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Indole-3-Butyric Acid (C₁₂H₁₃NO₂) is a synthetic plant growth regulator belonging to the auxin family.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is widely used in horticulture and agriculture as a rooting agent to stimulate root initiation and development in plant cuttings, as well as to increase crop yields.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is a white to light-yellow crystalline solid, with the molecular formula C12H13NO2.
CAS Number: 133-32-4
Molecular Formula: C12H13NO2
Molecular Weight: 203.24
EINECS Number: 205-101-5
Synonyms: Indole-3-butyric acid (IBA), Indole-3-Butyric Acid, Indolebutyric acid, Indole-3-butanoic acid, 1H-Indole-3-butyric acid, 4-(1H-Indol-3-yl)butanoic acid, 4-(3-Indolyl)butyric acid, 4-(Indol-3-yl)butyric acid, beta-Indolebutyric acid, gamma-(Indol-3-yl)butyric acid, Indole-3-butyrate, Indolebutyrate, Indolylbutyric acid, Indole butyric acid, 3-Indolylbutyric acid, Indole-3-Butyric Acid (IBA), IBA, 3IB, Seradix, Seradix 2, Seradix 3, Seradix B2, Seradix B3, Rhizopon AA, Hormodin, Hormex, Jiffy grow, Chryzopon, Chryzosan, Chryzotek, Oxyberon, CAS 133-32-4, EINECS 205-101-5, CHEBI:33070, DTXSID8032623, DTXCID6012623, NSC-3130, RefChem:790964, UNII:061SKE27JP, C10H9NO2, seradix3;seradixb2;seradixb3;AKOS AU36-M581;AKOS BBS-00007673;4-(INDOLYL)BUTYRIC ACID;Indole-3-Butyric Acid/HORMODIN SERADIX;3-INDOLYLBUTYRIC ACID
Indole-3-Butyric Acid melts at 125°C in atmospheric pressure and decomposes before boiling.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is a plant hormone in the auxin family and is an ingredient in many commercial horticultural plant rooting products.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves plant propagation efficiency and success rates.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is an indole derivative with a butyric acid side chain, which gives it auxin-like biological activity while making it more resistant to rapid degradation in plants.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves its effectiveness in practical applications.
Physically, Indole-3-Butyric Acid appears as a white to off-white crystalline powder, with low solubility in water but good solubility in alcohols or as salt forms (e.g., potassium IBA).
This improves formulation flexibility in commercial products.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid acts as a rooting stimulant, callus inducer, and plant development regulator, especially effective in cuttings and tissue culture systems.
This improves propagation control and plant growth outcomes.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is best described as a stable synthetic auxin used primarily to promote root formation and enhance plant propagation efficiency in horticulture and agriculture.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is particularly important in plant physiology because it is a slow-acting, highly stable auxin analogue that provides prolonged rooting stimulation compared with many other plant growth regulators.
This extended activity is one reason it is preferred in commercial propagation systems.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves reliability in root induction.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is believed to act partly as a prohormone, meaning it can be converted in some plants into the active natural auxin indole-3-acetic acid (IAA).
This conversion contributes to sustained auxin signaling during root formation.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves long-term rooting efficiency.
In adventitious root formation, Indole-3-Butyric Acid promotes the reprogramming of differentiated plant cells back into root-competent cells.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid involves activation of auxin-responsive genes and increased cell division in the cambial region.
This improves understanding of plant regeneration mechanisms.
In woody plant propagation, Indole-3-Butyric Acid is especially effective because woody tissues typically respond poorly to weaker or less stable auxins.
Its stability allows sufficient hormonal stimulation over the longer time required for root initiation.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves success rates in difficult-to-root species.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid influences carbohydrate allocation and nutrient mobilization toward the base of the cutting.
This supports energy-demanding root initiation processes.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves cutting survival and establishment.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is often preferred for rooting, while NAA is sometimes used for fruit regulation or thinning.
Their different transport and metabolism profiles lead to different practical outcomes.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves selection of appropriate growth regulators.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is less polar and more stable than IAA, which allows it to remain localized longer at the application site.
This localized persistence enhances root initiation at treated zones.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves targeted hormonal effect.
