LITHIUM HYDROXIDE

CAS No.: 1310-65-2
EC No.: 215-183-4

Synonyms:
LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide; Lithium hydroxide; 1310-65-2; Lithium hydrate; Lithium hydroxide anhydrous; Lithium hydroxide (Li(OH)); LiOH; Lithiumhydroxid; lithiumhydroxide; Lithium hydoxide; lithium;hydroxide; UNII-903YL31JAS; Lithium hydroxide, anhydrous; 903YL31JAS; MFCD00011095; Lithium hydroxide, 98%, pure, anhydrous; EINECS 215-183-4; UN2679; UN2680; lithium hydroxid; lithium hyroxide; litium hydroxide; lithium hydorxide; Li.HO; Lithium (2H)hydroxide; EC 215-183-4; Lithium hydroxide, solution; Lithium Hydroxide, calcinated; KSC177O1R; CHEBI:33979; CTK0H7718; KS-00000WAY; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide; DTXSID70893845; EINECS 235-287-3; 8808AF; ANW-19255; STL185539; AKOS015904130; AKOS025264482; AKOS037479138; DB14506; Lithium hydroxide powder, reagent grade; Lithium hydroxide, reagent grade, 98%; LITHIUM-6 HYDROXIDE MONOHYDRATE; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide; Lithium hydroxide, monohydrate or lithium hydroxide, solid [UN2680] [Corrosive]; SC-79761; FT-0627906; L0225; Lithium hydroxide, powder, reagent grade, >=98%; Q407613; Lithium hydroxide, solution [UN2679] [Corrosive]; Lithium hydroxide, monohydrate or lithium hydroxide, solid; Lithium hydroxide, monohydrate, Trace metals grade 99.8%; lithium hydrate; lithium hydroxide anhydrous; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide; lithium hydroxide, solution [UN2679] [Corrosive]; lithium;hydroxide; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LiOH; Lithium hydroxide (Li(OH)); lithiumhydroxide(li(oh)); lithiumhydroxideanhydrous; Lithiumhydroxideanhydrouswhitepowder; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE, POWDER, 98+%; HEXANE, 95+%, PRA GRADE; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE REAGENT GRADE >=98%&; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE, ANHYDROUS REAGENT; Lithiumhydroxide,anhydrous,95%; LITHIUMHYDROXIDE,ANHYDROUS,POWDER; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide; Lithium hydroxide; Lithium hydroxide, anhydrous, 99.995% (metals basis); Lithium hydroxide, 98%, anhydrous, pure; Lithium hydroxide, anhydrous, pure; Lithium hydoxide; Lithium hydroxide; 1310-65-2; Lithium hydrate; Lithium hydroxide anhydrous; Lithium hydroxide (Li(OH)); LiOH; Lithiumhydroxid; lithiumhydroxide; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide; Lithium hydoxide; lithium;hydroxide; UNII-903YL31JAS; Lithium hydroxide, anhydrous; 903YL31JAS; MFCD00011095; Lithium hydroxide, 98%, pure, anhydrous; EINECS 215-183-4; UN2679; UN2680; lithium hydroxid; lithium hyroxide; litium hydroxide; lithium hydorxide; Li.HO; Lithium (2H)hydroxide; EC 215-183-4; Lithium hydroxide, solution; Lithium Hydroxide, calcinated; KSC177O1R; CHEBI:33979, CTK0H7718; KS-00000WAY; DTXSID70893845; EINECS 235-287-3; 8808AF; ANW-19255; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide; STL185539; AKOS015904130; AKOS025264482; AKOS037479138; DB14506; Lithium hydroxide powder, reagent grade; Lithium hydroxide, reagent grade, 98%; LITHIUM-6 HYDROXIDE MONOHYDRATE; Lithium hydroxide, monohydrate or lithium hydroxide, solid [UN2680] [Corrosive]; SC-79761; FT-0627906; L0225; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide; Lithium hydroxide, powder, reagent grade, >=98%; Q407613; Lithium hydroxide, solution [UN2679] [Corrosive]; Lithium hydroxide, monohydrate or lithium hydroxide, solid; Lithium hydroxide, monohydrate, Trace metals grade 99.8%; LITHIUM HYDROXIDE; LİTYUM HİDROKSİT; lityum hidroksit; Lithium Hydroxide

