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HPMA has obvious threshold effect under high temperature (350℃) and high pH(8.3)level, suitable to be used in alkaline water system or built with agents.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) shows good scale inhibition against carbonate and phosphate scales under temperature 300℃ with effective time as long as 100 hours.
HPMA is widely used in desalination plant of flash vaporization equipment, low pressure boiler, steam locomotive, crude oil evaporation, petroleum pipeline, and industrial circulating cool water systems, due to its good scale inhibition and high temperature tolerance properties.
CAS: 26099-09-2
MF: C4H4O4
MW: 116.07
EINECS: 607-861-7
Synonyms:
(z)-2-butenedioic acid homopolymer;poly(maleicacid)(50%aq);MALEIC ACID POLYMER;hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride;Hydrolysed Polymaleic Anhydride;PolymaleicacidAq;Maleic Acdi ( homopolymer );2-Butenedioic acid (2Z)-, homopolymer
Description
Polymaleic acid is the homopolymer of maleic acid.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) is very stable in presence of chlorine and other oxidizing biocides.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) has good scale inhibition and high temperature resistance properties. Therefore, it can be used in the water desalination plants.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) is also an excellent calcium carbonate antiscalant upon high temperature and in the high alkaline cooling water systems.
In addition, it can be used in combination with zinc salts as a corrosion inhibitor.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) can also be used as concrete additive and for crude oil evaporation.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) can be manufactured through the polymerization of maleic anhydride I an aromatic hydrocarbon upon 60° to 200°C.
In addition, HPMA has good corrosion inhibition effect when used together with zinc salt. HPMA can also used as additives for cement.
Introduction:
Polymaleic acid (C4H4O4) is a carboxylic acid derivative and organic compound.
At room temperature, it typically exists as a white to off-white solid in the form of a powder or crystalline granules.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) is generally odorless or possesses a faint acidic smell. The compound exhibits limited solubility in water, although its solubility can increase under alkaline conditions due to salt formation.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) is known for its ability to form complexes with metal ions, making it useful in various industrial applications where chelation or scale inhibition is required.
Polymaleic acid was first synthesized in the mid-20th century during investigations into polymeric carboxylic acids for use in detergent formulations and water treatment processes.
The synthesis typically involves the thermal polymerization of maleic acid or its anhydride at elevated temperatures, often in the presence of catalysts such as peroxides or transition metal salts.
This process results in the formation of a linear or slightly branched polymer chain composed of repeating maleate units.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) has found major applications in the detergent industry as a builder, in water softening systems to prevent scale deposition, and in pharmaceutical formulations as a stabilizing agent.
Additionally, it is used in cosmetics and personal care products for its chelating properties.
Although primarily produced synthetically, trace amounts of maleic acid derivatives have been identified in certain natural fermentation processes, no significant natural sources of polymaleic acid are currently recognized.
Industrially, it is prepared via the controlled polymerization of maleic anhydride under carefully monitored temperature and pressure conditions, followed by hydrolysis and purification steps to yield the final product.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) is considered to be of low acute toxicity upon oral ingestion, dermal contact, or inhalation. However, prolonged or repeated exposure may lead to mild irritation of the eyes, skin, and respiratory tract.
Ingestion of large quantities could potentially cause gastrointestinal discomfort.
There is currently no conclusive evidence linking polymaleic acid to carcinogenic effects; major regulatory bodies such as the International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) have not classified it as a carcinogen.
Safe handling practices include using protective gloves, goggles, and appropriate respiratory equipment when working with the compound in bulk form.
For storage, polymaleic acid should be kept in a cool, dry, and well-ventilated environment, preferably in sealed containers to prevent moisture absorption.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) should also be stored away from strong oxidizing agents and incompatible materials such as bases and reducing agents to avoid potential chemical reactions.
Usage
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) is usually used together with organic phosphonate at dosage of 1-15ppm for circulating cool water system, oilfield fill water, crude oil dewatering and low-pressure boilers.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) has good scale inhibition (98%) and scale stripping properties.
When used together with zinc salts, it can effectively inhibit carbon steel corrosion.
Polymaleic acid Chemical Properties
density : 1.18 (48% aq.)
Fp : 95 °C
storage temp. : 2-8°C
solubility : Methanol (Sparingly), Water (Soluble)
form : Pale Yellow to Yellow Solution
Odor: Slight
InChI: InChI=1S/C4H4O4/c5-3(6)1-2-4(7)8/h1-2H,(H,5,6)(H,7,8)/b2-1-
InChIKey: VZCYOOQTPOCHFL-UPHRSURJSA-N
EPA Substance Registry System: Maleic acid homopolymer (26099-09-2)
Solid content: ％48
Bromine value mg/g : 80
Average molecular weight : 450
PH (1％ solution): 2.0-3.0
Chemical Properties :
This product is orange-red transparent liquid.
Relative density 1.19～1.22, good thermal stability, still has good scale inhibition performance under 300℃ high temperature.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) does not volatilize with water vapor and does not pollute the vapor.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride Structural Analysis
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) is the product of partial hydrolysis of polymaleic anhydride.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) has been determined that about 60% to 70% of the polymaleic anhydride is hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid.