In environmental degradation, Indole-3-Butyric Acid is broken down through microbial metabolism in soil and plant tissues, but its breakdown is slower than natural auxins.
This contributes to its effectiveness but also requires controlled use.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves environmental management awareness.
In commercial nursery systems, Indole-3-Butyric Acid is used in standardized formulations (powders, gels, quick-dip solutions) to ensure consistent rooting results across large batches of plants.
This is essential for industrial-scale plant production.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves production uniformity.
In plant biotechnology, Indole-3-Butyric Acid is a key regulator in vitro regeneration systems where controlled root formation is required after shoot multiplication stages.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves plant micropropagation efficiency.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is a plant hormone belonging to the auxin family and assists in initiating root formation; the in vitro process is called micropropagation.
Aside from accelerating root formation, it is used on various crops to stimulate flower development and the growth of fruits.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid ultimately increases crop yields.Because it is similar in structure to naturally occurring substances and is used in tiny amounts, this plant growth regulator poses no known risks to humans or the environment.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid has a relative long maintaining time for its efficacy and can promote more but slender adventitious roots with better efficacy when being administered together with naphthalene acetic acid.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid can be applied to the cuttings and root cutting of chrysanthemum and other ornamental plants for facilitating the rooting at a concentration of 0.5~1.0mg/L.
However, we should not be applied to the foliage of the plants.
Degradation and Metabolism: it can subject to rapid degradation in the soil.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is not easy to be oxidized in plants and has a poor conductivity.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid has similar physiological effect as indole acetic acid.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid can take effect in cell division and cell growth of plants but with a less significant effect compared with indole acetic acid is mainly used to promote rooting cuttings and effectively promote cell division cambium.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is a plant growth regulator (auxin-type hormone) closely related to indole-3-acetic acid (IAA), the main natural auxin in plants.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is widely used to stimulate root formation and improve plant propagation success in agriculture and horticulture.
It is one of the most commonly used rooting hormones because it is more stable and longer-lasting than natural auxins, giving more consistent rooting results.
Melting point: 124–125.5 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 341.55 °C (rough estimate)
Density: 1.1255 (rough estimate)
bulk density: 360 kg/m3
refractive index: 1.5440 (estimate)
storage temp.: 2–8°C
solubility: DMF: 25 mg/mL; DMSO: 25 mg/mL; ethanol: 25 mg/mL; PBS (pH 7.2): 0.1 mg/mL; water: 0.25 g/L
pKa: 4.83 ± 0.10 (Predicted)
form: liquid
color: clear colorless to pale yellow
Water Solubility: soluble in water (0.25 g/L)
Sensitive: air sensitive
Merck: 14,4965
BRN: 171120
Stability: stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents. Light sensitive.
InChI: 1S/C12H13NO2/c14-12(15)7-3-4-9-8-13-11-6-2-1-5-10(9)11/h1-2,5-6,8,13H,3-4,7H2,(H,14,15)
InChIKey: JTEDVYBZBROSJT-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: OC(=O)CCCc1c[nH]c2ccccc12
LogP: 2.300
Indole-3-Butyric Acid solution of a concentration of 5 × 10-4~1 × 10-2 for 5 seconds and immediately inserting the cutting slip in the bed.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid method has the advantage of short processing time, even medication and excellent efficacy.
After the treatment, adding simazine to the insertion beds (20.375 grams per meter) can lead to a higher rate of rooting.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is considered more effective than many other auxins for rooting because it is less readily broken down by plant enzymes and environmental conditions.
This allows it to remain active longer at the site of application.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves consistency in rooting performance.
In root initiation, Indole-3-Butyric Acid stimulates the formation of adventitious roots by activating gene pathways involved in cell division and differentiation in root primordia.
This is why it is widely used in rooting powders and gels.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves propagation success rates.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is applied to stems, leaves, or shoots to encourage root development in species that are otherwise difficult to root.
This improves commercial plant production efficiency.
In tissue culture, Indole-3-Butyric Acid is often used in combination with other hormones to control organ formation.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is particularly effective in promoting root formation from callus or shoot tissues.
This improves plant biotechnology control.
