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LAMP BLACK 101

Lamp black 101  is a high structured, highly stable amorphous carbon black. It offers pigment separation. Designed for powder coatings. Lamp black 101 is listed in the Color Index as Black 6-77266.


CAS NO: 1333-86-4
EC NO:215-609-9


IUPAC NAMES:
Acetylene Black DENKA
Acetylene Black DSPL
C.I. Pigment Black 7
Carbon
carbon
CARBON BLACK
Carbon Black
Carbon black
carbon black
CARBON BLACK
Carbon Black
Carbon black
carbon black
Carbon Black amorphous
Carbon black; Acetylene black
Methane
methane
Rockport


SYNONYMS:
ACTIVATED CARBON DARCO G-60;ACTIVATED CHARCOAL NORIT;ACTIVATED CHARCOAL NORIT(R);ACETYLENE BLACK;ACETYLENE CARBON BLACK;COSMETICBLACK(A3278);CARBONBLACKTONER;9901LAMPBLACK
;C.I. 77266;C.I. Pigment Black 6;C.I. Pigment Black 7;Carbon black;Acetylene black;lamp blackCarbonnanotubesmultiwalled;Fullerene carbon soot (contains 2-20% C60/C70 and;Carbonanotubesmultiwalled;Carbonsoot;carbon;Carbon black(C.I.77266)
;Carbomi;Carbon;Carbon Activated;CARBON BLACK;Carbon Black BV and V;Carbon black, ;acetylene;Carbon black, channel;Carbon black, furnace;Carbon black, lamp;Carbon black, thermal;Carbon nanotube, single-walled;Carbon powder;Carbon, activate;Carbon, activated;Carbon, activated [UN1362] [Spontaneously combustible];Carbon, amorphous;Carbon, colloidal;Carbon, Vitreous;Carbon, Darco&trade; G-60, Activated;G0500;G0501;G0502;N0968;N0969;Nanodiamond (particle size : <10nm) (Amine-modified);Nanodiamond (particle size : <10nm) (Carboxyl-modified);Carbon Nanotube Multi-walled 10-20nm(diam.), 5-15microm(length);Carbon Nanotube Multi-walled 10-30nm(diam.), 5-15microm(length);Carbon Nanotube Multi-walled 20-40nm(diam.), 1-2microm(length);Carbon Nanotube Multi-walled 20-40nm(diam.), 5-15microm(length);Carbon Nanotube Multi-walled 40-60nm(diam.), 1-2microm(length);Carbon Nanotube Multi-walled 40-60nm(diam.), 5-15microm(length);Carbon Nanotube Multi-walled 60-100nm(diam.), >5microm(length);Carbon Nanotube Aligned Multi-walled 10-20nm(diam.), 5-15microm(length)


LAMP BLACK 101


About this substance
Helpful information
Lamp black 101 is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 1 000 000 tonnes per annum.


Lamp black 101 is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing, at industrial sites and in manufacturing.


Consumer Uses
Lamp black 101 is used in the following products: inks and toners, adhesives and sealants, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, textile treatment products and dyes, finger paints, lubricants and greases and cosmetics and personal care products.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.


Article service life
Release to the environment of Lamp black 101 can occur from industrial use: of articles where the substances are not intended to be released and where the conditions of use do not promote release and industrial abrasion processing with low release rate (e.g. cutting of textile, cutting, machining or grinding of metal).


Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).


Lamp black 101 can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: Vehicles (e.g. personal vehicles, delivery vans, boats, trains, metro or planes)) and vehicles.


Widespread uses by professional workers
Lamp black 101 is used in the following products: adhesives and sealants, coating products, inks and toners, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, laboratory chemicals, leather treatment products, cosmetics and personal care products, lubricants and greases, polishes and waxes, finger paints and polymers.


Lamp black 101 is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging, printing and recorded media reproduction and scientific research and development.


Lamp black 101 is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, plastic products, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), metals and rubber products.
Other release to the environment of this substance is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners) and outdoor use.


