KERATIN

Keratins are epithelialspecific intermediate filaments and play an important cytostructural role in cells, in addition to cell functions such as motility, proliferation, and apoptosis. 
Keratins conjugated to liposomes made of internal wood lipids are more effective than topical aqueous solutions.
Keratin is a kind of structural protein, mainly found in the keratinous tissue of animals, such as skin, hair and nails. 

CAS Number: 68238357
EINECS Number: 2694091

Bromochloroacetic acid, 5589968, 2bromo2chloroacetic acid, Acetic acid, bromochloro Keratins, 68238357, Chlorobromoacetic acid, 69430360, Keratin from Wool, bromo(chloro)acetic acid 2Bromo2chloroethanoic acid, AL8MZ37Y51, DTXSID4024642, CHEBI:64206, UNIIAL8MZ37Y51 BCAA, BROMOCHLOROACETICACID, CCRIS 8228, HSDB 7619, acetic acid, 2bromo2chloro bromochloracetic acid, 5% aqueous solution, BrCH(Cl)COOH, bromochloroethanoic acid, BrCH(Cl)CO2H 2bromo2chloroaceticacid, Bromochloroacetic acid, 97%, SCHEMBL135012, CHEMBL504842, DTXCID604642 GEHJBWKLJVFKPSUHFFFAOYSAN, Tox21_200894, BROMOCHLOROACETIC ACID [IARC], CHLOROBROMOACETIC ACID [HSDB] LMFA01090146, MFCD00143872, AKOS016010266, NCGC0009148801, NCGC0009148802, NCGC0025844801, BS52910 Bromochloroacetic acid, analytical standard, CAS5589968, FT0623228, FT0627572, FT0627573 Keratin (partially sulfonated, 5% in Water), NS00004213, C19212, E78199, Q27133122 Bromochloroacetic acid 1000 microg/mL in Methyltertbutyl ether.

Keratin is the key structural material making up the outer layer of human skin. 
They also have a protective role for epithelial cells, helping cells contend with environmental stressors such as mechanical insults. 
There are over 50 different types of keratin proteins, highly conserved across mammals. 

Disorders in keratin production often results in hyperkeratosis, or thickening of SC due to trauma. 
Topical keratins have been shown to reduce the degree of keratodermas. 
Keratin can be extracted from human hair or sheep’s wool, and is commonly used in skin moisturizers and topical hair strengthening agents.

Many studies have been conducted to show the beneficial effects of keratin on skin renewal. 
Woolderived keratin has recently been shown to stimulate keratinocyte migration as well as types IV and VII collagen expression in fibroblasts. 
This shows that treatment with keratin results in rejuvenation of the epithelium as well as strengthening of the epithelial basement membrane. 

A new keratinbased hydrogel was used on a patient with epidermolysis bullosa, and resulted in improved robustness of skin and healing.
A randomized trial comparing 3% keratin to control showed that keratin is effective on disturbed skin.
Another study showed that topical keratin treatment leads to higher skin elasticity and capacitance. 

Studies have also been conducted on the topical application of synthetic fibronectinlike peptides. 
These, like keratin, smoothed the skin surface and also reduced hyperpigmentation of the skin.
A class of natural fibrous proteins occurring in vertebrate animals and humans, they are characterized by their high content of several amino acids, especially cystine, arginine, and serine. 

They are generally harder than the fibrous collagen group of pro
Any of a class of fibrous proteins found in hair, feathers,horn, and hooves. 
The keratins contain polypeptide chains linked by disulfide bonds between cystein amino acids.

Keratin is rich in a variety of amino acids, used in the products to protect and repair hair during Permanent perm, bleaching or dyeing. 
Keratin, as a new type of raw material, is used in the production of cosmetics, such as shampoo and skin care. 
The use of keratin was made of palm acid, further made into the facial cleanser, skin care cream, lipstick and other cosmetics wetting agent.

The Keratin refers to a family of fibrous structural proteins. 
Keratin is also the key structural component of hair and nails. Keratin monomers assemble into bundles to form intermediate filaments, which are tough and insoluble and form strong unmineralized tissues found in reptiles, birds, amphibians, and mammals. 
The only other biological matter known to approximate the toughness of Keratinized tissue is chitin.

Strength and flexibility: Keratin has high strength and flexibility, which enables it to provide structural support and protection.
Water resistance: Keratin is not easy to dissolve in water, so it can effectively resist the influence of moisture and humidity on its structure.
Heat resistance: Keratin can withstand high temperatures, so it can be used in different heat treatment processes.

