HEMATITE EXTRACT

Hematite Extract is used as a primary raw material in iron and steel production due to its high iron content.
Hematite Extract promotes the process of skin renewal, improves its elasticity, stimulates the production of collagen and keratin, thus helping to slow down skin aging.
Hematite extract is also often found in skin creams, serums, masks and other skin care products.

CAS Number for natural hematite: 1317-60-8
EC Number for natural hematite (Fe₂O₃): 215-275-4
IMA symbol: Hem
Molecular Formula: iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3, α-Fe2O3
Molecular weight: 159.69 g/mol

SYNONYMS:
Hematite, Haematite, Iron(III) oxide, Ferric oxide, Red iron oxide, Iron oxide red, Hematite extract

Hematite Extract, also spelled haematite, is a weakly magnetic iron ore with better floatability than magnetite and wide distribution.
Hematite Extract is one of the most important raw materials for the extraction of iron.
Hematite Extract's composition is complex.

In addition to containing a small amount of magnetite, the impurity embedding of haematite has uneven particle size and high content of fine particles, thus some beneficiation methods are needed in the extraction of iron from haematite.
Hematite Extract is present in 0.01% of cosmetics.

Hematite Extract is an innovative active mineral extract rich in trace elements and iron.
A powerful anti-aging active, Hematite Extract acts as a retinol alternative, boosting collagen production for skin plumping and anti-wrinkle effect.
Substantiated in vivo.

Hematite Extract is a weakly magnetic iron mineral with 70% pure iron content and good flotability.
Hematite Extract is one of the main raw materials for iron making.
There are many commonly used haematite extraction processes, which mainly include gravity separation, flotation separation, magnetic separation, roasting-magnetic separation, and combined separation.

“Hematite Extract” is a cosmetic active derived from the mineral hematite (iron(III) oxide, Fe₂O₃).
Hematite Extract is used primarily as a skin protecting / skin-conditioning agent in anti-ageing/firming formulations, leveraging the trace-iron/ mineral origin for claims such as collagen stimulation and skin firmness improvement.

Hematite Extract has well-known physical/chemical properties (density ~5.26 g/cm³, formula Fe₂O₃, Mohs hardness ~5.5-6.5, insoluble in water) and the extract form appears to be safe for topical cosmetic use, with usage levels typically in the low percent range.
Hematite Extract (/ˈhiːməˌtaɪt, ˈhɛmə-/), also spelled as haematite, is a common iron oxide compound with the formula, Fe2O3 and is widely found in rocks and soils.

Hematite Extract crystals belong to the rhombohedral lattice system which is designated the alpha polymorph of Fe2O3.
Hematite Extract has the same crystal structure as corundum (Al2O3) and ilmenite (FeTiO3).
With this crystal structure geometry, Hematite Extract forms a complete solid solution at temperatures above 950 °C (1,740 °F).

Hematite Extract occurs naturally in black to steel or silver-gray, brown to reddish-brown, or red colors.
Hematite Extract is mined as an important ore mineral of iron.
Hematite Extract is electrically conductive.

Hematite Extract varieties include kidney ore, martite (pseudomorphs after magnetite), iron rose and specularite (specular Hematite Extract).
While these forms vary, they all have a rust-red streak.
Hematite Extract is not only harder than pure iron, but also much more brittle.

Maghemite is a polymorph of Hematite Extract (γ-Fe2O3) with the same chemical formula, but with a spinel structure like magnetite.
Large deposits of Hematite Extract are found in banded iron formations.
Gray Hematite Extract is typically found in places that have still, standing water, or mineral hot springs, such as those in Yellowstone National Park in North America.

The mineral may precipitate in the water and collect in layers at the bottom of the lake, spring, or other standing water.
Hematite Extract can also occur in the absence of water, usually as the result of volcanic activity.
Clay-sized Hematite Extract crystals also may occur as a secondary mineral formed by weathering processes in soil, and along with other iron oxides or oxyhydroxides such as goethite, which is responsible for the red color of many tropical, ancient, or otherwise highly weathered soils.

Hematite extract, derived from hematite, a mineral form of iron oxide, offers several potential benefits for skincare.
The most important deposits of Hematite Extract are sedimentary in origin.
The world’s largest production (nearly 75 million tons of Hematite Extract annually) comes from a sedimentary deposit in the Lake Superior district in North America.

Other important deposits include those at Minas Gerais, Brazil (where the Hematite Extract occurs in metamorphosed sediments); Cerro Bolívar, Venezuela; and Labrador and Quebec, Canada.
Hematite Extract is found as an accessory mineral in many igneous rocks; commonly as a weathering product of siderite, magnetite, and other iron minerals; and almost universally as a pigmenting agent of sedimentary and other rocks.

Hematite, also known as Hematite Extract, is a product derived from various types of minerals, primarily, as the name suggests, hematite.
Hematite Extract is a mineral that is characterized by its high iron content.

USES and APPLICATIONS of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
Iron and Steel Production: Hematite Extract is used as a primary raw material in iron and steel production due to its high iron content.
Heavy Concrete and Radiation Shields: Preferred in radiation shielding and heavy concrete production due to Hematite Extract's high density.
Hematite Extract is commonly used in nuclear power plants and hospital radiology rooms.