Formulation or re-packing
Lamp black 101 is used in the following products: paper chemicals and dyes, leather treatment products, textile treatment products and dyes, inks and toners, polymers, coating products, adhesives and sealants, lubricants and greases, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, polishes and waxes, cosmetics and personal care products and finger paints.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: formulation of mixtures and formulation in materials.


Uses at industrial sites
Lamp black 101 is used in the following products: polymers, adhesives and sealants, paper chemicals and dyes, inks and toners, leather treatment products, cosmetics and personal care products, coating products, fillers, putties, plasters, modelling clay, textile treatment products and dyes, semiconductors, lubricants and greases, finger paints and polishes and waxes.


Lamp black 101 is used in the following areas: formulation of mixtures and/or re-packaging.


Lamp black 101 is used for the manufacture of: chemicals, metals, mineral products (e.g. plasters, cement), plastic products and rubber products.
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: in the production of articles, as processing aid, as an intermediate step in further manufacturing of another substance (use of intermediates) and in processing aids at industrial sites.


Manufacture
Release to the environment of this substance can occur from industrial use: manufacturing of the substance.


LAMP BLACK 101 by Orion Engineered Carbons is a high build, highly stable amorphous carbon black.


LAMP BLACK 101 offers pigment separation. It is designed for powder coatings.


LAMP BLACK 101 is listed as Black 6-77266 in the Color Index.


LAMP BLACK 101 is carbon black. LAMP BLACK 101 is used as an inorganic color pigment for black coloring and coloring in plastics.


LAMP BLACK 101 has a good dispersibility due to its high structure.


LAMPBLACK 101 has excellent stability and high speed dispersibility as well as conductivity at some concentrations. LAMPBLACK 101 is primarily used in shipping and structural coatings.


Classification:
Chemical Auxiliary Agent
CAS No: 1333-86-4
Other Names: carbon black
MF: c
EINECS No .: 215-609-9
Purity: 100%
Place of Origin: Germany
Type: Carbon Black
Usage: Coating Auxiliary Agents, Plastic Auxiliary Agents
Brand Name: LAMP BLACK 101 POWDER
Production Process: Lamp Black (LB)
Average Particle Size: 95 nm
BET (NSA) Surface Area: 29 m2 / g
Oil Absorption: 140ml / 100g
Function: Carbon Black, Pigments
Industries: Coatings, Plastics
Manager: Orion Engineered Carbons


Instead of black iron oxide LAMP BLACK 101
LAMP BLACK 101 has coarse primary particle size, wide primary particle size distribution and high build


LAMP BLACK 101 provides easier dispersibility in coatings compared to thinner ones.


LAMP BLACK 101
•Mainly used for coloring in liquid or powder paints
•Provides a typically bluish undertone in gray coatings
•Low tinting strength results in relatively small measurement errors
•Low-jetness with typically brownish undertones in bulk tones
• Offers excellent light fastness, chemical resistance and thermal conductivity


LAMP BLACK 101 POWDER (carbon black) is used as a highly resistant coloring carbon black for coatings, plastics, metal casting sheets, batteries, graphite parts and reactivity component (hard metals, ceramics).
Amorphous carbon.
Used for powder paints.


LAMP BLACK 101 POWDER provides high stability in pigment separation.


LAMP BLACK 101 POWDER is used as an inorganic color pigment for black dyeing and toning in plastic.


LAMP BLACK 101 POWDER has good dispersibility due to its high structure.


LAMP BLACK 101 is also used as a pigment for gray colors.


Lamp black 101 by Evonik is carbon black. Used as inorganic color pigment for black coloring and tinting in plastics. Lamp black 101 possesses good dispersibility due to its high structure.


The production of Lamp black 101 amounted to approximately 9 million metric/tons worldwide in 2009. Out of this, more than 70 % was used as reinforcing filler in rubber products, with automobile tires accounting for the vast majority. The balance was used in printing inks, plastics and coatings. Lamp black 101 manufactured by thermal oxidative degradation of liquid or gaseous hydrocarbons is the predominant Lamp black 101 pigment in the coatings industry today. The traditional Lamp black 101 pigments, also based on carbon, such as vine black, diamond black, bone black or the variants of black tar pigments are practically irrelevant today.