LITHIUM HYDROXIDE

Applications
Lithium hydroxide is used as a heat transfer medium, as a storage-battery electrolyte and also used for the production of lithium greases. It is also used in ceramics, in some portland cement formulations, in the absoption of carbondioxide from sealed enviornments such as submarines, spacecrafts and breathing apparatus. It is used in esterification reactions, as stabilizer in photographic developments and as a coolant in pressurized water reactors for corrosion control.

Lithium hydroxide
Infobox references
Lithium hydroxide is an inorganic compound with the formula LiOH.(H2O)n. Both the anhydrous and hydrated forms are white hygroscopic solids. They are soluble in water and slightly soluble in ethanol. Both are available commercially. While classified as a strong base, lithium hydroxide is the weakest known alkali metal hydroxide.

Production
The preferred feedstock is hard-rock spodumene, where the lithium content is expressed as % lithium oxide.

Lithium carbonate route
Lithium hydroxide is often produced industrially from lithium carbonate in a metathesis reaction with calcium hydroxide:

Li2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 → 2 LiOH + CaCO3
The initially produced hydrate is dehydrated by heating under vacuum up to 180 °C.

Lithium sulfate route
An alternative route involves the intermediacy of lithium sulfate:

α-spodumene → β-spodumene
β-spodumene + CaO → Li2O + ...
Li2O + H2SO4 → Li2SO4 + H2O
Li2SO4 + 2 NaOH → Na2SO4 + 2 LiOH.
The main by-products are gypsum and sodium sulphate, which have some market value.

Commercial setting
According to Bloomberg, Ganfeng Lithium Co. Ltd.(GFL or Ganfeng)and Albemarle were the largest producers in 2020 with around 25kt/y, followed by Livent (FMC) and SQM.Significant new capacity is planned, to keep pace with demand driven by vehicle electrification. Ganfeng are to expand lithium chemical capacity to 85,000 tons, adding the capacity leased from Jiangte, Ganfeng will become the largest lithium hydroxide producer globally in 2021.

Albemarle's Kemerton WA plant, originally planned to deliver 100kt/y has been scaled back to 50kt/yy.

in 2023 AVZ Minerals,an Australian company, are planning to produce the battery-grade high-purity Primary Lithium Sulphate (PLS) containing over 80% Lithium.PLS is a lithium chemical new to the market in the production of lithium hydroxide (a precursor to lithium-ion battery).

In 2020 Tianqi Lithium's, plant in Kwinana, Western Australia is the largest producer, with a capacity of 48kt/y.

Applications
Lithium ion batteries
Lithium hydroxide is mainly consumed in the production of cathode materials for lithium ion batteries such as lithium cobalt oxide (LiCoO2) and lithium iron phosphate. It is preferred over lithium carbonate as a precursor for lithium nickel manganese cobalt oxides.

Grease
A popular lithium grease thickener is Lithium 12-hydroxystearate, which produces a general-purpose lubricating grease due to its high resistance to water and usefulness at a range of temperatures.

Carbon dioxide scrubbing
Further information: carbon dioxide scrubber
Lithium hydroxide is used in breathing gas purification systems for spacecraft, submarines, and rebreathers to remove carbon dioxide from exhaled gas by producing lithium carbonate and water:

2 LiOH•H2O + CO2 → Li2CO3 + 3 H2O
or

2 LiOH + CO2 → Li2CO3 + H2O
The latter, anhydrous hydroxide, is preferred for its lower mass and lesser water production for respirator systems in spacecraft. One gram of anhydrous lithium hydroxide can remove 450 cm3 of carbon dioxide gas. The monohydrate loses its water at 100–110 °C.