Pigment Production: Valued for Hematite Extract's natural red tone in paints, ceramics, and pigment production.
Jewelry and Decorative Products: Popular in jewelry design and decorative stone products for Hematite Extract's shiny and aesthetic appearance.
Filtration and Water Treatment: Utilized as a filtration material in water treatment systems due to Hematite Extract's high density and chemical resistance.

The term kidney ore may be broadly used to describe botryoidal, mammillary, or reniform Hematite Extract.
It is because of this that hematite extract is mainly used in the cosmetic industry, where its positive properties on the skin are exploited.
One of the main areas of application of hematite extract is mainly anti-ageing cosmetics.

Hematite Extract promotes the process of skin renewal, improves its elasticity, stimulates the production of collagen and keratin, thus helping to slow down skin aging.
Hematite extract is also often found in skin creams, serums, masks and other skin care products.

In addition, however, Hematite Extract is also used in some hair care products such as shampoos or conditioners, where it helps to strengthen and healthy-looking hair.
Hematite extract is safe and its use is acceptable even for sensitive skin.
However, hematite extract also finds its role in painting.

Due to its specific composition and distinctive colour, Hematite Extract is used as a pigment in artistic paints.
As Hematite Extract is a natural product, its use is environmentally friendly and in line with today's trends in the use of natural materials and substances.

Hematite Extract is one of the essential raw materials in industry due to its natural structure and superior physical properties.
Widely used in the production of iron-containing products, Hematite Extract is notable for its high density and iron oxide content.
Its durability and environmentally friendly nature make Hematite Extract a preferred choice for various industrial applications.

-Jewelry uses of Hematite Extract:
Hematite Extract is often shaped into beads, tumbling stones, and other jewellery components.
Hematite Extract was once used as mourning jewelry.

Certain types of hematite- or iron-oxide-rich clay, especially Armenian bole, have been used in gilding.
Hematite Extract is also used in art such as in the creation of intaglio engraved gems.
Hematite Extract is a synthetic material sold as magnetic hematite.

-Pigment uses of Hematite Extract:
Hematite Extract has been sourced to make pigments since earlier origins of human pictorial depictions, such as on cave linings and other surfaces, and has been employed continually in artwork through the eras.
In Roman times, the pigment obtained by finely grinding hematite was known as sil atticum.

Other names for the mineral when used in painting include colcotar and caput mortuum.
In Spanish, it is called almagre or almagra, from the Arabic al-maghrah, red earth, which passed into English and Portuguese.
Other ancient names for the pigment include ochra hispanica, sil atticum antiquorum, and Spanish brown.
It forms the basis for red, purple, and brown iron-oxide pigments, as well as being an important component of ochre, sienna, and umber pigments.

KEY ROLES OF HEMATITE EXTRACT IN SKINCARE:
Here are some key roles of hematite extract in skincare:

*Antioxidant properties: 
Hematite extract contains iron, which acts as a potent antioxidant.
Antioxidants help protect the skin from oxidative stress caused by free radicals and environmental aggressors.
By neutralizing free radicals, hematite extract can help prevent premature aging signs such as fine lines, wrinkles, and age spots, promoting a more youthful complexion.

*Skin rejuvenation: 
Hematite extract has been shown to help improve skin elasticity and firmness.
Hematite Extract works by stimulating collagen synthesis and promoting cell turnover, which can help reduce the appearance of sagging and wrinkles, resulting in smoother, more youthful-looking skin.

*Circulation enhancement: 
Hematite extract has been traditionally used for its circulation-enhancing properties.
By promoting blood flow to the skin's surface, hematite extract can help improve skin tone and texture, resulting in a healthier, more radiant complexion.

*Anti-inflammatory effects: 
Some research suggests that hematite extract may have anti-inflammatory properties.
Hematite Extract can help soothe and calm irritated or inflamed skin, making it beneficial for conditions such as acne, eczema, and rosacea.

*Energizing and revitalizing: 
Hematite extract is believed to have energizing and revitalizing properties.
Hematite Extract can help invigorate tired or dull-looking skin, promoting a more refreshed and rejuvenated appearance.

INDUSTRIAL PURPOSES of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
As mentioned earlier, hematite is an important mineral for iron ore.
The physical properties of Hematite Extract are also employed in the areas of medical equipment, shipping industries, and coal production.
Having high density and capable as an effective barrier against X-ray passage, Hematite Extract often is incorporated into radiation shielding.

As with other iron ores, Hematite Extract often is a component of ship ballasts because of its density and economy.
In the coal industry, Hematite Extract can be formed into a high specific density solution, to help separate coal powder from impurities.

USES / FUNCTIONAL ROLE of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
Hematite Extract is classified as a skin conditioning / skin protecting active in cosmetic formulations.
Hematite Extract is used in anti-ageing moisturisers, serums, creams, masks, men’s skincare lines, lotions, gels.
Hematite Extract may be used at recommended concentrations typically around 0.5 % to 2 % in formulations for visible wrinkle reduction, firmness.

PROPERTIES & BENEFITS (CLAIMED) of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
*Iron-rich: 
the active is derived from hematite hence high in iron/trace minerals which are claimed to support skin functions (collagen production etc.).

*Stimulates collagen synthesis: 
The supplier states that the active derived from hematite promotes collagen formation, thereby enhancing skin firmness, reducing fine lines/wrinkles.
Hematite Extract improves skin mechanical properties: thicker epidermis, improved elasticity and firmness.

*Anti-oxidant / protective effect: 
Some sources mention hematite extract may help neutralise free radicals (though data may be limited).

