KPS

POTASSIUM PERSULFATE

CAS Number: 7727-21-1
EC Number: 231-781-8
Molecular Formula: K2O8S2

KPS is extensively used as an initiator and a strong oxidizing agent. 
KPS is one of the essential constituents of hair dyes, as KPS is a perfect agent for decolorization. 

KPS is used as bleach activator and desizing agent. 
KPS is used for the oxidative degradation of toxic substances or chemicals in closed circular loops in water or a pool, making the process of water treatment easy. 

KPS can be used as an analytical reagent, plastic initiator, and oxidant, and in the process of the photofinishing of film. 
These applications make KPS an essential commodity in the market as KPS is used in many industries including cosmetics, water treatment plants, for bleaching purposes, etc.

KPS is the inorganic compound with the formula K2S2O8. 
Also known as potassium peroxydisulfate, KPS is a white solid that is sparingly soluble in cold water, but dissolves better in warm water. 

KPS is a powerful oxidant, commonly used to initiate polymerizations.
KPS can be prepared by electrolysis of a cold solution potassium bisulfate in sulfuric acid at a high current density.
2 KHSO4 → K2S2O8 + H2

KPS can also be prepared by adding potassium bisulfate (KHSO4) to a solution of the more soluble salt ammonium peroxydisulfate (NH4)2S2O8. 
In principle KPS can be prepared by chemical oxidation of potassium sulfate using fluorine.

KPS (K2S2O8) is also called potassium peroxydisulfate. 
KPS is a colorless or white triclinic powder found in the form of a crystals. 
KPS shows solubility in water, but in alcohol KPS is insoluble. 

KPS is said to be a strong oxidizing agent, and is used widely for bleaching. 
KPS is known to be a stable compound at normal room temperature. 

Moisture is not absorbed by KPS and hence it can be easily stored for longer so that KPS can be used later.
Some of the uses of KPS are circuit board cleaning.

Polymerization initiator.
Etching of circuit boards.

Enhancing the water purification treatment processes.
Aluminum and copper surface activation.

Disinfection.
Hair dye decolorization.

Low formaldehyde adhesive stick along with the speedy oxidation of aromatic hydrocarbons and ethanol, modified starch, degradation by oxidation of harmful gases, and for the bleaching of pulp and textiles in the paper and textile industries, respectively.
And oxidative desizing at low temperature. 

Though the toxicity of KPS is mild, continuous exposure to KPS may lead to major side effects on human health. 
Some of the adverse effects caused due by exposure to KPS may lead to cancer, issues related to one’s reproductive systems, and even skin allergies in certain cases.

Sodium sulfate is used as a substitute for KPS in certain analytical processes due to the similar qualities that are seen in both compounds.
Keeping in mind the mild level of toxicity of KPS and its wide range of industrial applications, KPS is expected that the market may experience stable growth in the near future. 

KPS is used as an initiator for emulsion polymerization reactions, in the preparation of acrylic, vinyl, styrene, neoprene, styrene-butadiene and other resins. 
KPS is also used in depolymerization in modification of starch, as a booster in hair bleaching formulations in cosmetics and as a gel breaker in the oil and gas industry.

KPS is used as an initiator for emulsion polymerization reactions, in the preparation of acrylic, vinyl, styrene, neoprene, styrene-butadiene and other resins. 
KPS is also used in depolymerization in modification of starch, as a booster in hair bleaching formulations in cosmetics and as a gel breaker in the oil and gas industry.
KPS acts as a polymerization initiator in polymer chemistry, as an etchant and cleaner in the manufacturing of printed circuit boards, as a booster in hair bleaching formulations in cosmetics.

Applications of KPS:
KPS is an oxidizing agent, used in cleaning and pickling of metal surface, accelerated curing of low formaldehyde adhesives and modification of starch, production of binders and coating materials,

Keep KPS away from fire, heat and direct sunlight. 
KPS should be kept sealed packaging, labels should be intact and clear. 
KPS should be stored separately with flammable or combustible materials, organic compounds, as well as rust, small amount of metal, and other reducing substance, KPS should avoid mix to prevent causing decomposition of KPS and explosion.

KPS is often used as a strong oxidizer and has the following usages:

KPS is used while rinsing or cleaning the surface of metal with acid.
KPS accelerate the processing procedure of low concentration formalin binder.