LAMP BLACK 101 POWDER (carbon black) is used as a highly resistant tinting carbon black for coatings, for plastics, for metal casting layers, for batteries, graphite parts, as well as for a reactivity component (hard metals, ceramics). Amorphous carbon. Used for powder coatings. Provides high stability in pigment separation. It is used as an inorganic color pigment for black dyeing and toning in plastic. Possesses good dispersibility due to its high structure. Also used as a pigment for gray colors.


Natural gas tank method of making Lamp black 101: take natural gas as raw material and use iron pipe to send it into the combustion chamber. The form of the combustion chamber can be either long and short and is made of iron plate. It contains a number of olefin burner inside it. Natural gas is sprayed with appropriate force from the burner nozzle and burned in the case of insufficient air, that is, to generate a bright and black smoke flame. The flame then goes directly into the channel iron with the distance between the burner and the slot surface being 65~80 mm. At this time, the temperature of olefin burning is reduced from about 1000 to 1400 ° C to about 500 ° C, and the Lamp black 101 is accumulated. The groove can move back and forth horizontally, with a moving speed of 3 to 4 mm/s. In order to maintain normal production, the required amount of air is about 2.5 to 3 times the theoretical calculation. The resulting Lamp black 101 was scraped into a funnel with a fixed doctor blade and sent to a central packing chamber for disposal. Then the Lamp black 101 is softened, filtered to remove the hard particles and scale and further sent into the mill grinding to enable more uniform thickness. However, the body is still very light and loose, thus should be shaken to a become a bit solid. Then add a small amount of water to the Lamp black 101 to make it into paste-like shape and have a small needle rotated inside it to forming micro-pellets, followed by drying to obtain the finished product. In the case of using pigment for Lamp black 101, in order to facilitate the dispersion, the granulation is unnecessary. The process is as follows:


Raw gas, air → combustion cracking → collection → granulation → packaging → finished product.


Lamp black 101 is one of the oldest industrial products. In ancient times, china has already applied incomplete combustion of vegetable oil for making pigment Lamp black 101. In 1872, the United States first used natural gas as raw material to produce Lamp black 101 using tank method and mainly used it as a coloring agent. It was not until 1912 when Mott found the reinforcement effect Lamp black 101 on the rubber before the Lamp black 101 industry had gotten rapid development. Then it had successively developed of a variety of process methods. At present, oil furnace method is the most efficient and most economical method with the oil furnace black production amount accounting for  70-90% of the total Lamp black 101production. There are mainly furnace, slot method, thermal cracking, three methods.
It is obtained by the carbonization of the plant material such as peat. It can also be derived from the carbonization of cocoa shell and beef bone or from the combustion of vegetable oil.


Uses        
1.  It is edible black pigment. It can be used for pastry with the usage amount of 0.001% to 0.1%.
2.  It can be used for food coloring agent. China provides that it can be used for rice, flour products, candy, biscuits and pastries with the maximum usage amount of 5.0g/kg.
3.  Rubber industry uses it as a reinforcing filler. 2. Paint Inks applies it as coloring pigments in paint inks. 3. Used for the manufacturing of black paper such as packaging materials for photographic materials and the black paper made of high-conductivity black carbon in the radio equipment. 4. Carbon paper and typewriter; it is used when it is required for darker colors and can remain on the carrier. 5. Plastic coloring, ink, phonograph records, shoe polish, paint cloth, leather coatings, colored cement, electrodes, electronic brushes, batteries and so on.
4.  As electric conductive agent of lithium ion battery;
5.  Mainly used for rubber, paint, ink and other industries;
6.  Used for the reinforcement of car tread and sidewall, hose, groove, industrial rubber products as well as conveyor belt.
7.  Used for tire tread, surface tire repair, automotive rubber parts, conveyor belts, conveyor pads, etc., The vulcanized glue of this Lamp black 101 shows excellent tensile strength and abrasion resistance
8.  It is mainly used for the reinforcement of tire belt, sidewall, solid tires, outer layer of roller, hose surface, industrial rubber products and car tire tread.
9.  It is used for the reinforcement of the tire tread of car and truck, surface of conveyor belt and industrial rubber products.
10.  For rubber reinforcement, coloring agent, metallurgy, rocket propellant
11.  For rubber products to fill and reinforcement.
12.  For rubber products, carcass, valves and other filling .
13.  For paints and inks, plastics and other industries.
14.  Mainly used for raw materials of battery as well as for conductive and anti-static rubber products.
15.  In the rubber industry, it is used as the reinforcing agent and filter for the manufacturing of natural rubber and butyl rubber, being able to endow the vulcanized rubber with excellent tensile strength, elongation and tear resistance and so on. It should be mostly used for natural rubber-based large-scale engineering 
g tires and a variety of off-road tires as well as being used for carcass and sidewall. In addition, it can also be used for high-strength conveyor belt, cold rubber products and drilling device. In light industry, it can be used as the filter of the paint, ink, enamel and plastic products.


