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Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is a highly reactive chlorinated cyclic diene used mainly as an intermediate in the manufacture of other chemicals.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is a dense, oily, yellow-to-amber or yellow-green liquid with a pungent and unpleasant odor.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is principally associated with the manufacture of flame-retardant intermediates, resins, historical chlorinated pesticides, dyes, specialty plastics, and other chlorinated derivatives.
CAS Number: 77-47-4
EC Number: 201-029-3
Molecular Formula: C5Cl6
Molecular Weight: 272.77 g/mol
Synonyms: Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene, 1,2,3,4,5,5-Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene, 1,2,3,4,5,5-Hexachlorocyclopenta-1,3-diene, 1,3-Cyclopentadiene 1,2,3,4,5,5-Hexachloro-, Perchlorocyclopentadiene, Perchloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene, Hexachloropentadiene, Hexachlorocyclopenta-1,3-diene, HCCPD, HCPD, HEX, PCL, Graphlox, Graphlox 56, C-56, C 56, HRS 1655, NCI-C55607, NSC-9235, Technical Hexachlorocyclopentadiene, Chlorinated Cyclopentadiene Intermediate, Perchlorinated Cyclopentadiene, Flame-Retardant Intermediate, Chlorendic-Anhydride Intermediate, Organochlorine-Pesticide Intermediate, RCRA Waste U130, UN 2646, CAS 77-47-4, EC 201-029-3, PubChem CID 6478, RTECS GY1225000, DTXSID2020688
APPLICATIONS
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used primarily as a captive chemical-manufacturing intermediate.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used as a reactive chlorinated building block rather than as a normal finished-product ingredient.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in closed industrial processes designed to convert it into other chemical substances.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene has essentially no ordinary consumer end use of its own.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in the manufacture of chlorinated flame-retardant intermediates.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to manufacture chlorendic acid and chlorendic anhydride derivatives.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to introduce highly chlorinated cyclic structures into selected flame-resistant materials.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used only in engineered processes that control worker exposure and chlorinated waste streams.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in the manufacture of selected flame-retardant polyester-resin intermediates.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to produce derivatives incorporated into resins requiring reduced flammability.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in specialty thermosetting-material supply chains.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used after the regulatory status of the resulting flame retardant has been confirmed.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in the manufacture of selected nonflammable or flame-resistant resins.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in the production of specialty polyester-resin components.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to create highly chlorinated resin intermediates with specialized thermal properties.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used under closed transfer and reaction conditions because the unreacted intermediate is highly hazardous.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in the manufacture of specialty impact-resistant plastics.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used as an intermediate for selected shock-resistant polymer materials.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used where a rigid chlorinated cyclic structure is required in the derivative.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used only after residual-intermediate limits have been established for the final material.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene was historically used as a key intermediate in cyclodiene-pesticide manufacture.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene was historically used in manufacturing routes associated with aldrin, dieldrin, endrin, chlordane, and heptachlor.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene was historically used in routes associated with mirex, endosulfan, isodrin, and related chlorinated pesticides.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene pesticide-related use is now constrained by the registration and prohibition status of the resulting substances.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used only in currently lawful pesticide-intermediate operations.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is not itself treated as a generally available household pesticide.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is not used directly on crops without an applicable authorization.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene regulatory status must be verified separately for the intermediate and the resulting pesticide product.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used as an intermediate in selected dye-manufacturing processes.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to introduce chlorinated cyclic functionality into suitable colorant intermediates.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in specialty dye chemistry rather than ordinary color blending.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used after residual chlorinated impurities and wastewater requirements have been defined.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in the manufacture of selected specialty esters.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used as a precursor to chlorinated compounds containing ester functionality.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used where the resulting derivative requires a highly chlorinated bicyclic or cyclic structure.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used without treating the parent intermediate as interchangeable with its less reactive derivatives.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in manufacturing routes for selected ketone derivatives.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used as a chlorinated framework in specialty organic synthesis.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in controlled reactions designed to consume the parent material.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used after reaction completion and residual-intermediate testing have been validated.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used as an intermediate in selected fluorocarbon-manufacturing routes.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in specialized halogen-exchange and derivative chemistry conducted by qualified manufacturers.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used only in closed systems designed for corrosive and toxic halogenated materials.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used after all gaseous and liquid by-products have been evaluated.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used as an intermediate in specialized pharmaceutical-chemical research.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to prepare selected chlorinated intermediates rather than as a pharmaceutical active.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used only where the manufacturing route includes stringent impurity removal.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used after residual-material limits have been established for downstream pharmaceutical substances.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in specialty organic-synthesis research.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used as a highly electron-deficient chlorinated diene.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in controlled cycloaddition and derivative-development studies.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used without open-bench handling because of its severe inhalation and contact hazards.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in research concerning highly chlorinated cyclic compounds.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to examine relationships between chlorination, reactivity, and material properties.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to prepare reference derivatives for structural analysis.