In horticultural production, it is used for ornamental plants, fruit trees, and woody species to improve cloning and uniform plant production.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves crop uniformity and quality.
In interaction with other auxins, IBA is often compared with NAA; both are synthetic auxins, but IBA is generally preferred for rooting due to better stability and lower phytotoxicity in many species.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves formulation selection.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is relatively stable but can be degraded by microbial activity and light exposure over time in soil environments.
This improves environmental fate understanding.
In formulation science, Indole-3-Butyric Acid is commonly converted into salt forms to increase water solubility for spray applications or dip treatments.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves practical usability.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is especially important because it represents a “controlled auxin signal” system in plants, meaning it provides a sustained hormonal stimulus rather than a rapid, short-lived spike like some other auxins.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid makes it particularly suitable for processes that require time, such as root initiation.
This improves reliability in long developmental phases.
At the biochemical level, Indole-3-Butyric Acid is thought to be partially converted into IAA (indole-3-acetic acid) inside plant tissues through β-oxidation pathways.
This means it can act both directly and indirectly as an auxin source.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves sustained hormone availability.
In cell reprogramming during rooting, Indole-3-Butyric Acid triggers dedifferentiation of mature plant cells near the cut site.
These cells regain the ability to divide and form root primordia.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves regeneration efficiency in plant propagation.
In carbohydrate and nutrient redistribution, Indole-3-Butyric Acid increases movement of sugars and nutrients toward the base of cuttings.
This supports energy-demanding root formation processes.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves rooting success rates.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid application can help cuttings tolerate transplant shock by accelerating root establishment.
Faster root formation improves water uptake and reduces dehydration stress.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves plant survival after propagation.
In woody vs herbaceous plants, woody species typically respond better to IBA than to many other auxins because of its stability and slower release behavior in tissues.
Herbaceous plants may respond more quickly but less selectively.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves species-specific application strategy.
In formulation chemistry, Indole-3-Butyric Acid is often micronized to improve surface area and absorption efficiency in powder formulations.
It is also commonly converted into salts (like potassium IBA) for water-based systems.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves practical usability in agriculture.
In light and environmental stability, Indole-3-Butyric Acid is more stable than natural auxins but can still degrade under UV exposure or extreme pH conditions in field environments.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid influences application timing and storage conditions.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves field performance reliability.
In comparative plant hormone science, Indole-3-Butyric Acid is often used as a reference compound when studying auxin-induced rooting mechanisms alongside NAA and IAA.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid helps distinguish stability vs activity effects.
This improves experimental clarity.
In commercial horticulture logistics, Indole-3-Butyric Acid is widely standardized in propagation protocols to ensure consistent rooting outcomes across large-scale nurseries.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid reduces variability between batches of plants.
This improves industrial propagation uniformity.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid has a molecular weight of 190.22.
The pure product is white crystalline solid with the melting point being 124~125 ℃.
Indole-3-Butyric Acids industrial product is white to pale yellow crystals with a melting point being 121~124 ℃.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid has special smell and is toxic.
It is irritant with a vapor pressure being <10μPa at 60 ℃.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is difficult to be dissolved in water with the solubility in water at 20 ℃ being 0.25g/L.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is easily soluble in benzene and soluble in other organic solvents.
Its solubility (g/100ml) is: benzene> 100; acetone, ethanol, ethyl ether: 3 to 10; chloroform: 1 to 10. Indole-3-Butyric Acid has a low toxicity to humans and animals and is stable to the acid while forming salt in the solution of the hydroxide and carbonate compounds of the alkali metal.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid can be produced from indole via Grignard reaction or by adding nitrile for hydrolysis.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid can be used as plant growth-promoting agent that can promote root growth and fruit ripening with an efficacy being stronger than indole acetic acid.
Indole butyric acid is an excellent growth regulator for promoting the cutting and rooting of the cherry rootstock.
Uses Of Indole-3-Butyric Acid:
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is mainly used as a rooting agent, plant growth regulator, auxin analogue, and propagation enhancer because it strongly promotes adventitious root formation.
In rooting powders and gels, it is used to stimulate root formation in plant cuttings.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves propagation success and plant establishment.
