1-(carboxymethylamino)-3-mercapto-1-oxopropan-2-ylamino)-5-oxopentanoic acid
Glutathione, Reduced
Glutathione; l-gamma-Glutamyl-l-cysteinylglycine
SR-05000002567
gamma L Glu L Cys Gly
gamma-L-Glu-L-Cys-Gly
L-Glutathione reduced form
phytochelatins
ReadiSorb
Glutathione;
1lbk
NCGC00094976-01
gamma L Glutamyl L Cysteinylglycine
Tathion (TN)
Glutathione (JP17)
Spectrum_000419
1oe7
1oe8
1r4w
C(N-.gamma.Glu-)G
Glycine, N-(N-L-.gamma.-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)-
GLUTATHIONE [MI]
Reduced Glutathione,(S)
Spectrum2_001500
Spectrum3_000946
Spectrum4_001056
Spectrum5_000940
?-Glutamylcysteinylglycine
Glutathione, Reduced Form
GLUTATHIONE [INCI]
bmse000185
bmse000952
bmse000956
D02HFD
GLUTATHIONE [VANDF]
Cys(N-.gamma.Glu-)-Gly
SCHEMBL9167
CHEMBL1543
GLUTATHIONE [WHO-DD]
KBioGR_001352
KBioSS_000899
MLS001333069
DivK1c_000075
SPECTRUM1502248
SPBio_001519
gamma-glutamyl-cysteinyl-glycine
GTPL6737
?-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
L-?-glutamyl-L-cysteinylglycine
L-Glutathione reduced, 97.0%
CHEBI:60836
HMS500D17
KBio1_000075
KBio2_000899
KBio2_003467
KBio2_006035
KBio3_002012
(gamma-Glutamylcysteine)n-glycine
L-g-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
y-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
L-?-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
NINDS_000075
HMS1921N22
Pharmakon1600-01502248
HY-D0187
L-Glutathione reduced, >=98.0%
gam.-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
Tox21_111371
BDBM50422268
C10-H17-N3-O6-S
CCG-38876
L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
NSC758199
s4606
AKOS015999135
Tox21_111371_1
CS-7948
DB00143
Glicina, l-gamma-glutamil-l-cisteinil-
NSC-758199
SDCCGMLS-0066687.P001
.gamma.-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
IDI1_000075
N-(N-L-?-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)glycine
Pharm Biol 11: 539 (1968)
SMP1_000247
NCGC00264046-02
DS-14675
GSH;gamma-L-Glutamyl-L-cysteinyl-glycine
LS-72665
SMR000857220
SBI-0051743.P002
L-Glutathione reduced, BioXtra, >=98.0%
G0074
Glycine, N-(N-L-?-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)-
Glycine, N-(N-L-gamma-glutamyl-L-cysteinyl)
C00051
C02471
D00014
EN300-311690
G-3980
P19615
AB00443568_03
Glutathione 100 microg/mL in Acetonitrile:Water
A866658
Q116907
SR-05000002567-1
SR-05000002567-2
L-Glutathione reduced, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, >=98%
Z2183947556
Glutathione, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard
Glutathione, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard
Glutathione, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
L-Glutathione reduced, cell culture tested, BioReagent, >=98.0%, powder
(2S)-2-Amino-4-(1-(carboxymethyl)carbamoyl-(2R)-2-sulfanylethylcarbamoyl)butanoic acid
(2S)-2-AMINO-4-{[(1R)-1-[(CARBOXYMETHYL)CARBAMOYL]-2-SULFANYLETHYL]CARBAMOYLBUTANOIC ACID
(2S)-2-Amino-5-({(2R)-1-[(carboxymethyl)amino]-1-oxo-3-sulfanyl-2-propanyl}amino)-5-oxopentanoic acid
glutathione; l-glutathione reduced; 5-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinylglycine; gamma-l-glutamyl-l-cysteinylglycine; gsh