*Good sensorial profile: 
from brand messaging — often presented as a luxurious “stone-extracted” mineral active with premium appeal.

CHARACTERISTICS RELEVANT TO FORMULATORS of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
Because Hematite Extract is derived from a mineral, likely used as a dispersion (liquid extract) rather than raw mineral powder.
Hematite Extract may require compatibility testing/validation in your formula (ensuring no sedimentation, no negative interactions with chelating agents etc).

ADDITIONAL NOTES & LIMITATIONS of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
Because “Hematite Extract” is a processed cosmetic active derived from hematite, many detailed technical parameters (such as exact particle size, dispersion medium, concentration of iron complex, exact solubility in formulation) are proprietary to the supplier and not publicly detailed in open databases.

While the mineral hematite is widely studied in geological/mineral contexts, the cosmetic active “hematite extract” has more limited documented public literature on its full mechanism of action (collagen-stimulation claims are supplier-presented).

WHAT DOES HEMATITE EXTRACT DO?
Rich in iron, Hematite Extract is a mineral extract which helps increase the production of pro-collagen in the skin to help maintain skin elasticity and combat visible signs of ageing.

WHERE DOES HEMATITE EXTRACT ORIGINATE FROM?
Hematite Extract is a common form of iron oxide found in sedimentary, metamorphic, and igneous rocks.

WHEN SHOULD I USE HEMATITE EXTRACT?
Hematite Extract can be used day or night.

WHAT SKIN TYPE IS HEMATITE EXTRACT BEST SUITED TO?
Hematite Extract is suitable for all skin types.

WHAT DOES HEMATITE EXTRACT WORK WELL WITH?
Hematite Extract works well with Vegetable Collagen to help maintain skin elasticity and plumpness by boosting collagen production.

WHAT ELSE DO I NEED TO KNOW HEMATITE EXTRACT?
Hematite Extract is sometimes referred to as the ‘blood of the earth’ due to its deep red colour.
Hematite Extract’s also sometimes marketed as a natural alternative to Retinol.

EXTRACTION OF IRON FROM HEMATITE: 
1---EXTRACT IRON FROM HAEMATITE BY GRAVITY SEPARATION
Gravity separation of haematite mainly includes two types: coarse-grained gravity separation and fine-grained gravity separation.
They are suitable for separating coarse-grained (20mm-2mm) and medium-grained haematite ore.

Coarse-grained gravity separation
The geological grade of the haematite deposit is high, but the ore body is thin.
It has many interlayers, and waste rock is easy to mix in, leading to ore dilution.

For this situation, only crushing without grinding is adopted.
Coarse-grained Hematite Extract is separated by the gravity separation to discard coarse-grained tailings to restore the geological grade.
Fine-grained gravity separation

After being crushed, the fine-grained haematite is separated by grinding and then processed by gravity separation to obtain fine-grained high-grade concentrate.

As the grade of Hematite Extract is generally not high, the gravity separation process has a low unit processing capacity, so gravity separation is usually used in a combined process to improve the concentrate grade.

2---EXTRACT IRON FROM HAEMATITE BY FLOTATION SEPARATION
Flotation separation of haematite mainly includes obverse flotation separation and reverse flotation separation, which are suitable for the separation of fine-grained and micro-fine grained Hematite Extract.

Obverse flotation separation
Obverse flotation separation is to use anionic collectors to separate iron minerals from the raw ore, and can directly discard coarse-grained tailings without desliming.
The commonly used collectors include fatty acid collectors, alkyl sulfates and petroleum sulfonates, etc.

Reverse flotation separation
Reverse flotation separation is to use anionic or cationic collectors to separate gangue minerals from the raw ore.
The anionic collector uses fatty acids activated by calcium ions.

By sodium hydroxide or mixing it with sodium carbonate, the pH can be adjusted to more than 11, and then it adds starch, sulfonated lignin, and dextrin to inhibit iron minerals.

Reverse flotation separation with cationic collectors is to adjust the slurry to pH=8-9 with the help of sodium carbonate, and add starch, dextrin, tannin, etc. to inhibit iron minerals, and adopt amine collectors during reverse flotation.
As collectors, ether amine is the first choice, followed by fatty amine.

3---EXTRACT IRON FROM HAEMATITE BY MAGNETIC SEPARATION
Magnetic separation of haematite mostly adopts weak - strong magnetic separation, which is suitable for the separation of magnet-haematite mixed ore.
The common haematite weak magnetic-strong magnetic separation process is that after being concentrated, tailings with weak magnetic separation is subjected to strong magnetic roughing and scavenging.

The coarse concentrate with strong magnetic enters the strong magnetic separator for concentration.
Some of the strong magnetic minerals in haematite ore can easily cause blockage of the strong magnetic separator.

So if the weak magnetic-strong magnetic separation process is used, it is often necessary to increase the weak magnetic separation operation before the strong magnetic separation operation to remove or separate the strong magnetic minerals in the ore.

4---EXTRACT IRON FROM HAEMATITE BY ROASTING-MAGNETIC SEPARATION
Roasting-magnetic separation of haematite is generally applicable to Hematite Extract with fine grain size, low content of useful elements and low content of harmful elements.
The haematite extraction process requires the ore to be magnetized and roasted to convert the haematite or martite into magnetite, and then separate them by the magnetic separator with a weak magnetic field.