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used only inside effective containment with hazardous-waste controls.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used as an analytical reference material.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in gas-chromatography and mass-spectrometry method development.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to prepare traceable calibration solutions for environmental analysis.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used at analytical quantities appropriate to the instrument and validated method.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in industrial-hygiene analytical methods.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to calibrate workplace-air monitoring procedures.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is measured using methods such as NIOSH Method 2518.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene air monitoring is used to determine whether exposure remains below the applicable occupational limit.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used as a target analyte in drinking-water testing.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in method validation for regulated synthetic organic contaminants.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to verify laboratory detection and quantification at low concentrations.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene has a United States drinking-water maximum contaminant level of 0.05 mg/L.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used as a target analyte in wastewater monitoring.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to assess discharges from facilities manufacturing chlorinated chemicals.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to investigate contamination in treatment sludges and process-water streams.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is monitored because it is highly toxic and environmentally hazardous.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used as an analyte in hazardous-waste characterization.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to identify waste streams requiring controlled treatment and disposal.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is listed as United States RCRA hazardous waste U130 when discarded as a commercial chemical product.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene-containing waste is managed according to its composition and applicable waste classification.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in contaminated-soil assessment.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used as a target substance during hazardous-site investigation.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to evaluate contamination near historical manufacturing and waste-disposal locations.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene sampling requires controls that prevent volatilization and worker exposure.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in groundwater-monitoring programs.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to investigate releases from industrial and hazardous-waste sites.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is measured alongside related chlorinated manufacturing contaminants.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene results are interpreted using current environmental and drinking-water criteria.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in environmental-fate research.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to study hydrolysis, volatilization, sorption, and biodegradation.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to assess bioaccumulation in aquatic organisms.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is handled in closed test systems because it is very toxic to aquatic life.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in aquatic-toxicity research.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to study acute and chronic effects on fish and aquatic invertebrates.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to establish environmental-quality and discharge-control criteria.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene test wastes require complete containment and authorized disposal.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in toxicological research.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to investigate severe portal-of-entry irritation.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in studies of respiratory, gastrointestinal, hepatic, and renal toxicity.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used only under protocols appropriate to a highly toxic corrosive substance.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in inhalation-risk assessment.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to evaluate nasal and pulmonary injury from low-level repeated exposure.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in deriving occupational and environmental inhalation benchmarks.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene EPA inhalation assessment identifies the respiratory tract as the critical system.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used in oral-risk assessment.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to study gastrointestinal effects following repeated ingestion.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is used to derive health-protective oral exposure benchmarks.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene EPA IRIS lists an oral reference dose of 0.006 mg/kg-day.
DESCRIPTION
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene has the molecular formula C5Cl6.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene has a molecular weight of approximately 272.77 g/mol.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene has CAS number 77-47-4.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene has EC number 201-029-3.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is generally a pale-yellow, amber, or yellow-green oily liquid.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene has a strong pungent and unpleasant odor.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene can produce irritating visible haze under some release conditions.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene commercial appearance can vary with purity, age, light exposure, and impurities.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene has a representative boiling point of approximately 239°C.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene has a representative melting or freezing point near −9°C.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene has a representative relative density near 1.7.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is substantially heavier than water.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene has a representative vapor pressure near 0.08 mmHg at 25°C.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene can still create hazardous airborne concentrations at ordinary temperatures.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene vapor is much heavier than air.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene vapor can accumulate near floors and in low or poorly ventilated spaces.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene has low practical solubility in water.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene slowly reacts with water or moisture.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene moisture reaction can generate hydrochloric acid.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene water-solubility figures vary between references partly because reaction and test conditions affect the result.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is noncombustible under the cited standard classification.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene can release highly toxic and corrosive decomposition fumes during a fire.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene thermal decomposition can produce hydrogen chloride and phosgene.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene containers can still fail dangerously when heated.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene attacks many metals when moisture is present.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene moisture-related corrosion can generate hydrogen gas.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene hydrogen can collect in enclosed equipment and produce a fire or explosion hazard.