That is not completely hydrolyzed.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is shown by the study of the structure-effect relationship of molecular microstructure. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) in the degree of hydrolysis is advantageous for HPMA chemical improvement in scale inhibition performance. Therefore, a large degree of hydrolysis is ensured as much as possible during the synthesis of hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride.
From hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride structural analysis, its carboxyl group in the molecule can form compounds with calcium and magnesium ions in water and HPMA can promote lattice distortion and turn the precipitation into a loose slag with good fluidity.
Hydrolysed polymaleic anhydride is the same as a polymer having a hydroxyl group or a sulfonic acid group. Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) can be dissociated into hydrogen ions and acid anions after being dissolved in water. The chain molecules are then negatively charged.
This long-chain negatively charged anion is adsorbed by calcium carbonate nucleus and fine crystal grains.
Then bring HPMA with a more negative charge.
The crystallites are dispersed into the aqueous solution due to the homophobic electrical repelling.
This prevents the fine grains from coagulating to form larger crystals. Thus, hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) has a dissolution limiting effect.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) has high scale inhibition performance when used at low doses.
In addition, the carbonyl group of HPMA has a strong complexation as an electron donor. This changes the normal morphology of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate crystals and can prevent hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride from growing into a larger crystal.
Thereby it has the effect of inhibiting scale formation and peeling off the old scale.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride Structural Analysis:
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) is the product of partial hydrolysis of polymaleic anhydride.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) has been determined that about 60% to 70% of the polymaleic anhydride is hydrolyzed to a carboxylic acid.
That is not completely hydrolyzed.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride is shown by the study of the structure-effect relationship of molecular microstructure.
The increase in the degree of hydrolysis is advantageous for HPMA chemical improvement in scale inhibition performance.
Therefore, a large degree of hydrolysis is ensured as much as possible during the synthesis of hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride.
From hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride structural analysis, its carboxyl group in the molecule can form compounds with calcium and magnesium ions in water and HPMA can promote lattice distortion and turn the precipitation into a loose slag with good fluidity.
Hydrolysed polymaleic anhydride is the same as a polymer having a hydroxyl group or a sulfonic acid group.
Hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) can be dissociated into hydrogen ions and acid anions after being dissolved in water.
The chain molecules are then negatively charged.
This long-chain negatively charged anion is adsorbed by calcium carbonate nucleus and fine crystal grains.
Then bring HPMA with a more negative charge.
The crystallites are dispersed into the aqueous solution due to the homophobic electrical repelling.
This prevents the fine grains from coagulating to form larger crystals.
Thus, hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride (HPMA) has a dissolution limiting effect.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) has high scale inhibition performance when used at low doses.
In addition, the carbonyl group of HPMA has a strong complexation as an electron donor.
This changes the normal morphology of calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate crystals and can prevent hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride from growing into a larger crystal.
Thereby it has the effect of inhibiting scale formation and peeling off the old scale.
Why Choose HPMA?
Extreme Temperature Tolerance: Remains effective at temperatures up to 300°C, significantly outperforming traditional phosphonates and polyacrylic acids.
Superior Calcium Carbonate Control: Highly efficient at inhibiting CaCO3 scale through both threshold inhibition and crystal lattice distortion.
Excellent Compatibility: HPMA is non-toxic, easily biodegradable, and can be compounded with zinc salts or phosphonates (like HDTMPA) for synergistic corrosion and scale inhibition.
High Tolerance to Chlorine: Maintains structural integrity even in systems using high levels of oxidising biocides.
HPMA Scale Inhibition Performance
The hydrolyzed polymaleic anhydride has the following scale inhibition characteristics.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) is quite effective for calcium carbonate scale. At the same time, it has both lattice distortion and threshold effect (ie, unidirectional conductivity). Even if it is scaled, it is relatively loose. It is easily washed away by water and not formed into a hard scale.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) has high-temperature resistance. Decomposition usually occurs above 350 °C. Can be used at high temperatures.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) has a certain ability to disperse calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, calcium sulfate and the like.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) can be compounded with a zinc salt. There is a synergistic effect on corrosion inhibition of carbon steel.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) is non-toxic. No significant impact on the environment.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride Uses
Cooling Water Systems: Prevents scale buildup on heat transfer surfaces and protects metal components from corrosion.
Boiler Water Treatment: Improves heat transfer efficiency and extends equipment lifespan by controlling scale and corrosion.
Industrial Processes: Protects equipment in pulp, paper, textile, and oilfield operations by suppressing mineral deposits.
Reverse Osmosis (RO): Maintains membrane efficiency by inhibiting scaling from minerals and salts.
Detergent Formulations: Acts as a builder and chelating agent, boosting cleaning power by preventing hardness ions from precipitating.
Biological Activity
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) forms nanodiscs spontaneously by fragmentation or solubilization of the lipid bilayers.
Hydrolyzed Polymaleic Anhydride (HPMA) is used in designing of nanodisc-forming polymer to mimic the amphiphilic nature of proteins and peptides.
PMA N-C4-60-4.7 efficiently solubilised the lipid membrane and forms lipid nanodiscs with 1,2-dimyristoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphocholine (DMPC).
The addition of PMA N-C4-60-4.7 lowered the light scattering intensity of Escherichia coli suspension.