Generally, in order to further improve the grade of iron concentrate, fine screening -regrinding - re-selection (concentrate grade can reach more than 65%) and re-grinding-reverse flotation (concentrate grade can reach 66%) and other methods to reprocess the iron ore concentrate derived from magnetic separation.

5---EXTRACT IRON FROM HEMATITE EXTRACT BY COMBINED SEPARATION
If the composition of Hematite Extract is complex and it is difficult to obtain a good separation index by using other processing processes, a combined processing process can be used.
Commonly used Hematite Extract combined extraction processes are as follows:

Weak magnetic-gravity-reverse flotation process
This method is to screen out most of the higher quality primary ore from the raw Hematite Extract ore by weak magnetic separation or gravity separation.

The remaining ore with difficult separation is processed by reverse flotation.
This process can greatly reduce the amount of ore by reverse flotation.
Besides, advantages of this process are obvious.

For example, Hematite Extract has good combination and adaptability, the equipment has a high raw ore processing capacity, the parameter adjustment of equipment is more flexible, the electricity consumption and water consumption are relatively low.
Hematite Extract can effectively reduce the production cost of the entire processing process and obtain greater economic benefits.

Dry Magnetic Separator
Strong magnetic-reverse flotation process
This method is to first recover fine-particle iron minerals through strong magnetic separation, which plays the dual role of desliming and discarding tailings, and creates better conditions for flotation; and then use reverse flotation for separation.

The reverse flotation process is simple to use reagents, which can significantly reduce the entry of organic substances such as flotation reagents into the slurry and reduce its adverse effects on the flotation process.

Hematite Extract magnetic-reverse flotation process
Strong magnetic-reverse flotation-roasting combined process
This method is to first obtain Hematite concentrate with low impurity content through strong magnetic-reverse flotation, and then greatly improve the iron grade through ordinary roasting or production of pellet ore.

Compared with other combined processes, the strong magnetic-reverse flotation-roasting combined process has lower production costs and facilitates good economic benefits.

To Wrap Up
The above are 5 methods for extraction of iron from haematite.
According to different forms, Hematite Extract can be subdivided into several different ore types.
In order to get the appropriate process for different haematite ore and realize the unification of economic and environmental benefits, it's recommended to have the processing test first, and a reasonable extraction process should be formulated according to the nature of the ore.

NAME of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
Originally named of Hematite Extract about 300-325 BCE by Theophrastus from the Greek, "αιματίτις λίθος" ("aematitis lithos") for "blood stone".
It is possibly the first mineral ever named ending with a "-ite" suffix.

Translated in 79 by Pliny the Elder to haematites, "bloodlike", in allusion to the vivid red colour of the powder.
The modern form evolved by authors frequently simplifying the spelling by excluding the "a", somewhat in parallel with other words originally utilising the root "haeme".

Hematite Extract, a heavy and relatively hard oxide mineral, ferric oxide (Fe2O3), that constitutes the most important iron ore because of its high iron content (70 percent) and its abundance.
Hematite Extract's name is derived from the Greek word for “blood,” in allusion to its red colour.

Many of the various forms of Hematite Extract have separate names.
The steel-gray crystals and coarse-grained varieties have a brilliant metallic lustre and are known as specular iron ore; thin scaly types are called micaceous Hematite Extract.

Much Hematite Extract occurs in a soft, fine-grained, earthy form called red ochre or ruddle.
Intermediate between these types are compact varieties, often with a reniform surface (kidney ore) or a fibrous structure (pencil ore).
Hematite Extract is used as a paint pigment; a purified form, rouge, is used to polish plate glass.

FUNCTIONS (INCI) HEMATITE EXTRACT
*Skin protecting : 
Hematite Extract helps to avoid the harmful effects of external factors on the skin.

MAGNETISM of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
Hematite Extract shows only a very feeble response to a magnetic field.
Unlike magnetite, it is not noticeably attracted to an ordinary magnet.
Hematite Extract is an antiferromagnetic material below the Morin transition at 250 K (−23 °C), and a canted antiferromagnet or weakly ferromagnetic above the Morin transition and below its Néel temperature at 948 K (675 °C), above which it is paramagnetic.

The magnetic structure of α-Hematite Extract was the subject of considerable discussion and debate during the 1950s, as it appeared to be ferromagnetic with a Curie temperature of approximately 1,000 K (730 °C), but with an extremely small magnetic moment (0.002 Bohr magnetons).
Adding to the surprise was a transition with a decrease in temperature at around 260 K (−13 °C) to a phase with no net magnetic moment.

It was shown that the system is essentially antiferromagnetic, but that the low symmetry of the cation sites allows spin–orbit coupling to cause canting of the moments when they are in the plane perpendicular to the c axis.
The disappearance of the moment with a decrease in temperature at 260 K (−13 °C) is caused by a change in the anisotropy which causes the moments to align along the c axis.

In this configuration, spin canting does not reduce the energy.
The magnetic properties of bulk Hematite Extract differ from their nanoscale counterparts.
For example, the Morin transition temperature of Hematite Extract decreases with a decrease in the particle size.

The suppression of this transition has been observed in Hematite Extract nanoparticles and is attributed to the presence of impurities, water molecules and defects in the crystals lattice.

Hematite Extract is part of a complex solid solution oxyhydroxide system having various contents of H2O (water), hydroxyl groups and vacancy substitutions that affect the mineral's magnetic and crystal chemical properties.
Two other end-members are referred to as protoHematite Extract and hydroHematite Extract.