KPS is used as a regulator while producing amylum and applied to the production of binder or paint.
KPS is used as desizing agent or active bleaching agent.

For hair dye, as a principal ingredient with discoloring function.
KPS is used as oxidizer for remediation of envionmental protection.

Uses of KPS:
KPS can be used as gluten agent of wheat flour.
KPS is mainly used as a disinfectant and fabric bleach. 

KPS can be used as industrial oxidant in dyes and inorganic salts. 
KPS can be used as emulsion polymerization initiators in synthetic rubber industry. 

KPS can be used as polymerization accelerator in synthetic resin. 
In addition, KPS can also be used in the steel, photographic industry and medicine.

KPS is desizing agent and bleach activator.
KPS is an essential component of bleaching formulations for hair cosmetics.

The initiator for emulsion polymerization has to be water-soluble, considering the mechanism of emulsion polymerization.
Typical initiators are persulfates, for example, sodium, potassium, or ammonium persulfate, which are activated by thermal energy.
Typical polymerization temperatures are in the range of 70–90 °C.

Very popular are also redox systems, which consist of an oxidizing and a reducing compound. 
The interaction of these components and optionally some multivalent metal ions generates radicals even at low temperatures and allows smooth polymerization.

KPS is the inorganic compound with the formula K2S2O8. 
KPS is the potassium salt of persulfate (also called peroxydisulfate), an oxidizer. 

KPS is a white solid that dissolves in water. 
KPS is almost non-hygroscopic and has good shelf-life. 

KPS is often used as a strong oxidizer or monomer polymerization initiator.
KPS is but only an initiator for latex or acrylic monomer polymer fluid, vinyl acetate or chloroethylene, etc. but also an initiator for the copolymerization of cinnamene, acrylonitrile, butadiene and other colloids. 

KPS is used to initiate polymerization of various alkenes leading to commercially important polymers such as styrene-butadiene rubber and polytetrafluoroethylene and related materials. 

In solution, the dianion dissociates to give radicals:
[O3SO-OSO3]2− ⇌ 2 [SO4]•−

KPS is used in organic chemistry as an oxidizing agent, for instance in the Elbs persulfate oxidation of phenols and the Boyland–Sims oxidation of anilines.
As a strong yet stable bleaching agent KPS also finds use in various hair bleaches and lighteners. 

Such brief and non-continuous use is normally hazard free, however prolonged contact can cause skin irritation.
KPS has been used as an improving agent for flour with the E number E922, although KPS is no longer approved for this use within the EU.

KPS is used as:
Oxidizer
Free Radical Generator
Bleaching

Precautions of KPS:
KPS is a strong oxidant and is incompatible with organic compounds.
Prolonged skin contact of KPS can result in irritation.

KPS appears as a white crystalline solid. 
Specific gravity of KPS is 2.477. 
KPS decomposes below 100°C.

Chemical properties of KPS:
KPS is colorless or white triclinic crystalline powder. 
KPS is soluble in water, the solubility is 1.75g/100ml water at 0℃, the solubility is 5.3g/100ml water at 20℃. 
KPS is insoluble in alcohol. 

Properties of KPS:
KPS decomposition temperature is 50-60℃.
KPS is white, odorless crystal.

KPS is soluble in water, insoluble in alcohol.
KPS has strong oxidizing.

KPS is commonly used as bleaching agents, oxidizing agents.
KPS can be used as the polymerization initiator.

KPS almost does not absorb moisture.
KPS has good stability at room temperature.
KPS is easy to be stored, and KPS has the advantages of convenience and safety, etc.

Polymerization of KPS:

Plastics and rubber:
KPS is used as initiators for emulsion polymerization reactions in the preparation of acrylics, polyvinyl chlorides, polystyrenes, and neoprene.

KPS is used as polymerization initiators in the manufacture of synthetic rubber (styrene butadiene and isoprene) for automobile and truck tires.
KPS is used to prepare latex polymers for paints, coatings, and carpet backing.

Structural materials:
Persulfates are used as initiators in polymeric concrete formulations.

Inorganic chemicals and minerals:
Persulfates are also initiators for the polymeric coating of graphite filaments.

Soil stabilization:
KPS is used as a curing agent in chemical grout systems used to stabilize soil near dams, tunnels, and buildings.

Oxidation:
Surface preparation: 
The oxidation power of persulfates is used to clean and microetch a variety of printed circuit board substrates.