Identification test        
Solubility: being insoluble in water and organic solvents (OT-42)
Heated to red, burning without flames.


Content analysis        
The sample was pre-dried at 120 ° C for 4 h and then measured by an instrument such as a C.H. O analyzer or subject to combustion/gravimetric analysis.


Chemical Properties
finely divided black dust or powder
Chemical Properties        
Lamp black 101 (essentially elemental carbon), is a black or brown liquid or solid (powder).


Odorless solid. Lamp black 101 oil is flammable and has a petroleum odor.


Physical properties        
Lamp black 101 [1333-86-4] is virtually pure elemental carbon (diamond and graphite are other forms of nearly pure carbon) in the form of near-spherical colloidal particles that are produced by incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons. Its physical appearance is that of a black, finely divided pellet or powder, the latter sometimes small enough to be invisible to the naked eye. Its use in tires, rubber and plastic products, printing inks and coatings is related to the properties of specific surface area, particle size and structure, conductivity and color.


It is in the top 50 industrial chemicals manufactured worldwide, based on annual tonnage. Current worldwide production is about 15 billion pounds per year (6.81 million metric tons). Approximately 90% of Lamp black 101 is used in rubber applications, 9% as a pigment, and the remaining 1% as an essential ingredient in hundreds of diverse applications.
Modern Lamp black 101 products are direct descendants of early “lampblack”, first produced in China over 3500 years ago. These early lampblacks were not very pure and differed greatly in their chemical composition from current Lamp black 101. Since the mid-1970s most Lamp black 101 has been produced by the oil furnace process, which is most often referred to as furnace black.


Unlike diamond and graphite, which are crystalline carbons,Lamp black 101 is an amorphous carbon composed of fused particles called aggregates. Properties, such as surface area, structure, aggregate diameter and mass differentiate the various Lamp black 101 grades.


Uses        
In the rubber, plastic, printing, and paint industries as a reinforcing agent and a pigment


Uses        
Tire treads, belt covers, and other abrasion- resistant rubber products; plastics as a reinforc- ing agent, opacifier, electrical conductor, UV- light absorber; colorant for printing inks;carbon paper; typewriter ribbons; paint pigment; nucleat- ing agent in weather modification; expanders in bat- tery plates; solar-energy absorber (see note).


Definition        
A finely divided form of carbon, practically all of which is made by burning vaporized heavy-oil frac- tions in a furnace with 50% of the air required for complete combustion (partial oxidation). This type is also called furnace black. Lamp black 101 can also be made from methane or natural gas by crack- ing (thermal black) or direct combustion (channel black), but these methods are virtually obsolete. All types are characterized by extremely fine particle size, which accounts for their reinforcing and pig- menting effectiveness.


Definition        
A finely divided form of carbon produced by the incomplete combustion of such hydrocarbon fuels as natural gas or petroleum oil. It is used as a black pigment in inks and as a filler for rubber in tire manufacture.