Enhanced magnetic coercivities for Hematite Extract have been achieved by dry-heating a two-line ferrihydrite precursor prepared from solution.
Hematite Extract exhibited temperature-dependent magnetic coercivity values ranging from 289 to 5,027 oersteds (23–400 kA/m).

The origin of these high coercivity values has been interpreted as a consequence of the subparticle structure induced by the different particle and crystallite size growth rates at increasing annealing temperature.

These differences in the growth rates are translated into a progressive development of a subparticle structure at the nanoscale (super small).
At lower temperatures (350–600 °C), single particles crystallize.
However, at higher temperatures (600–1000 °C), the growth of crystalline aggregates, and a subparticle structure is favored.

MINE TAILINGS, HEMATITE EXTRACT:
Hematite Extract is present in the waste tailings of iron mines.
A recently developed process, magnetation, uses magnets to glean waste Hematite Extract from old mine tailings in Minnesota's vast Mesabi Range iron district.
Falu red is a pigment used in traditional Swedish house paints.
It is made from tailings of the Falun Mine.

MARS, HEMATITE EXTRACT:
The spectral signature of Hematite Extract was seen on the planet Mars by the infrared spectrometer on the NASA Mars Global Surveyor and 2001 Mars Odyssey spacecraft in orbit around Mars.

The mineral was seen in abundance at two sites on the planet, the Terra Meridiani site, near the Martian equator at 0° longitude, and the Aram Chaos site near the Valles Marineris.
Several other sites also showed Hematite Extract, such as Aureum Chaos.

Because terrestrial Hematite Extract is typically a mineral formed in aqueous environments or by aqueous alteration, this detection was scientifically interesting enough that the second of the two Mars Exploration Rovers was sent to a site in the Terra Meridiani region designated Meridiani Planum.

In-situ investigations by the Opportunity rover showed a significant amount of Hematite Extract, much of it in the form of small "Martian spherules" that were informally named "blueberries" by the science team.

Analysis indicates that these spherules are apparently concretions formed from a water solution.
"Knowing just how the Hematite Extract on Mars was formed will help us characterize the past environment and determine whether that environment was favorable for life.

ETYMOLOGY AND HISTORY of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
The name Hematite Extract is derived from the Greek word for blood, αἷμα (haima), due to the red coloration found in some varieties of Hematite Extract.
The color of Hematite Extract is often used as a pigment.

The English name of the stone is derived from Middle French hématite pierre, which was taken from Latin lapis haematites c. the 15th century, which originated from Ancient Greek αἱματίτης λίθος (haimatitēs lithos, "blood-red stone").
Ochre is a clay that is colored by varying amounts of Hematite Extract, varying between 20% and 70%.

Red ochre contains unhydrated Hematite Extract, whereas yellow ochre contains hydrated Hematite Extract (Fe2O3 • H2O).
The principal use of ochre is for tinting with a permanent color.
Use of the red chalk of this iron-oxide mineral in writing, drawing, and decoration is among the earliest in human history.

To date, the earliest known human use of the powdery mineral is 164,000 years ago by the inhabitants of the Pinnacle Point caves in what now is South Africa, possibly for social purposes.
Hematite Extract residues are also found in graves from 80,000 years ago.

Near Rydno in Poland and Lovas in Hungary red chalk mines have been found that are from 5000 BC, belonging to the Linear Pottery culture at the Upper Rhine.
Rich deposits of Hematite Extract have been found on the island of Elba that have been mined since the time of the Etruscans.

EXTRACTION OF HEMATITE:
The process flow of the extraction of iron from Hematite Extract is as follows: crushing, grinding, extracting (flotation separation, magnetic separation, gravity separation, etc.) and drying.
Stage I Crushing and screening Hematite Extract
Stage II Grinding Hematite Extract
Stage III Extracting iron from Hematite Extract
*Hematite Extract flotation separation
*Hematite Extract magnetic separation
*Hematite Extract magnetic roasting
*Hematite Extract gravity separation
Stage IV Drying Hematite Extract

***Stage I Crushing and screening Hematite Extract
Firstly, the raw Hematite Extract ores are evenly sent to a jaw crusher through a vibrating feeder for coarse crushing, then are sent to a cone crusher for fine crushing.
Next, the ore is screened by a vibrating screen.
Those whose particle size meet the requirements would be sent for grinding, while the others would return the cone crusher for further crushing.

***Stage II Grinding Hematite Extract
The finely crushed Hematite Extract ores are sent to the ball mill for grinding and then classified by a spiral classifier into different particle sizes.
The qualified ores would be sent to the next process, while the unqualified ores continue to be finely ground.

***Stage III Extracting iron from Hematite Extract
According to the different particle sizes of ore embedded, Hematite Extract can be divided into coarse-grained Hematite Extract, medium-grained Hematite Extract and fine-grained Hematite Extract.
Coarse-grained Hematite Extract refers to iron ore with an embedded particle size of 2mm or more.

It is easy to extract iron from this kind of haematite by using gravity separation and magnetic separation.
Medium-grained Hematite Extract refers to iron ore with an embedded particle size between 0.02 and 2mm.

This type of Hematite Extract is also relatively easy to select, mainly using gravity separation, magnetic separation and magnetic roasting.
Fine-grained Hematite Extract refers to iron ore with an embedded particle size of less than 0.02mm.

Based on the genesis of ore deposits, this kind of Hematite Extract is mostly sedimentary rock iron ore.
The ore composition is complex and difficult to be selected.