Keratin is active ingredient for various cosmetic products like e.g hair care products and nail care products and for production of professional hair cosmetics appropriated to protection before damaging effects of oxidizers (coloring) as well as reducers (perm) and to intensive regeneration of scalp and hair damaged by hairdressers manipulations.
Keratin hydrolysate can be widely used as a nutrient, which can be absorbed by the skin and improve the waterholding capacity of the skin's stratum corneum; it is made into hair lotion with vitamin B (Riboflavin) and proline, which has protective, weightincreasing and conditioning effects on hair ; Used in perm, can relieve the damage of chemical agents to the hair.
The Keratin ingredient is suitable for 8 types of skin: sensitive skin, wrinkled skin, pigmented skin, oily skin, nonpigmented skin, tolerant skin, dry skin, and firm skin.

Keratin is essentially a large protein molecule that has gone through a chemical process that is broken down in a way that allows it to penetrate the hair cuticle.
Keratin is most popularly derived from wool protein, silk protein, or vegan wheat protein Type of ingredient: Strengthener
Main benefits: Reduces breakage, minimizes damage, and increases elasticity and shine Who should use Keratin: Curly, kinky, and dry/damaged hair.

Keratin can penetrate the hair cuticle, this helps Keratin to take effect with more potency than say, something that merely sits on top of the hair.
Firstly, keratin is a protein that’s naturally found in hair.
Keratin’s responsible for hair’s health.

While keratin makes hair strong, Keratin’s also prone to damage due to environmental aggressors.
For this reason, Keratin has been introduced into several hair care formulations to supplement what has been weakened.
Keratin is a large protein molecule that is broken down after a chemical process in a manner such that it can penetrate the hair cuticle.

Keratin is sourced from a larger keratin molecule.
Keratin is broken down by splitting Keratins bond with the addition of hydrogen and hydroxide (water).
At the end of the chemical process, the keratin is reduced into smaller fragments that the hair can absorb, thanks to its lower molecular weight.

Essentially, hydrolyze means to fragment the protein or break into smaller pieces in a nonspecific manner.
The brokendown proteins deposit themselves on the hair’s shaft.
Due to the low molecular weight and the small size, the Keratin proteins go beyond the cuticle, penetrate the hair shaft and reduce damage.

Keratin is a multifunctional and goto strengthening protein that helps your damaged hair turn over a new leaf.
Keratin is naturally produced within the body, just like biotin.
Keratin, a watersoluble vitamin, assists in the metabolism of protein which provides a foundation for keratin.

Foods high in vitamin C, biotin, lean protein and whole grains are keratinrich and improve keratin in your nails and hair.
Topical products like nail treatments, lotions, shampoo and conditioner also contain Keratin.
Keratin helps fill the minor gaps throughout the hair shaft, including its three layers  the medulla, cortex and cuticle.

Keratin is a protein that has been broken down to its essential amino acids. 
The process of hydrolyzing proteins helps them to penetrate hair strands.
Hydrolyzing a protein is super beneficial for us because these proteins will then strengthen our strands from all comprehensively, inside and out.

That means better coverage and protection for our hair.
This is so because the process of hydrolyzing the protein makes it small enough to replenish and preserve hair so much so that it’s like hair on steroids.
Keratin is a strengthening protein that is extracted from sheeps’ wool.

Due to the similarities between Keratin and the keratin that is naturally found in our strands, Keratin works as an excellent “filler” for chipped cuticles and thinned strands.
This protein helps our strands gain softness, strength, and flatten cuticles by closing gaps along the length of the hair.
Keratin has also been known to mend split ends albeit temporarily.

Keratin Protein revitalizes hair’s natural protective layer while rebuilding its strength and returning the elasticity to the strands
Keratin, a halogenated disinfection byproduct commonly found in drinking water, juice, and cheese Keratin is a very colorless solid in water and methanol
The Keratin peptide is extracted by using a natural keratin such as chicken feather or duck feather as a raw material.

Density: 1.00 g/mL at 20 °C
storage temp.: 28°C
form: urea solution
Odor: Characteristic, slight
CAS DataBase: Reference    68238357
EWG's Food Scores: 12

Keratins are important for the mechanical stability and integrity of epithelial cells and tissues. 
Some keratins also have regulatory functions and are involved in intracellular signaling pathways, e.g. protection from stress, wound healing, and apoptosis. 
This diverse group of cytoskeletal scaffolding proteins form intermediate filament networks which provide structural support to keratinocytes that maintain the integrity of the skin. 

Expression of keratin genes is usually regulated by differentiation of the epidermal cells within the stratifying squamous epithelium.
Fibrous proteins are generally insoluble in water and consist of long, coiled strands or flat sheets which have strength and elasticity. 
Keratin and collagen come in this category. 