In dip solutions for cuttings, it is used to treat stems before planting to enhance rooting efficiency.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves nursery production outcomes.
In horticultural propagation, it is used for woody plants, fruit trees, and ornamental species that are difficult to root.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves cloning and cultivation efficiency.
In plant tissue culture, it is used to induce root formation from callus or shoot cultures.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves plant regeneration control.
In commercial greenhouse production, it is used to produce uniform, high-quality plants for market distribution.
This improves consistency and productivity.
In ornamental plant production, it is used to improve rooting success and plant establishment.
This improves aesthetic and commercial value.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is mainly used as a rooting hormone, auxin analogue, plant growth regulator, and propagation enhancer because it strongly promotes and stabilizes root formation in plants.
In rooting powders and gels, it is used to stimulate adventitious root development in plant cuttings.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves propagation success and establishment rates.
In quick-dip solutions for cuttings, it is used to accelerate rooting before planting.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves nursery production efficiency.
In woody plant propagation, it is used to improve rooting in trees, shrubs, and hard-to-root species.
This improves commercial plant multiplication.
In ornamental horticulture, it is used to enhance rooting and increase survival of decorative plants.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves aesthetic plant production.
In fruit crop propagation, it is used to clone uniform planting material from selected cultivars.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves crop consistency and yield quality.
In plant tissue culture, it is used to induce root formation from in vitro shoots.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves micropropagation success.
In commercial greenhouse systems, it is used for large-scale production of uniform rooted plants.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves scalability and production control.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is a broad spectrum indole-class plant growth regulators and is a good rooting agent.
It can promote the cuttings and rooting of herbaceous and woody ornamental plant.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid can also be applied to the fruit setting of fruit as well as improving the fruit setting rate.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is auxin-family plant hormone (phytohormone).
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is thought to be a precursor of indole-3-acetic acid (IAA) the most abundant and the basic auxin natively occurring and functioning in plants.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid generates the majority of auxin effects in intact plants, and is the most potent native auxin.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is mainly used as a rooting hormone, plant growth regulator, auxin analogue, and propagation enhancer because it strongly stimulates and stabilizes root formation in plants.
In rooting powders and gels, it is used to promote adventitious root formation in plant cuttings.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves propagation success and plant establishment.
In quick-dip rooting solutions, it is used to treat cuttings before planting to accelerate root development.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves nursery efficiency and uniformity.
In woody plant propagation, it is used to improve rooting in trees, shrubs, and other difficult-to-root species.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves commercial plant production.
In ornamental horticulture, it is used to enhance rooting and improve survival rates of decorative plants.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves aesthetic plant production.
In fruit crop propagation, it is used to clone and multiply uniform planting material.
This improves crop consistency and yield quality.
In tissue culture systems, it is used to induce root formation from in vitro shoots.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves plant regeneration success.
In commercial greenhouse production, it is used to produce large quantities of uniform rooted plants for market distribution.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves scalability and efficiency.
Used to stimulate root formation of plant clippings. Suitable for plant cell culture tested.
Safety Profile Of Indole-3-Butyric Acid:
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves biological risk understanding.
It is considered toxic to aquatic organisms at sufficient concentrations, so environmental release should be minimized.
This improves environmental protection awareness.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is generally chemically stable under normal storage conditions, but should be protected from strong oxidizers and excessive heat.
This improves storage safety.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is a bioactive plant hormone analogue with moderate hazard potential that requires standard chemical handling precautions to avoid irritation and environmental contamination, especially in agricultural use.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is considered a moderately hazardous plant growth regulator, mainly due to its biological activity and irritation potential rather than extreme toxicity.
It may cause eye and skin irritation, especially in concentrated powder or solution form.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves safe handling awareness.
Inhalation of dust may lead to respiratory irritation, coughing, or throat discomfort.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid improves occupational exposure control.
Ingestion may cause gastrointestinal symptoms such as nausea, vomiting, and abdominal discomfort, depending on dose.
This improves ingestion safety awareness.
At high exposure levels, synthetic auxins like IBA can disrupt normal plant and cellular growth regulation processes.
Indole-3-Butyric Acid is the basis of their biological activity and potential toxicity.