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene storage systems must therefore exclude moisture and use verified compatible materials.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is highly reactive in organic synthesis.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene functions as an electron-poor chlorinated diene.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene reacts with suitable unsaturated compounds to produce highly chlorinated derivatives.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene reactivity supports its industrial value but complicates safe handling and waste treatment.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is manufactured rather than naturally occurring.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene environmental contamination is associated principally with manufacture, handling, waste treatment, and disposal.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene may occur as an impurity in related chlorinated chemical products.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene technical-grade impurity profiles depend on the manufacturing process.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene technical material may contain hexachlorobenzene.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene technical material may contain hexachlorobutadiene and other chlorinated process impurities.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene technical material may contain trace persistent organochlorine compounds depending on its source.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene purchasing specifications should include relevant impurity limits.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene can be absorbed through inhalation.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene can be absorbed through the skin.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene can enter the body through ingestion and eye or skin contact.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene exposure must be prevented by engineering controls rather than reliance on personal protective equipment alone.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is corrosive to the eyes.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene can cause severe eye pain, tearing, blurred vision, and deep burns.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is corrosive to the skin and can cause painful chemical burns.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene contaminated clothing must be removed immediately.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is a severe respiratory irritant.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene inhalation can cause coughing, sneezing, salivation, breathing difficulty, and chest symptoms.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene inhalation can cause pulmonary edema.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene pulmonary-edema symptoms may be delayed for several hours.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene significant exposure can cause nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene significant exposure can affect the liver.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene significant exposure can affect the kidneys.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene exposed persons may require prolonged medical observation even when early symptoms appear limited.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene has a NIOSH recommended exposure limit of 0.01 ppm as an eight-hour time-weighted average.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene 0.01 ppm corresponds to approximately 0.1 mg/m³.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene does not have a substance-specific federal OSHA permissible exposure limit in the cited NIOSH entry.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene workplace exposure should be maintained as low as reasonably achievable.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene EPA IRIS lists an inhalation reference concentration of 0.0002 mg/m³.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene EPA IRIS inhalation value is based on inflammatory effects in the nose.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene EPA IRIS lists an oral reference dose of 0.006 mg/kg-day.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene environmental reference values are not occupational exposure limits.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene human cancer evidence is inadequate for confident classification.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene was classified by EPA under its older framework as Group D, not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene absence of a definitive human cancer classification does not reduce its severe acute toxicity.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene risk management should be based on its corrosive, inhalation, systemic, and environmental hazards.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene is very toxic to aquatic organisms.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene may bioaccumulate in fish.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene may cause long-lasting effects in aquatic environments.
Hexachlorocyclopentadiene must not be released into drains, soil, groundwater, or surface water.
PROPERTIES
Chemical Name: Hexachlorocyclopentadiene
IUPAC Name: 1,2,3,4,5,5-Hexachlorocyclopenta-1,3-diene
Alternative Systematic Name: 1,2,3,4,5,5-Hexachloro-1,3-cyclopentadiene
Chemical Family: Chlorinated cyclic dienes
CAS Number: 77-47-4
EC Number: 201-029-3
PubChem CID: 6478
RTECS Number: GY1225000
EPA DSSTox Identifier: DTXSID2020688
RCRA Waste Number: U130
UN Number: 2646
Molecular Formula: C5Cl6
Molecular Weight: 272.77 g/mol
Hydrogen Content: None
Chlorine Content: Approximately 78.0% by molecular weight
Physical State: Liquid at ordinary room temperature
Appearance: Pale-yellow, amber, or yellow-green oily liquid
Odor: Pungent and unpleasant
Representative Boiling Point: Approximately 239°C
Representative Melting or Freezing Point: Approximately −9°C
Representative Relative Density: Approximately 1.70–1.71
Representative Vapor Pressure: Approximately 0.08 mmHg at 25°C
Relative Vapor Density: Approximately 9.4 compared with air
Water Solubility: Low and complicated by slow reaction with water
Representative Log Kow: Approximately 4–5, source and method dependent
Combustibility: Noncombustible under the cited standard classification
Flash Point: Not applicable in the cited NIOSH entry
Thermal-Decomposition Products: Hydrogen chloride, phosgene, and other toxic chlorinated fumes
Moisture Reactivity: Slowly reacts to form hydrochloric acid
Metal Compatibility: Attacks iron and many metals when moisture is present
Secondary Reaction Hazard: Hydrogen may form when moist material corrodes susceptible metals
Primary Industrial Function: Reactive chemical intermediate
Principal Derivative Categories: Flame retardants, resins, historical pesticides, dyes, plastics, esters, ketones, fluorocarbons, and specialty intermediates
Primary Analytical Uses: Environmental, drinking-water, wastewater, workplace-air, and hazardous-waste testing
NIOSH REL: 0.01 ppm or approximately 0.1 mg/m³ as an eight-hour TWA
Federal OSHA PEL: No substance-specific PEL in the cited NIOSH entry
EPA Oral Reference Dose: 0.006 mg/kg-day
EPA Inhalation Reference Concentration: 0.0002 mg/m³
United States Drinking-Water MCL: 0.05 mg/L
United States Drinking-Water MCLG: 0.05 mg/L
Primary Exposure Routes: Inhalation, skin absorption, ingestion, and skin or eye contact
Primary Acute Hazards: Severe eye burns, skin burns, respiratory corrosion, and pulmonary edema
Potential Systemic Target Organs: Liver and kidneys
Delayed-Effect Concern: Pulmonary edema and systemic injury may be delayed
Aquatic Hazard: Very toxic to aquatic organisms
Bioaccumulation Potential: Possible in fish
Environmental Persistence: Substance- and compartment-dependent
Cancer Assessment: EPA Group D under an older framework; not classifiable as to human carcinogenicity
Storage Conditions: Cool, secure, dry, dark, and well ventilated
Storage Container: Tightly closed and verified chemically compatible
Storage Segregation: Separate from water, moisture, susceptible metals, and incompatible reactive chemicals
Waste Handling: Regulated hazardous-waste management required
Regulatory Suitability: Manufacture, use, transport, release reporting, and disposal are jurisdiction dependent
FIRST AID
Inhalation:
Immediately remove the affected person to fresh air without exposing rescuers.