Keratin is present in hair and wool. 
Keratin is characterized by the high contents of several amino acids, especially cystine, arginine and serine. 
Keratins are generally harder than the fibrous collagen. 

Keratins are insoluble in organic solvents, but absorb and hold water.
Keratin "acts as a humectant, which draws moisture into the hair."
Increases density: Keratin also helps to rebuild the natural protective layer of hair from the inside by replacing lost protein nd increasing each strand’s diameter, which gives it a fuller appearance.

Keratin is beneficial for most hair types, but will have more benefits for people with curly, kinky, dry, or damaged hair.
High porosity hair types that have been weakened from chemical processes like color treatments, chemical relaxers, or sun damage benefit from keratin treatments
The Keratin will fill the gaps in the hair strands that are weak.

However, Keratin’s a powerful ingredient.
So Keratin shouldn’t be applied as often as, say, a moisturizing deep conditione.
Keratins moisturizing properties make shampoos and conditioners that contain Keratin a goto option for those with brittle, dry or limp hair.
Keratin’s an excellent choice to tame unruly hair and make it more manageable.

As hair is made from keratin, it’s one of the best proteins to treat hair that’s heavily manipulated or chemically damaged. Usually, when hair undergoes chemical processes, the amino acid cysteine breaks down and results in weakened and damaged hair.
Keratin is known to replace this lost cysteine.
Keratin increases cysteine content, which increases tensile strength and minimizes damage.
Keratin also increases volume, strengthens Keratin hair, and restores luster.

Research shows that hydrolyzed protein can repair and condition damaged hair.
These protein hydrolysates strengthen hair fibers and reduce hair breakage.
Protein hydrolysates are often added to hair coloring products for even color absorption.

Hydrolyzed protein protects the hair from the damaging effects of permanent bleaching, waving, and straightening products.
Keratin improves the texture and natural structure of the hair and forms a protective coating to shield the strands.
Keratin boosts hair moisture and elasticity and protects it from heat and photodamage.

Keratin retains water content in the cortex by bonding with residual amino acids produced by hair proteins.
Research shows that Keratin can help stimulate hair growth.
Protein hydrolysates protect the hair from chemical and environmental aggressors to prevent hair damage.

Keratin also helps seal hair cuticles.
This minimizes frizz and prevents flyaways.
The amino acids from hydrolyzed proteins neutralize the negative electrical charge on the hair to eliminate frizz and friction.

Keratin has a similar amino acid structure to that of natural human hair.
Keratin is known to improve the tensile strength of damaged hair
This multifunctional ingredient can fortify the hair and improve its overall health and appearance.

Keratin is extracted from the nails, wools, and horns of animals.
Keratin is a large protein molecule and is broken down or “hydrolyzed” into smaller molecules through enzymatic hydrolysis.
The smaller or hydrolyzed molecules have lower molecular weight and penetrate the hair shafts and strengthen the hair structure.

Keratin has a similar amino acid structure as the keratin produced naturally in humans.
Specifically, this substance can be mixed with polyamide 6 blend to prepare nanofibres for adsorption of chromium Moreover, Keratin may act as an effective component to fabricate shampoo, bath, and shower gel.
In addition, this chemical can be used as an effective ingredient to produce odorremoving and deodorizing composition.

Besides, Keratin has been demonstrated to function as an useful agent for hair fixatives.
Bromochloroacetic acid is a monocarboxylic acid that is acetic acid in which one of the methyl hydrogens is replaced by bromine while a second is replaced by chlorine.
A lowmelting (27.531.5℃), hygroscopic crystalline solid, it can be formed during the disinfection (by chlorination) of water that contains bromide ions and organic matter, so can occur in drinking water as a byproduct of the disinfection process.

Keratin is a monocarboxylic acid, an organochlorine compound and a 2bromocarboxylic acid.
Keratin is a fibrous protein of the epidermis and its adnexa such as hair and nails.

Keratin enhances and strengthens the structure of damaged hair and nails, restoring their polish and healthy look; besides it maintains a proper level of moisturizing.
In nail enamels and conditioners  Keratin regenerates the structure of damaged plaque and results in its hardening and strengthening, prevents hair breaking and splitting as well as bears extreme similarity to proteins existing in skin and hair.

Uses Of Keratin:
Keratin is a surfaceprotective agent with filmforming and moisturizing action. Keratin is often used in cosmetics for its moistureretention and protective effect.
The Human Protein Atlas project can be subdivided into three efforts: Human Tissue Atlas, Cancer Atlas, and Human Cell Atlas. 
The antibodies that have been generated in support of the Tissue and Cancer Atlas projects have been tested by immunohistochemistry against hundreds of normal and disease tissues and through the recent efforts of the Human Cell Atlas project, many have been characterized by immunofluorescence to map the human proteome not only at the tissue level but now at the subcellular level. 

