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Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 polyelectrolytes, with the ability to absorb and retain water and swell to many times their original volume.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505s are found in the market as white and fluffy powders.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505s are an indication of molecular weight and the specific components of the polymer.
CAS Number: 9003-01-4
Molecular Formula: C5H10O2
Molecular Weight: 102.1317
EINECS Number: 618-347-7
Synonyms: POLYACRYLIC ACID 250,000;Polyacrylic Acid (Sodium);Polyacrylicacidextrapure;approx. M.W. 240,000;approx. M.W. 5,000;approx. M.W. 2,000;Poly(acrylic acid), 63 wt% solution in water;Poly(acrylic acid), sec. stand., aver. MW 1,080,000, aver. MN 135,000
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 is generic name for synthetic high molecular weight polymers of acrylic acid.
They may be homopolymers of acrylic acid, crosslinked with an allyl ether pentaerythritol, allyl ether of sucrose or allyl ether of propylene.
In a water solution at neutral pH, PAA is an anionic polymer, i.e. many of the side chains of PAA will lose their protons and acquire a negative charge.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505s are used in form of alkali metal or amonium salts e.g. sodium polyacrylate.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505, and HL505 are industrial coating additives (mainly polyacrylate-based leveling agents with silica carriers) used in powder coatings and resin systems to improve film formation quality and surface smoothness.
They are designed to eliminate surface defects like craters, fish-eyes, and uneven coating flow.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important additives in coating formulation chemistry.
Chemically, these products are typically polyacrylate polymers (often poly(butyl acrylate) or related acrylate copolymers) dispersed on a silica carrier to improve handling and dispersion in powder coating systems.
This structure allows controlled migration to the coating surface during curing.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in polymer coating technology.
They work by reducing surface tension and improving wetting of the substrate, which allows the liquid or molten coating to spread evenly before curing into a smooth film.
This helps prevent defects caused by poor flow or contamination.
This makes them essential in surface finishing science.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 are best described as flow and leveling additives used in epoxy, polyester, polyurethane, and hybrid coating systems to improve gloss, smoothness, and defect-free film formation.
Their main function is physical surface control rather than chemical reaction.
This makes them widely used in powder coating industries.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 also work through a controlled migration mechanism, meaning they are intentionally designed to move toward the coating-air interface during the melt or flow stage before curing locks the structure in place.
This temporary surface enrichment is what creates a smoother final film.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in dynamic surface chemistry of coatings.
Their effectiveness depends strongly on viscosity and curing profile of the resin system, because leveling only occurs while the coating remains mobile before gelation starts.
If curing is too fast, leveling agents cannot properly redistribute.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in process-window control.
These additives can also influence gloss development by improving microscopic flatness of the coating surface, since smoother surfaces reflect light more uniformly and reduce scattering effects.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 directly improves perceived surface quality.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in optical surface engineering of coatings.
In powder coatings, they are especially important because the system undergoes a melt-flow stage followed by rapid crosslinking, so leveling agents must act quickly and remain stable without interfering with final hardness.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 balance between flow and final mechanical strength is critical.
This makes them important in thermoset coating design.
Melting point: 95 °C
Boiling point: 116 °C
Density: 1.2 g/mL at 25 °C
Tg: 106
Vapor pressure: 2.64–3.57 hPa at 20–25 °C
Refractive index: n20/D 1.442
Flash point: 100 °C
Storage temperature: 2–8 °C
Solubility: Swellable in water and glycerin and, after neutralization, in ethanol (95%). Carbomers do not dissolve but swell extensively because they are three-dimensionally crosslinked microgels.
Form: Powder
Color: White
pH: 2.5–3.0 (1% aqueous solution)
Viscosity: 250–500 cP (25 °C)
Viscosity: 400–1,200 cP (25 °C)
Viscosity: 500–1,500 cP (25 °C)
Viscosity: 700 cP (4% aqueous solution)
Water solubility: Soluble in water
Dielectric constant: 2.7–4.5 (0 °C)
Cosmetics ingredient functions:
Film forming
Binding
Gel forming
Viscosity controlling
Emulsion stabilising
InChI: 1S/C3H4O2.Na/c1-2-3(4)5;/h2H,1H2,(H,4,5);/q;+1/p-1
InChIKey: WLAMNBDJUVNPJU-UHFFFAOYSA-N
SMILES: OC(=O)C=C
LogP: 0.23–0.27 at 20 °C and pH 3.59–3.63
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 is a hydrophilic colloidal solution, similar in properties to water-soluble natural gums.
It is a clear, colorless, viscous stable solution.
Applications include the modification of aqueous formulations for such end uses as cleaners, binders, adhesives, and emulsion paints.
The sodium, potassium, and ammonium salts are effective thickeners and dispersants useful in both natural and synthetic latex systems.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 in ceramic applications improves dry strength, dispersant action, and improved workability of the clays.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 is stable to hydrolysis and is not susceptible to bacterial degradation.
These leveling agents act during the early curing stage of coatings, when viscosity is still low and surface movement (flow-out) determines final film quality.
They migrate toward the surface and help the coating “self-level” before solidification.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in film formation kinetics.
Their polymer structure creates a temporary surface-active effect, lowering interfacial tension between coating and substrate so the liquid film spreads more uniformly.
This reduces common defects like orange peel texture.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in surface morphology control.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 is typically described as a higher-efficiency grade polyacrylate leveling agent, while HL505 and HL788 are often positioned as general-purpose or cost-performance variants for broader coating systems.