Persulfates are important oxidants in plating and coating processes. 
They are also etchants for nickel, titanium, and zink alloys.

KPS is used to clean and mill aluminum, brass, copper, and many other metal surfaces prior to plating or adhesive bonding
KPS is used to clean and activate carbon and charcoal before and after their use as absorbents.

Cosmetics:
The cosmetic industry has developed formulations which use persulfates to boost hair bleaching performance.

Organic synthesis: 
Persulfates are oxidizing agents in the preparation of aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, quinones, and a variety of other compounds.
The pharmaceutical industry uses sodium persulfate as a reagent in the preparation of antibiotics.

Other Applications of KPS:
Adhesive:
Persulfates are used in the preparation of adhesive films and metal bonding adhesives.

Gas and oil production: 
In enhanced oil recovery, persulfates are used "down hole" for gel forming and breaking.

Inks, pigments, and dispersants: 
Persulfates are used to graft substrates to polymers (for example, carbon black to sodium acrylate). 
Persulfates are used in the preparation of dispersants for ink jetting and toner formulations.

Mining: 
Persulfates can be used in nickel and cobalt separation processes.

Photography: 
Persulfates are used in many photographic applications, including bleaching solutions, solution regeneration, equipment cleaning, and waste water treatment.

Pulp and paper: 
Persulfates are used in the sizing of paper, preparation of binders and coatings, and production of special papers.
An activated alkali metal persulfate effectively repulps neutral/alkaline wet-strength broke and decolorizes dyes and optical brightener.

Textiles:
KPS is used in the desizing and bleaching of textiles and the development of dyestuffs.

Environmental:
Persulfates are very strong oxidants, have excellent shelf life when stored properly, and are economical to use. 
These properties make persulfates suitable for a variety of environmental applications, such as soil remediation and wastewater/groundwater cleanup.

Oxidation Chemistry:
The persulfate anion is the most powerful oxidant of the peroxygen family of compounds

Outline:
KPS (Formula is K2S2O8) is also known as potassium peroxydisulfate, molecular weight is 270.32.

Reactivity Profile of KPS:
KPS is an oxidizing agent. 
Noncombustible but accelerates the burning of combustible material. 
KPS plus a little potassium hydroxide and water released sufficient heat and oxygen to ignite a polythene (polyethylene) liner in a container. 

Storage precautions of KPS:
KPS is non-flammable, KPS is combustion-supporting which due to KPS can release of oxygen, storage environment must be dry and clean, well-ventilated. 
Pay attention to moisture and rain, KPS should not be transported in rain. 

KPS can be used as analytical reagents, oxidants and plastic initiator, KPS can also be used in the film photofinishing.
The above information is edited by the chemicalbook of Wang Xiaodong.

Handling and Safety of KPS:
Persulfates are oxidizing chemicals that require careful attention to all aspects of handling and use. 

Personal Protective Equipment:
When handling persulfate chemicals, follow the guidelines listed here and in the MSDS.

Protect your eyes:
Wear chemical-type goggles or a face mask whenever splashing, spraying, or any eye contact is possible.

Protect your hands: 
Wear general purpose neoprene gloves.

Protect yourself with proper clothing: 
Wear ordinary work clothes with long sleeves and full-length pants.

Protect yourself with proper footwear: 
Wear shoes with neoprene soles.

First Aid of KPS:

Eye contact: 
Flush with water for at least 15 minutes.
If irritation occurs and persists, obtain medical attention.

Skin contact: 
Wash with plenty of soap and water.
If irritation occurs and persists, obtain medical attention.
Wash clothing before reuse.

Inhalation: 
Get fresh air. 
If breathing difficulty or discomfort occurs, call a physician.

Ingestion:
Drink one to two glasses of water. 
Do not induce vomiting. 
Do not give anything by mouth to an unconscious individual. 
Call a physician immediately.

When properly handled and stored, persulfates and their solutions do not present serious health hazards.
The MSDS provides information concerning exposure, emergency, first aid, and disposal of persulfates.