These images and the collection of this vast data set can be viewed on the Human Protein Atlas (HPA) site by clicking on the Image Gallery link. 
To view these protocols and other useful information about Prestige Antibodies and the HPA, visit.
As production of drugs, for the hair protection and caring.

Keratin is rich in cysteine, cysteine, lysine, leucine and other amino acids, together with yeast powder, vitamins and other raw materials to prepare compound preparation, will effectively promote new hair growing, and to replenish the hair needs of variety of amino acids. 
As keratin fiber, use for the sparse hair population’s hair decoration. Keratin fiber is a pure natural fiber, containing the same organic keratin as hair.
Hair’s electrostatic effect fine powder attach to the hair, makes hair back to dense.

Keratin can be used in the production of drug delivery systems, biomedical materials and wound healing auxiliary materials.
Biomaterials and Engineering: The special properties of Keratin make it ideal for manufacturing fibers, films and other highperformance materials.
Keratin can strengthen and protect hair, nails and skin, so it is widely used in skin care products and hair products.

Extract Keratin from animal tissues, such as wool, bird feathers and animal horns.
Through the synthesis of protein technology to prepare Keratin.
A few people may be allergic to Keratin, so an allergy test is required before use.

Keratin may react with certain chemical substances, so contact with incompatible substances should be avoided during use.
Use according to the recommendations on the Keratin manual and avoid using more than the recommended dose or frequency.
Keratin is a common ingredient in hair care products and treatments, such as shampoos, conditioners, and masks. 

Keratin treatments are also used in salons to straighten and smooth hair.
Keratin is included in nail care products to strengthen and improve the health of nails.
Some skincare products contain keratin to enhance skin elasticity and hydration.

Keratin is sometimes added to mascara and eyelash treatments to promote strength and flexibility.
Keratinbased materials have been investigated for their potential in wound healing due to their biocompatibility and structural properties.
Researchers explore the use of keratin in tissue engineering for its ability to mimic the extracellular matrix and support cell growth.

Keratin fibers extracted from animal sources have been used in the textile industry for making durable and strong fabrics.
Keratin is present in feathers, and its extraction is sometimes done for various applications.
Keratin is involved in the tanning process of leather, contributing to its strength and durability.

Keratin is biodegradable, and researchers are exploring its potential use in environmentally friendly materials, such as bioplastics and fertilizers.
Keratin is used in laboratory studies, particularly for its structural and mechanical properties.
Keratin biomarkers may be utilized in medical tests for certain conditions.

Some forms of keratin, often derived from feathers or other animal sources, have been explored as a protein supplement in animal feeds.
Keratin materials, such as feathers, can be processed into organic fertilizers due to their nutrient content.
Keratin has been investigated as a component for creating scaffolds in tissue engineering, providing a supportive structure for the growth of cells and tissues.

Keratin derivatives may be used in dental products, such as toothpaste or mouthwash, for their potential benefits in oral health.
Keratin based materials have been explored for use in paints and coatings, contributing to enhanced durability and protective properties.
Keratin fibers, particularly from feathers, can be used in art and craft projects, adding texture and strength to various creations.

Research is ongoing to explore the use of keratin in drug delivery systems, where it can be used as a carrier for controlled release of medications.
In some cases, keratin from animal byproducts may be used in the food industry for its protein content. However, this application is less common compared to other sources of protein.
Keratin based materials have been investigated for their potential as a component in insecticides due to their tough and durable nature.

Keratin materials, such as chicken feathers, have been explored for environmental cleanup applications, including the removal of heavy metals from contaminated water.
Keratin is often used as a marker in biological research studies to understand cellular processes, differentiation, and development.

Safety Profile Of Keratin:
Some individuals may be allergic to keratin or specific derivatives used in cosmetic products. 
Allergic reactions can include redness, itching, swelling, or rash. 
Keratin's important to perform patch tests before using products containing keratin, especially in salon treatments.

Workers involved in the manufacturing or application of keratinbased products, particularly in salon settings, may be at risk of inhaling airborne particles. 
This could potentially lead to respiratory irritation or allergic reactions.
Workers who handle keratin or work in industries where keratin is processed may be exposed to potential occupational hazards. 

Adequate safety measures and protective equipment should be in place to minimize exposure.
Keratin is often derived from animal sources, such as feathers, horns, or hooves. 
Ethical concerns may arise regarding the treatment of animals and sustainable sourcing practices.