At present, combined processes are adopted, such as weak magnetic separation-strong magnetic separation, magnetic separation-flotation, magnetic roasting-flotation, and gravity-magnetic separation-flotation.

Hematite Extract flotation separation
The flotation separation is mainly used for the extraction of iron from the fine-grained and particulate haematite.
If it is difficult to recover fine ore particles smaller than 10μm by other methods, the flotation separation method can be adopted.

At present, froth flotation is commonly used.
Its principle is to grind the Hematite Extract ore into a slurry by adding water to the flotation machine, and then stir and aerate to produce a large number of dispersed bubbles.

Part of the floatable minerals adheres to the bubbles and float to the surface of the pulp to form foam (concentrate), while the non-floating gangue (tailings) stays in the pulp to achieve the extraction of iron from haematite.

Flotation reagent
Before the flotation process, please choose the correct flotation reagent, as the choice and operation of the reagent can affect the final flotation index.
Flotation reagent is a chemical agent used in the process of flotation.

It can adjust the surface properties of Hematite Extract, improve or reduce the floatability of minerals, and make the properties of pulp and foam stability more conducive to mineral separation.
According to the function differences, the flotation reagents are usually divided into three categories: collectors, foaming agents and regulators.

*Collectors: 
Aim to collect the target minerals by changing the hydrophobicity of the mineral surface so that the floating mineral particles adhere to the air bubbles.
According to the properties, collectors can be divided into non-polar collectors, anionic collectors and cationic collectors, including Alkyl dithiophosphoric acid or its salts, Xanthate salt, Fatty acids and Fatty amines.

*Foaming agents: 
Aim to collect to produce a foam layer that can float minerals, which can improve the degree of bubble mineralization and stability in the process of floating.
The commonly used foaming agents include Terpenic oil, Cresotic acid and Alcohol.

*Regulators: 
Aim to change the properties of the surface of ore particles, adjust the interaction between minerals and collectors, and adjust the properties of pulp.

According to the uses, regulators can be divided into six categories.
① Activators: 
Aim to promote the effect of collector and minerals and improve the floatability of minerals.
The commonly used activators include Cupric sulfate and Sodium sulfide.

② Inhibitors: 
Aim to weaken the effect of collectors and minerals and reduce the floatability of minerals.
The commonly used inhibitors include Lime, Sodium sulfide, Sulfur dioxide, Sodium cyanide and Soluble gelatine.

③ pH value regulators: 
Aim to adjust the pH value of the pulp, control the properties of minerals, the chemical composition of pulp and the action conditions of the medicament to improve the flotation effect.
The commonly used regulators include Lime, Sodium carbonate, Sodium hydroxide and Sulfuric acid.

④ Dispersants: 
Aim to promote the dispersion of fine mud in the slurry.
The commonly used dispersants are Water glass and Na2CO3.

⑤ Flocculants: 
Aim to promote the agglomeration of fine mud in the slurry and speed up the sedimentation speed in the water.
The commonly used flocculants are Starch and Polyacrylamide.

⑥ Defoamers: 
Aim to promote weaken the stability of mineralized foam and eliminate the harmful effects of excessive foam on the sorting effect and foam transportation.
The commonly used defoamers are Sodium tripolyphosphate.

The type and quantity of reagents must be determined by ore flotation test and research, and then verified under industrial conditions.
Increasing the amount of collector and foaming agent can increase the flotation speed and obtain better flotation indexes.

However, excessive addition will reduce the recovery rate and the quality of the concentrate.
Inhibitors and activators should also be in appropriate amount, as too much or insufficient addition will reduce the flotation index.

The dosing point can affect the effectiveness of the reagents.
The insoluble collectors, pH value regulators and inhibitors are often added to the ball mill.

The reagents that counteract each other are added separately.
Generally, the second reagent will be added after the first reagent has taken full effect.

Dosing methods include one-time addition and batch addition.
The method of one-time addition is simple and has a strong effect, so it is often used.

For the method of batch addition, it is suitable for agents that are easy to be taken away by foam, easy to react in the slurry, and require strict control in dosage.
To achieve better efficacy, reagents with different structures are often mixed in proportion.

(2) Hematite Extract flotation process
According to the value of mineralized foam, Hematite Extract flotation process is divided into Hematite Extract positive flotation and Hematite Extract reverse flotation.

Hematite Extract positive flotation is to scrape out the useful minerals with foam, and meanwhile discarding the useless gangue minerals(tailings).
While, Hematite Extract reverse flotation is to scrape out the useless minerals with foam, and the useful minerals are discharged.

In short, the foam of positive flotation is the useful minerals, while the foam of reverse flotation is the useless minerals.
Hematite Extract positive flotation differs from reverse flotation in both reagent selection and application range.
From the nature of Hematite Extract ore, reverse flotation has more advantages than positive flotation.

*Hematite Extract positive flotation: 
Hematite Extract uses the anionic collectors (Fatty acids or Hydrocarbyl sulfate and Petroleum sulfonates) to conduct the flotation process in the weakly alkaline or weakly acidic slurry.
Sodium carbonate is used to disperse the sludge and precipitate multivalent harmful metal ions.

*Hematite Extract reverse flotation: 
Hematite Extract uses anionic or cationic collectors.
The cationic collector uses the Sodium carbonate to adjust the slurry pH=8-9, uses Starch, Dextrin, etc. to inhibit iron minerals, and then uses an Amine collector (Ether amine, Fatty amine) to float the quartz gangue.