Identifiers of KPS:
CAS Number: 7727-21-1 
ChemSpider: 22821 
ECHA InfoCard:  100.028.893
EC Number: 231-781-8
E number: E922 (glazing agents, ...)
PubChem CID: 24412
RTECS number: SE0400000
UNII: 6B86K0MCZC 
UN number:1492

Properties of KPS:
Chemical formula: K2S2O8
Molar mass: 270.322 g/mol
Appearance: white powder
Odor: odorless
Density: 2.477 g/cm3
Melting point: < 100 °C (decomposes)
Solubility in water: 1.75 g/100 mL (0 °C)
4.49 g/100 ml (20 °C)
Solubility: insoluble in alcohol
Refractive index (nD): 1.467

Names of KPS:

Translated names of KPS:
Dikaaliumperoksodisulfaat (et)
dikalijev peroksodisulfat (hr)
dikalijev peroksodisulfat (sl)
dikalio peroksodisulfatas (lt)
dikalium-peroxodisulfát (cs)
dikaliumperoksodisulfaatti (fi)
dikaliumperoksodisulfat (no)
dikaliumperoxodisulfaat (nl)
dikaliumperoxodisulfat (da)
Dikaliumperoxodisulfat (de)
dikaliumperoxodisulfat (sv)
dikálium-peroxodiszulfát (hu)
dikālija peroksidisulfāts (lv)
dipotasiu peroxodisulfat (ro)
Kaaliumpersulfaat (et)
kalijev persulfat (hr)
kalijev persulfat (sl)
kalio persulfatas (lt)
kaliumpersulfaatti (fi)
Kaliumpersulfat (de)
kaliumpersulfat (no)
kálium-persulfát (sk)
kálium-perszulfát (hu)
kālija persulfāts (lv)
nadtlenodisiarczan(VI) dipotasu (pl)
peroksodisiarczan(VI) dipotasu (pl)
perossodisolfato di dipotassio (it)
peroxodissulfato de dipotássio (pt)
peroxodisulfate de dipotassium; persulfate de potassium (fr)
peroxodisulfato de dipotasio (es)
peroxodisíran draselný (cs)
peroxodisíran draselný (sk)
potasiu persulfat (ro)
Υπερθειικο κάλιο (el)
υπεροξοδιθειικό δικάλιο (el)
дикалиев пероксодисулфат (bg)
калиев персулфат (bg)

CAS names of KPS:
Peroxydisulfuric acid ([(HO)S(O)2]2O2), potassium salt (1:2)
IUPAC names
dipotassium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide
dipotassium [(sulfoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide
dipotassium O-[(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanidolate
Dipotassium Peroxodisulphate
Dipotassium peroxodisulphate
dipotassium peroxodisulphate
Dipotassium peroxodisulphate
dipotassium peroxodisulphate
dipotassium peroxodisulphate potassium persulphate
dipotassium peroxodisulphate; potassium persulphate
DiKPS
dipotassium sulfonatooxy
dipotassium sulfonatooxy sulfate
dipotassium sulfonatooxy sulphate
dipotassium-peroxodisulphate-
dipotassium;sulfonatooxy sulfate
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), dipotassium salt
Potassium peroxydisulfate
KPS
Potassium Persulphate
pottassium persulfat

Trade names of KPS:
dipotassium peroxodisulfate
DiKPS
diKPS
Potassium peroxodisulfate
potassium peroxodisulfate
KPS
ANTHION
DIPOTASSIUM PEROXODISULFATE
DIPOTASSIUM PEROXYDISULFATE
DIKPS
POTASSIUM PEROXYDISULFATE
POTASSIUM PEROXYDISULFATE (K2(S2O8))
POTASSIUM PEROXYDISULFATE (K2S2O3)
POTASSIUM PEROXYDISULPHATE
KPS
POTASSIUM PERSULPHATE
VIRKON S