Keep the person at rest in a half-upright position and provide respiratory support if required.
Obtain emergency medical attention even when symptoms initially appear mild because pulmonary edema may be delayed.
Skin Contact:
Immediately remove contaminated clothing, footwear, and accessories.
Flush the affected skin continuously with large quantities of water and wash carefully with soap.
Obtain urgent medical attention for all significant contact because chemical burns and systemic absorption are possible.
Eye Contact:
Immediately irrigate the eyes continuously with clean water for at least 15 minutes.
Remove contact lenses if readily possible without delaying irrigation.
Obtain immediate specialist medical evaluation because severe and deep eye burns may occur.
Ingestion:
Rinse the mouth cautiously and do not induce vomiting.
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious or convulsing person.
Obtain immediate poison-center or emergency medical assistance.
Note to Physicians:
Treat corrosive injury, respiratory distress, and systemic effects symptomatically.
Observe for delayed pulmonary edema and evaluate liver and kidney function after significant exposure.
HANDLING AND STORAGE
Handling:
Restrict handling to trained personnel in appropriately designed industrial or laboratory facilities.
Use closed transfer, enclosed sampling, and automated metering whenever technically practical.
Avoid all skin contact, eye contact, inhalation, ingestion, splashing, and aerosol formation.
Engineering Controls:
Provide effective local exhaust at transfer, sampling, charging, reaction, and waste-handling points.
Provide low-level ventilation because the vapor is considerably heavier than air.
Use continuous or task-specific air monitoring where occupational exposure is reasonably foreseeable.
Personal Protection:
Wear chemically resistant gloves selected using the current supplier permeation data.
Wear fully protective clothing, chemical goggles, and a face shield for open handling.
Maintain an immediately accessible eyewash fountain and emergency safety shower.
Respiratory Protection:
Select respiratory protection through a qualified occupational respiratory-protection program.
Use positive-pressure supplied-air or self-contained breathing equipment for emergency response, unknown concentrations, or oxygen-deficient areas.
Do not enter a contaminated confined space without atmospheric testing and rescue provisions.
Storage:
Store in tightly closed, corrosion-resistant, chemically compatible containers.
Maintain a cool, dry, secure, dark, and well-ventilated storage area.
Protect containers from moisture, water, heat, direct light, impact, and unauthorized access.
Material Compatibility:
Do not store in unverified iron or metal equipment where moisture may be present.
Prevent water from entering tanks, pipelines, valves, pumps, or containers.
Assess gaskets, seals, coatings, hoses, and construction materials against the current supplier compatibility guidance.
Fire Conditions:
Use extinguishing media appropriate to the surrounding fire because the substance itself is not classified as combustible.
Cool threatened containers from a protected position when this can be done safely.
Use positive-pressure self-contained breathing apparatus because heating can generate hydrogen chloride and phosgene.
Spill and Leak Procedures:
Evacuate unnecessary personnel and isolate the affected area immediately.
Approach only with appropriate chemical-protective clothing and supplied breathing protection.
Stop the leak only when this can be done without risk and prevent the liquid from contacting water or susceptible metals.
Spill Recovery:
Contain the liquid with a dry, inert, noncombustible, chemically compatible absorbent.
Do not wash the spill into drains and do not use uncontrolled water flushing.
Transfer recovered material and contaminated absorbent into compatible closed hazardous-waste containers.
Environmental Precautions:
Prevent entry into drains, sewers, soil, groundwater, and surface water.
Notify the relevant authorities when release-reporting thresholds or permit conditions are triggered.
Arrange environmental sampling after any significant uncontrolled release.
Waste Disposal:
Do not mix waste with incompatible chemicals or ordinary industrial refuse.
Send waste to an authorized hazardous-waste treatment or destruction facility.
Manage discarded commercial material under RCRA U130 requirements where United States regulations apply.
Handling Precautions:
Never identify the material solely by odor.
Do not reuse contaminated containers until they have been professionally decontaminated and verified.
Follow the current specification, certificate of analysis, regional SDS, process-safety assessment, transport rules, and environmental permits.