While the anionic collector uses the Sodium hydroxide or Sodium hydroxide and Sodium carbonate to adjust the pH value of the pulp to above 11, use Starch and Dextrin to inhibit Hematite Extract, use Calcium chloride to activate the quartz, and then use the collector (Fatty acids) to capture the quartz gangue.

(3) Disposal of Hematite Extract tailings
Due to the large dosage of flotation process (especially reverse flotation) and the complicated reagents system, the tailings often contain a lot of toxic substances, wastewater, and heavy metal ions.
If they are not properly handled, they will pollute the environment, destroy the ecology and increase the potential safety hazards.

To solve these problems, the beneficiation plants usually take the following measures: tailings dam storage, tailings re-selection, tailings dewatering, tailings filling in the mined-out area (It means to refill the disposed tailings waste back to the mined-out area), etc.
The flotation separation method is most widely used in the extraction of iron from haematite.
It is economically efficient.

Compared with other beneficiation methods, it performs better to separate the fine-grained poor Hematite Extract ores that are difficult to separate.
However, due to the complicated reagents issues, it is necessary to consult the professionals and pay special attention to the disposal of Hematite Extract tailings.

Hematite Extract magnetic separation
Hematite Extract magnetic separation is used to separate coarse-grained (20-2mm) and medium-grained weakly magnetic haematite ore.
Its principle is to use the magnetic difference of various minerals to realize the separation.

In the magnetic field, magnetic mineral particles are aggregated to form the "magnet clusters" or "magnetic chains", which move to the magnetic poles.
While the non-magnetic minerals such as gangues attached to the cylinder fall off during the flip.
Hematite Extract magnetic separation can be divided into two processes: weak magnetic-strong magnetic separation and strong magnetic-flotation.

(1) Weak magnetic-strong magnetic separation
It is suitable for separating the low-grade magnet-Hematite Extract mixed ore.
The weak magnetic separation process is often added before the strong magnetic separation process to separate the strong magnetic minerals in the ore in case that the strong magnetic minerals may cause the blockage of the magnetic separator.

After the weak magnetic separation, the strong magnetic rough separation and sweep selection are carried out.
Then the haematite ore is concentrated by the strong magnetic separator.

(2) Strong magnetic-flotation
This method is suitable for the extraction iron from fine-grained haematite.
First, the coarse concentrate is selected by the strong magnetic separation, while the gangue minerals, such as single quartz and muddy chlorite, are directly discharged, which plays a dual role of desliming and throwing tails.

Then the qualified haematite ore is concentrated by the flotation process of ground coarse concentrate.
The magnetic separation is also one of the commonly used beneficiation methods of Hematite Extract.
Hematite Extract has the advantages of low cost, high separation efficiency, simple separation process, and no pollution to the environment.

Hematite Extract magnetic roasting
When the Hematite Extract ore contains rich and complicated minerals and is difficult to be sorted out, magnetic roasting can be the first choice.
It is mainly used to separate the fine to particulate Hematite Extract ore.

Its principle is to magnetize the Hematite Extract ore under certain temperature and atmosphere conditions to reduce the Hematite Extract or false Hematite Extract into magnetite.
Then based on the magnetic differences between magnetic minerals and gangue, Hematite Extract concentrate is obtained.

To obtain higher grade Hematite Extract concentrate, this method is often combined with the reverse flotation.
Because of the huge investment in magnetic roasting equipment and high cost of beneficiation, it is not recommended for small-scale beneficiation plants.

Hematite Extract gravity separation
Gravity separation is mainly used for the extraction of iron from coarse-grained and medium-grained weakly magnetic haematite.
Its principle is to use the difference in particle size (or specific gravity) between Hematite Extract and other gangue ore and be affected by mechanical forces (gravity and fluid dynamics) in the moving medium (water, air, etc.) to realize the extraction of Hematite Extract.
There are two types of heavy separation: gravity separation for coarse particles and gravity separation for fine particles.

(1) Gravity separation for coarse particles
This method is used for the extraction of iron from the coarse-grained haematite.
The geological grade of Hematite Extract deposit is relatively high (about 50%), but the ore body is thinner and has more interlayers, and the ore will be depleted due to the mixing of waste rocks during mining.
For this type of Hematite Extract ore, we adopt "Only crushing but no grinding".
Then, the coarse-grained tailings are discarded by the gravity separation to restore the geological grade.

(2) Gravity separation for fine particles
It is used for the extraction of iron from fine-grained haematite with high magnetic content.
After crushing, the ore is ground to realize the monomer separation of minerals, and then the high-grade concentrate is obtained by the gravity separation.

Compared with other beneficiation methods, gravity separation can be applied to a wide range of materials and has the advantages of low production cost and less harm to the environment.

However, due to its low unit processing capacity and low recovery rate, we often adopt a combined process of strong magnetic separation and gravity separation.
That is, a large number of unqualified tailings are discarded by the strong magnetic separation.
Then the gravity separation is used to separate the magnetic concentrate and improve the grade of Hematite Extract concentrate.

Stage IV Drying Hematite Extract
After the extracting, Hematite Extract needs to be concentrated to remove the water by a thickener first, then be dried by a dryer.
Finally, the high-quality iron powders are obtained.