Synonyms of KPS:
dipotassium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide
dipotassium peroxodisulfate
dipotassium peroxodisulphate
dipotassium peroxydisulfate
diKPS
dipotassium sulfonatooxy sulfate
peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2) , dipotassium salt
peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), potassium salt (1:2)
peroxydisulfuric acid ([(HO)S(O)2]2O2), dipotassium salt
peroxydisulfuric acid potassium salt (1:2)
peroxydisulfuric acid, dipotassium salt
potassium peroxodisulfate
potassium peroxydisulfate
potassium peroxydisulfate (K2(S2O8))
potassium peroxydisulphate
TNP-201 DECOMPOSITION SOLUTION 1
anthion
NP A SOLUTION
POTASSIUM PEROXODISULFATE
POTASSIUM PEROXYDISULFATE
POTASSIUM PEROXYDISULPHATE
KPS
KPS, PURIFIED
Kaliumperoxodisulfat
Potassium Perslphate
Potassum Suphates
Dipotassiumperoxydisulphate
DI-POTASSIUM PEROXODISULPHATE
DIPOTASSIUM PEROXYDISULFATE
BETZ 2701
KPS 98%
Dipotassium peroxodisulphate (measured as [S2O8])
dipotassium peroxodisulphate potassium persulphate
POTASSIUM PERSULPHATE extrapure
POTASSIUM PERSULPHATE extrapure AR
Potassium oersulfate
KPS, for analysis
KPS, for analysis ACS
Peroxodisulfuric acid dipotassium salt
Virkon S
Hydrogen peroxodisulfate
Peroxodisulfuric acid
Potassium Peroxydisulphate, Acs Grade
KPS (KPS)
POTASSIUM PERSULPHATE (KPS)
Potassium peroxydisulfate, ACS, 99.0% min
Potassium peroxydisulfate, 99.99% (metals basis)
KPS,99+%,for analysis ACS
Potassium peroxydisulfate, 99.9% (metals basis)
Potassium peroxodisulfate,KPS
Potassium peroxodisulfate/ 99+%
KPS,Potassium peroxodisulfate
Potassium peroxydisulfate (metals basis)
Potassium Peroxydisulfate, Acs Min
Peroxydisulfuric acid ([(HO)S(O)2]2O2), potassium salt (1:2)
dipotassiumpersulfate
peroxydisulfuricacid([(ho)s(o)2]2o2),dipotassiumsalt
Peroxydisulfuricacid,dipotassiumsalt
peroxydisulfuricacid[((ho)s(o)2)2o2],dipotassiumsalt
potassiumperoxydisulfate(k2s2o3)
potassiumperoxydisulfate[k2(s2o8)]
KPS Potassium peroxydisulfate Dipotassium peroxydisulphate
KPS SIGMAULTRA
POTASSIUM PEROXODISULFATE (MAX. 0,001 % N) R. G., REAG. ACS
POTASSIUM PEROXODISULFATE EXTRA PURE
KPS ELECTROPHORESIS*REA GENT
POTASSIUM PEROXODISULFATE R. G.
KPS, 99+%, A.C.S. REAGE NT
KPS PHOTOGRAPHIC GRADE
KPS ACS REAGENT
KPS, 99.99% metals basis
PotassiumPersulfateK2S2O8
PotassiumPersulphateGr
KPS
7727-21-1
Potassium peroxydisulfate
Anthion
Potassium peroxodisulfate
Potassium peroxydisulphate
Dipotassium peroxydisulfate
Dipotassium peroxodisulphate
DiKPS
Caswell No. 700
UNII-6B86K0MCZC
Peroxydisulfuric acid, dipotassium salt
potassium persulphate
HSDB 2638
EINECS 231-781-8
MFCD00011386
UN1492
EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 063602
Potassium peroxydisulfate (K2(S2O8))
6B86K0MCZC
Peroxydisulfuric acid dipotassium salt
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2) , dipotassium salt
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), dipotassium salt
Potassiumpersulfate
KPS, 99+%, ACS reagent
KPS, 99+%, for analysis
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), potassium salt (1:2)
Peroxydisulfuric acid ([(HO)S(O)2]2O2), potassium salt (1:2)
Virkon S
potasium persulfate
potassium persuifate
ACMC-20ajud
potassium monopersulphate
potassium peroxidisulfate
dipotassium dioxidan-2-idesulfonate
KPS, ACS Reagent Grade
KPS [UN1492] [Oxidizer]
FT-0689072
KPS [UN1492] [Oxidizer]
dipotassium [(sulfonatoperoxy)sulfonyl]oxidanide
KPS, Trace metals grade 99.99%
Q415226
Anthion
Dipotassium peroxodisulphate
Dipotassium peroxodisulphate
dipotassium peroxodisulphate
dipotassium peroxodisulphate; potassium persulphate
Dipotassium peroxydisulfate
DiKPS
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2) , dipotassium salt
Peroxydisulfuric acid (((HO)S(O)2)2O2), potassium salt (1:2)
Peroxydisulfuric acid, dipotassium salt
Potassium peroxydisulfate
Potassium peroxydisulfate (K2(S2O8))
Potassium peroxydisulphate
KPS
POTASSIUM PERSULPHATE
potassium persulphate