Definition        
Lamp black 101 : A fine carbon powdermade by burning hydrocarbons in insufficientair. It is used as a pigmentand afiller (e.g. for rubber).


Lamp black 101 are commercially produced by ~e partial combustion or thermal decomposition of gaseous or liquid hydrocarbons. D~ending on the manufacturing process used, industrial Lamp black 101 are known as acetylene black~ channel black, lamp black, furnace black, or thermal black. Other synonyms include Pigment Black 7, Pigment Black 6, impingement black, gas furnace black, oil-furnace black, or therma-atomic black. Food grade Lamp black 101s are produced by the carbonization of pl~t materials such as peat, and are known as "vegetable blacks." Modem Lamp black 101 are largely~ (>90%) furnace blacks. The various Lamp black 101 exhibit a range of particle sizes ~d differences in degree of particle aggregation, but are similar in that they all possess low ash content and high surface area/unit mass.


The other uses include indirect contact with fO9d (as adhesive component, as colorant in
coatings, etc.) is permitted.Lamp black 101 manufactured by the channel process cannot be direct}y used in food, drugs or cosmetics . In 1993, worldwide production of Lamp black 101approximated 6 million tons . The major use of Lamp black 101 is as a reinforc~g and abrasion-resistant material in the manufacture of rubber products, particularly in tires ~d other automotive components. 


Lamp black 101 is used in a broad spectrum of fields as a black coloring pigment. Applications include newspaper ink, printing ink, resin coloring, paint, toner, and ceramics. Lamp black 101 is available in both regular and high-class grades, as well as a number of special types, such as oil color furnaces which are easy to work with and modified to be as environmentally safe as possible.
Lamp black 101 is mainly used as a reinforcing filler in tires and other rubber products. In plastics, paints, and inks Lamp black 101 is used as a color pigment.


Reinforcing filler in tires and other rubber products, pigment in plastics; model compound for diesel soot in diesel oxidation experiments; produced by incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products


The Lamp black 101, With the CAS registry number 1333-86-4, it is also named as Pigment black 6. The product's categories are Industrial/Fine Chemicals; Inorganic Chemicals; UVCBs-Organic; Activated Carbon; Packed GC; Packings, Uncoated, and the other registry numbers are 101239-80-9; 106907-70-4; 109766-76-9; 124760-06-1; 12768-98-8; 131640-45-4; 133136-50-2; 1343-03-9; 138464-41-2; 147335-73-7; 179607-25-1. Besides, it is finely divided black dust or powder, which should be stored in tightly sealed containers in a cool, dry place. And you should ensure that the workplaces have good ventilation or exhaust devices. In addition, its molecular formula is C and molecular weight is 12.01. The finely divided form of carbon produced by the incomplete combustion or thermal decomposition of natural gas or petroleum oil.


Physical properties about Lamp black 101 are: 
(1)ACD/LogP: 1.09; 
(2)ACD/LogD (pH 5.5): 1.09; 
(3)ACD/LogD (pH 7.4): 1.09; 
(4)ACD/BCF (pH 5.5): 3.97; 
(5)ACD/BCF (pH 7.4): 3.97;
(6)ACD/KOC (pH 5.5): 93.32; 
(7)ACD/KOC (pH 7.4): 93.32 ; 
(8)Boiling Point: -164 °C at 760 mmHg; 
(9)Vapour Pressure: 205285.625 mmHg at 25°C; 


Preparation of Lamp black 101: Lamp black 101 can be prepared by hydrocarbons. Frist, you can treat hydrocarbons by incomplete combustion, splitting decomposition or oxidation.


Uses of Lamp black 101: Lamp black 101 has been used as a pigment and reinforcing phase in automobile tires. It can be used to help conduct heat away from the tread and belt area of the tire, reducing thermal damage and increasing tire life. It is also used in some radar absorbent materials and in photocopier and laser printer toner. Furthermore, it can be used as a pigment in inks, coatings and plastics. And it is used as a food coloring.