PHYSICAL and CHEMICAL PROPERTIES of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
Chemical Composition: Hematite extract primarily consists of iron oxide (Fe₂O₃), with trace elements such as silicon dioxide (SiO₂), calcium oxide (CaO), and aluminum oxide (Al₂O₃) often present, depending on the source and extraction method.
pH Level: Typically, hematite extract exhibits a neutral to slightly acidic pH, making it suitable for topical application without causing skin irritation.
Appearance: Hematite extract is typically a reddish-brown to black liquid, reflecting its mineral origin.
Solubility: Hematite extract is soluble in water and alcohol, facilitating its incorporation into various cosmetic formulations.
Stability: Hematite extract is stable under standard storage conditions, though exposure to light and air should be minimized to maintain its efficacy

Chemical Formula: Fe₂O₃ (primarily iron oxide)
Molecular Weight: 159.69 g/mol
pH: Neutral to slightly acidic
Composition: Mainly iron oxide; may contain trace amounts of SiO₂, Al₂O₃, CaO depending on source
Solubility: Soluble in water and alcohol (varies by preparation)
Stability: Stable under normal storage conditions; avoid prolonged exposure to light and air
Appearance: Reddish-brown to black powder or liquid (depending on formulation)
Density: ~5.26 g/cm³ (for raw hematite mineral)

Crystal Habit: Fine, micaceous, or granular when powdered; smooth in liquid extract form
Odor: Odorless
State: Powder or extract solution depending on processing
Color: Metallic grey, dull to bright "rust-red" in earthy, compact, fine-grained material, steel-grey to black in crystals and massively crystalline ores
Crystal Habit: Tabular to thick crystals; micaceous or platy, commonly in rosettes; radiating fibrous, reniform, botryoidal or stalactitic masses, columnar; earthy, granular, oolitic

Twinning: Penetration and lamellar
Cleavage: None, may show partings on {0001} and {1011}
Fracture: Uneven to subconchoidal
Tenacity: Brittle
Mohs Scale Hardness: 5.5–6.5
Luster: Metallic to splendent
Streak: Bright red to dark red
Diaphaneity: Opaque
Specific Gravity: 5.26
Density: 5.26 - 5.3

Optical Properties: Uniaxial (−)
Refractive Index: nω = 3.150–3.220, nε = 2.870–2.940
Birefringence: δ = 0.280
Pleochroism: O: brownish red; E: yellowish red
Category: Oxide minerals
Formula: iron(III) oxide, Fe2O3, α-Fe2O3
IMA Symbol: Hem
Strunz Classification: 4.CB.05
Dana Classification: 4.3.1.2
Crystal System: Trigonal

Crystal Class: Hexagonal scalenohedral (3m)
H–M Symbol: (3 2/m)
Space Group: R3c (no. 167)
Unit Cell: a = 5.038(2) Å; c = 13.772(12) Å; Z = 6
Colour: Steel-grey to black in crystals and massively crystalline ores, dull to bright "rust-red" in earthy, compact, fine-grained material
Lustre: Metallic, Sub-Metallic, Dull, Earthy
Hardness: 5 - 6
Specific Gravity: 5.26
Crystal System: Trigonal
Member of: Hematite Group
Dimorph of: Luogufengite

Chemical Formula: Fe₂O₃
Density (Specific Gravity): approximately 5.26 g/cm³ for α-hematite
Crystal System: trigonal (rhombohedral) for α-hematite, space group R3c
Mohs Hardness: ~5.5–6.5
Colour: depending on form: metallic grey, black, steel grey to reddish brown, bright red streak
Melting Point: about 1,538 °C (decomposes rather than clear melt)
Solubility: practically insoluble in water; attacked by acids
For cosmetic “Hematite Extract” (as active)

FIRST AID MEASURES of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
-Description of first-aid measures
*General advice:
Show this material safety data sheet to the doctor in attendance.
*If inhaled:
After inhalation: 
Fresh air.
*In case of skin contact: 
Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. 
Rinse skin with
water/ shower.
*In case of eye contact:
After eye contact: 
Rinse out with plenty of water. 
Call in ophthalmologist. 
Remove contact lenses.
*If swallowed:
After swallowing: 
Immediately make victim drink water (two glasses at most). 
Consult a physician.
-Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed.
No data available

ACCIDENTAL RELEASE MEASURES of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
-Environmental precautions:
Do not let product enter drains.
-Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up:
Cover drains. 
Collect, bind, and pump off spills. 
Observe possible material restrictions. 
Take up dry. 
Dispose of properly. 
Clean up affected area.

FIRE FIGHTING MEASURES of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
-Extinguishing media:
*Suitable extinguishing media:
Carbon dioxide (CO2) 
Foam 
Dry powder
*Unsuitable extinguishing media:
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
-Further information:
Prevent fire extinguishing water from contaminating surface water or the ground water system.

EXPOSURE CONTROLS/PERSONAL PROTECTION of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
-Control parameters:
--Ingredients with workplace control parameters:
-Exposure controls:
--Personal protective equipment:
*Eye/face protection:
Use equipment for eye protection. 
Safety glasses
*Body Protection:
protective clothing
*Respiratory protection:
Recommended Filter type: Filter A 
-Control of environmental exposure:
Do not let product enter drains.

HANDLING and STORAGE of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
-Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities:
*Storage conditions:
Tightly closed. 
Dry.

STABILITY and REACTIVITY of HEMATITE EXTRACT:
-Chemical stability:
The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature).
-Possibility of hazardous reactions:
No data available