This means they differ mainly in efficiency, dosage requirement, and formulation balance.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in coating optimization strategies.
They are widely used in thermosetting powder coatings such as epoxy, polyester (TGIC/HAA), hybrid systems, and polyurethane coatings.
These systems require smooth flow before crosslinking occurs.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in industrial coating systems.
Dosage is usually low (often around ~0.5–2% depending on grade and system) because excessive amounts can lead to surface defects or reduced film hardness.
This requires careful formulation control.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in precision formulation design.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 leveling agents are often formulated to be compatible with multiple resin chemistries (epoxy, polyester, hybrid systems), allowing manufacturers to use a single additive across different product lines.
This simplifies inventory and formulation complexity.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in industrial formulation standardization.
Some grades also help reduce surface tension gradients caused by contamination, substrate differences, or uneven heating during curing, which otherwise lead to defects like craters or pinholes.
This improves coating robustness under real-world production conditions.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in defect suppression chemistry.
During high-temperature curing or combustion, organic decomposition products such as smoke and irritant vapors may be released, similar to most polymer-based additives.
Proper ventilation in coating ovens is necessary.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes thermal process safety important.
They are chemically stable under normal storage conditions but should be kept dry and protected from contamination to ensure consistent dispersion and performance in coating systems.
Moisture control helps maintain powder quality.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes storage stability important.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 are functional, low-toxicity coating additives where safety concerns are mainly related to dust handling and thermal processing rather than inherent chemical hazard.
Standard industrial PPE and ventilation are sufficient for safe use.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them low-risk but process-sensitive materials.
Uses:
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 is used in disposable diapers and in ion exchange resins.
It is also used to study solute diffusion in polyvinyl alcohol/polyacrylic acid copolymer hydrogel.
It is also employed as a thickening, suspending, emulsifying and dispersing agent in pharmaceuticals, cosmetics, adhesives and paints.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 is used for the preparation of poly(N-isopropylacrylamide)-block-polyacrylic acid copolymer which responds to both temperature and pH stimuli.
In addition to this, Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 is used in preparing block copolymer of oligo (methyl methacrylate)/PAA for micellar delivery of hydrophobic drugs.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 are used in powder coating formulations for metal furniture, appliances, automotive parts, and industrial equipment where smooth, glossy, defect-free surfaces are required.
They improve appearance and coating uniformity.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in industrial finishing.
They are used in epoxy and polyester coating systems to improve substrate wetting and reduce surface tension, helping coatings spread evenly over complex geometries.
This ensures complete surface coverage.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in protective coatings.
In architectural coatings and protective industrial paints, they help reduce defects like craters and pinholes that weaken coating integrity.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 improves durability and visual quality.
This makes them important in construction and infrastructure coatings.
They are used in thermosetting resin systems during curing to control flow behavior before crosslinking locks the final structure in place.
This improves final film smoothness.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in curing process control.
In general powder coating manufacturing, they are added as processing aids to improve production consistency and reduce rejects caused by surface imperfections.
This improves manufacturing efficiency.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in industrial production quality control.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 are widely used in high-gloss powder coatings for appliances, metal furniture, lighting fixtures, and decorative architectural elements where a smooth, mirror-like finish is required.
They improve visual appearance and surface uniformity.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them essential in decorative coating systems.
They are used in industrial protective coatings for machinery and equipment where surface defects could reduce corrosion resistance or mechanical durability.
A uniform film helps ensure consistent protection.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in protective engineering coatings.
In automotive coating systems (especially powder-coated parts), they help achieve high-quality finishes with reduced orange peel and improved gloss retention.
This improves both aesthetics and durability.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in automotive finishing.
They are used in coil coatings and sheet metal coatings where continuous high-speed processing requires very fast leveling before curing.
This ensures uniform coatings across large surfaces.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them important in continuous coating lines.
In architectural aluminum profiles and window systems, they help create smooth, defect-free surfaces that improve both appearance and weather resistance performance.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 is important for long-term outdoor durability.
This makes them important in construction materials finishing.
They are also used in general industrial powder coating formulations as standard processing aids to improve batch consistency, reduce rejects, and stabilize production quality across different equipment setups.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 improves manufacturing efficiency and reproducibility.
This makes them important in industrial quality control.
Safety Profile:
Carbomers are used extensively in nonparenteral products, particularly topical liquid and semisolid preparations.
Grades polymerized in ethyl acetate may also be used in oral formulations.
There is no evidence of systemic absorption of carbomer polymers following oral administration.
Acute oral toxicity studies in animals indicate that carbomer 934P has a low oral toxicity, with doses up to 8 g/kg being administered to dogs without fatalities occurring.
Carbomers are generally regarded as essentially nontoxic and nonirritant materials; there is no evidence in humans of hypersensitivity reactions to carbomers used topically.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 are generally considered low-to-moderate hazard industrial additives with low acute toxicity in solid form.
They are primarily handling materials rather than highly reactive chemicals.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes them relatively safe in controlled industrial use.
The main hazard comes from dust formation during handling, which may cause mild irritation to the eyes, skin, or respiratory tract if inhaled in large amounts.
Proper dust control is important in manufacturing environments.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes workplace hygiene important.
During thermal processing in coatings, decomposition at high temperatures may release irritating fumes typical of organic polymers if overheated or burned.
Adequate ventilation is required in curing processes.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes thermal safety important.
They are non-corrosive and chemically stable under normal storage conditions, but should be kept dry to maintain performance and prevent agglomeration.
Proper storage ensures consistent functionality.
Levelling Agent HL988/HL788/HL505 makes storage control important.