Lamp black 101 provides pigmentation, conductivity and UV protection for a variety of coating applications, including automotive, industrial and architectural.


Conductive agent for lithium-ion batteries; mainly used in rubber, paint, ink and other industries; used as a rubber reinforcing agent; used in the reinforcement of car treads and sidewalls, hoses, grooves, industrial rubber products and conveyor belts; used Used in the rubber industry, paint, ink and other industries; used in the reinforcement of car tire treads, industrial rubber products and conveyor belts


TECHNICAL LAMP BLACK 101


1. Specific apparent surface - 90-100 m2/g
2. Specific adsorption surface        no more 140 m2/g
3. pH of the aqueous suspension        –        3,7-4,5
4. Mass fraction of losses at 105°C,%, not more than -1.5%
5. Ignition residue (ash),%, not  more than - 0.05%
6. Mass fraction of residue, after sifting through a sieve mesh, not more than:
– 0045 K - 0.08%
– 05 K - 0,0010%
– 014 K - 0,004%


Lamp black 101 is the best for rubber products like rubber spare parts, rubber for medicines, high durable tires because it imparts to rubber mixtures the resistance to untimely vulcanization. It imparts to vulcanizates and other rubber products high durability characteristics under the influence of static and dynamic loadings. It is due to its high dispersion value. 
Lamp black 101 is the best for using as a black pigment for paints, coatings, varnishes & dyes, printing inks, plastic industry, masterbatches because it has the deepest black colour.


Usage:
Used as a pigment for rubber tires, for printing, stenciling & drawing inks, for leather, stove polish, phonograph records, for electrical insulating apparatus.


Lamp black 101 Properties
1. good rubber tensile properties
2. good tear resistance,
3. good abrasion resistance
4. good dispersivity


1)Product: Lamp black 101

2)Usage: Plastic Auxiliary Agents 

3)Purity: 99% 

4)Color: Pure black 

5)H.S.Code: 28030000

6)MF:C

7)Molecular weight:

8)CAS NO.:1333-86-4

9)EINECS:215-609-9

10)Model Number: N220,N330,N550,N660 

11)Process: Wet & Dry 

12)Other Names: Black carbon 

13)Appearance:Fine-grained or powdery

14)PH:6-8

15)Boiling point :4200

16)Vapor pressuer:Not applicable

17)Solubility in water:Not applicable

18)Specific gravity:1.7-2.1

19)Viscosity: Not applicable


Uses:
1. Lamp black 101 is mainly applied to various rubber products such as tyres, rubber overshoes, cable, seal ring, tape etc.
2. Moreover they can be applied to such relevant industries as plastic manufacture.
,
Lamp black 101 (subtypes are acetylene black, channel black, furnace black, lamp black and thermal black) is a material produced by the incomplete combustion of heavy petroleum products such as FCC tar, coal tar, or ethylene cracking tar. Lamp black 101 is a form of paracrystalline carbon that has a high surface-area-to-volume ratio, albeit lower than that of activated carbon. It is dissimilar to soot in its much higher surface-area-to-volume ratio and significantly lower (negligible and non-bioavailable) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) content. However, Lamp black 101 is widely used as a model compound for diesel soot for diesel oxidation experiments.[2][better source needed] Lamp black 101 is mainly used as a reinforcing filler in tires and other rubber products. In plastics, paints, and inks, Lamp black 101 is used as a color pigment.[3]

Common uses
The most common use (70%) of Lamp black 101 is as a pigment and reinforcing phase in automobile tires. Lamp black 101 also helps conduct heat away from the tread and belt area of the tire, reducing thermal damage and increasing tire life. About 20% of world production goes into belts, hoses, and other non-tire rubber goods. The balance is mainly used as a pigment in inks, coatings and plastics.


Lamp black 101 is added to polypropylene because it absorbs ultraviolet radiation, which otherwise causes the material to degrade. Lamp black 101 particles are also employed in some radar absorbent materials, in photocopier and laser printer toner, and in other inks and paints. The high tinting strength and stability of Lamp black 101 has also provided use in coloring of resins and films.[5] Lamp black 101 has been used in various applications for electronics. A good conductor of electricity, Lamp black 101 is used as a filler mixed in plastics, elastomer, films, adhesives, and paints.[5] It is used as an antistatic additive agent in automobile fuel caps and pipes.


Lamp black 101 from vegetable origin is used as a food coloring, known in Europe as additive E153. It is approved for use as additive 153 (Lamp black 101s or Vegetable carbon) in Australia and New Zealand[6] but has been banned in the US.[7] The color pigment Lamp black 101 has been widely used for many years in food and beverage packaging. It is used in multi-layer UHT milk bottles in the US, parts of Europe and Asia, and South Africa, and in items like microwavable meal trays and meat trays in New Zealand.


The Canadian Government's extensive review of Lamp black 101 in 2011 concluded that Lamp black 101 could continue to be used in products – including food packaging for consumers – in Canada. This was because “in most consumer products Lamp black 101 is bound in a matrix and unavailable for exposure, for example as a pigment in plastics and rubbers” and “it is proposed that Lamp black 101 is not entering the environment in a quantity or concentrations or under conditions that constitute or may constitute a danger in Canada to human life or health.”[8]


Within Australasia, the color pigment Lamp black 101 in packaging must comply with the requirements of either the EU or US packaging regulations. If any colorant is used, it must meet European partial agreement AP(89)1.[9]


Reinforcing Lamp black 101
The highest volume use of Lamp black 101 is as a reinforcing filler in rubber products, especially tires. While a pure gum vulcanization of styrene-butadiene has a tensile strength of no more than 2 MPa and negligible abrasion resistance, compounding it with 50% Lamp black 101 by weight improves its tensile strength and wear resistance as shown in the table below. It is used often in the aerospace industry in elastomers for aircraft vibration control components such as engine mounts.
Practically all rubber products where tensile and abrasion wear properties are important use Lamp black 101, so they are black in color. Where physical properties are important but colors other than black are desired, such as white tennis shoes, precipitated or fumed silica has been substituted for Lamp black 101. Silica-based fillers are also gaining market share in automotive tires because they provide better trade-off for fuel efficiency and wet handling due to a lower rolling loss. Traditionally silica fillers had worse abrasion wear properties, but the technology has gradually improved to a point where they can match Lamp black 101 abrasion performance.Pigment
Lamp black 101 (Color Index International, PBK-7) is the name of a common black pigment, traditionally produced from charring organic materials such as wood or bone. It appears black because it reflects very little light in the visible part of the spectrum, with an albedo near zero. The actual albedo varies depending on the source material and method of production. It is known by a variety of names, each of which reflects a traditional method for producing Lamp black 101


Ivory black was traditionally produced by charring ivory or bones (see bone char).
Vine black was traditionally produced by charring desiccated grape vines and stems.
Lamp black was traditionally produced by collecting soot from oil lamps.
All of these types of Lamp black 101 were used extensively as paint pigments since prehistoric times.[12] Rembrandt, Vermeer, Van Dyck, and more recently, Cézanne, Picasso and Manet[13] employed Lamp black 101 pigments in their paintings. A typical example is Manet's "Music in the Tuileries",[14] where the black dresses and the men's hats are painted in ivory black.[15]


Newer methods of producing Lamp black 101 have largely superseded these traditional sources. For artisanal purposes, Lamp black 101 produced by any means remains common.


Surface and surface chemistry
All Lamp black 101 have chemisorbed oxygen complexes (i.e., carboxylic, quinonic, lactonic, phenolic groups and others) on their surfaces to varying degrees depending on the conditions of manufacture.[16] These surface oxygen groups are collectively referred to as volatile content. It is also known to be a non-conductive material due to its volatile content.


The coatings and inks industries prefer grades of Lamp black 101  that are acid-oxidized. Acid is sprayed in high-temperature dryers during the manufacturing process to change the inherent surface chemistry of the black. The amount of chemically-bonded oxygen on the surface area of the black is increased to enhance performance characteristics.

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