Precursor
Lithium hydroxide, together with lithium carbonate, is a key intermediates used for the production of other lithium compounds, illustrated by its us in the production of lithium fluoride:

LiOH + HF → LiF + H2O.
Other uses
It is also used in ceramics and some Portland cement formulations. Lithium hydroxide (isotopically enriched in lithium-7) is used to alkalize the reactor coolant in pressurized water reactors for corrosion control.

It looks like lithium and lithium hydroxide is here to stay, for now: despite intensive research with alternative materials, there is nothing on the horizon that could replace lithium as a building block for modern battery technology.
Both lithium hydroxide (LiOH) and lithium carbonate (LiCO3) prices have been pointing downwards for the past few months and the recent market shakeup certainly does not improve the situation. However, despite extensive research into alternative materials, there is nothing on the horizon which could replace lithium as a building block for modern battery technology within the next few years. As we know from the producers of the various lithium battery formulations, the devil lies in the detail and this is where experience is gained to gradually improve energy density, quality and safety of the cells.

With new electric vehicles (EVs) being introduced at almost weekly intervals, the industry is looking for reliable sources and technology. For those automotive manufacturers it is irrelevant what is happening in the research labs. They need the products here and now.

lithium hydroxide

The shift from lithium carbonate to lithium hydroxide
Up until very recently lithium carbonate has been the focus of many producers of EV batteries, because existing battery designs called for cathodes using this raw material. However, this is about to change. Lithium hydroxide is also a key raw material in the production of battery cathodes, but it is in much shorter supply than lithium carbonate at present. While it is a more niche product than lithium carbonate, it is also used by major battery producers, who are competing with the industrial lubricant industry for the same raw material. As such, supplies of lithium hydroxide are subsequently expected to become even scarcer.

Key advantages of lithium hydroxide battery cathodes in relation to other chemical compounds include better power density (more battery capacity), longer life cycle and enhanced safety features.

For this reason, the demand from the rechargeable battery industry has displayed strong growth throughout the 2010s, with the increasing use of larger lithium-ion batteries in automotive applications. In 2019, rechargeable batteries accounted for 54% of total lithium demand, almost entirely from Li-ion battery technologies. Though the rapid rise of hybrid and electric vehicle sales has directed attention to the requirement for lithium compounds, falling sales in the second half of 2019 in China – the largest market for EVs – and a global reduction in sales caused by lockdowns related to the COVID-19 pandemic in the first half of 2020 have put the short-term ‘brakes’ on the growth in lithium demand, by impacting demand from both battery and industrial applications. Longer term scenarios continue to show strong growth for lithium demand over the coming decade, however, with Roskill forecasting demand to exceed 1.0Mt LCE in 2027, with growth in excess of 18% per year to 2030.

This reflects the trend to invest more into LiOH production as compared to LiCO3; and this is where the lithium source comes into play: spodumene rock is significantly more flexible in terms of production process. It allows for a streamlined production of LiOH while the use of lithium brine normally leads through LiCO3 as an intermediary to produce LiOH. Hence, the production cost of LiOH is significantly lower with spodumene as source instead of brine. It is clear that, with the sheer quantity of lithium brine available in the world, eventually new process technologies must be developed to efficiently apply this source. With various companies investigating new processes we will eventually see this coming, but for now, spodumene is a safer bet.

About Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate
Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate is a highly water insoluble crystalline Lithium source for uses compatible with higher (basic) pH environments. Hydroxide, the OH- anion composed of an oxygen atom bonded to a hydrogen atom, is commonly present in nature and is one of the most widely studied molecules in physical chemistry. Hydroxide compounds have diverse properties and uses, from base catalysis to detection of carbon dioxide. In a watershed 2013 experiment, scientists at JILA (the Joint Institute for Laboratory Astrophysics) achieved evaporative cooling of compounds for the first time using hydroxide molecules, a discovery that may lead to new methods of controlling chemical reactions and could impact a range of disciplines, including atmospheric science and energy production technologies. Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate is generally immediately available in most volumes. High purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. American Elements produces to many standard grades when applicable, including Mil Spec (military grade); ACS, Reagent and Technical Grade; Food, Agricultural and Pharmaceutical Grade; Optical Grade, USP and EP/BP (European Pharmacopoeia/British Pharmacopoeia) and follows applicable ASTM testing standards. Typical and custom packaging is available. Additional technical, research and safety (MSDS) information is available as is a Reference Calculator for converting relevant units of measurement.
Lithium Hydroxide Monohydrate Synonyms
lithium hydroxide hydrate, Lithium hydroxido, Hydroxyde de lithium

Production of lithium hydroxide is expected to overtake lithium carbonate in the next five years in response to changes in electric vehicle (EV) battery materials, delegates heard at the Advanced Automotive Batteries Conference (AABC) in Strasbourg, France.

Lithium carbonate accounted for around 60pc of lithium demand in 2018, but battery technology development is increasing demand for lithium hydroxide, which is expected to account for a larger share of the market by 2024, said Bart Vanden Bossche, sales director at Chilean producer SQM. Demand for lithium carbonate is expected to rise at a compound annual growth rate (CAGR) of 10-14pc in 2018-27, while lithium hydroxide demand is seen rising at a 25-29pc CAGR.

Consumer concerns about the driving range of EVs have prompted the government in China, the world's largest EV market, to use subsidies to incentivise production of lithium-ion batteries with higher energy densities. That has precipitated a switch to cathode material manufacturers using compounds of lithium nickel-cobalt-manganese (NCM) and lithium nickel-cobalt-aluminium (NCA) rather than lithium iron phosphate (LFP).

But the higher nickel content in NCM cathodes can present challenges in terms of chemical stability. If the metals are used in a ratio of six parts nickel to two parts cobalt and two parts manganese (6-2-2), or 8-1-1, rather than 1-1-1 or 5-3-2 as in the past, the chemistry requires lithium hydroxide rather than lithium carbonate. Cathodes using an 8-1-1 ratio are some way from commercial viability, owing to safety problems with the chemistry, delegates heard.

As nickel content approaches 60pc, the higher temperature required to synthesise cathode material with lithium carbonate damages the crystal structure of the cathode and changes the oxidation state of the nickel metal. But lithium hydroxide allows rapid and complete synthesis at lower temperatures, increasing the performance and lifespan of the battery, said Marina Yakovleva, global commercial manager for new product and technology development at lithium producer Livent.

Trade flows reflect the increasing use of lithium NCM cathodes. China imported 20,394t of NCM oxide from South Korea and Japan in 2018, up from 9,142t in 2017 and 2,352t in 2015, data from Global Trade Tracker show.

That change in demand is prompting producers to expand their lithium hydroxide output and shifting mining projects towards developing lithium hydroxide production rather than lithium carbonate.

"The industry has to make the necessary investments," said SQM's Vanden Bossche. "It will be quite a dramatic change for lithium producers." Production of lithium hydroxide has typically been a two-step process, using lithium brines to produce lithium carbonate, then converting the lithium carbonate into lithium hydroxide.

But mining of lithium spodumene from hard rock is increasing, with producers able to use this to process either carbonate or hydroxide for the same cost. "Companies will either look into more direct conversion into hydroxide or be at a disadvantage," Vanden Bossche said.

Brine producers will continue to produce carbonate as a first step, but will look for ways to reduce costs. SQM is expanding its lithium carbonate capacity in stages to 180,000 t/yr from 70,000 t/yr, while it has received permits to expand its lithium hydroxide capacity to 32,000 t/yr from 13,500 t/yr. The company is looking to further diversify its production, having invested in an Australian spodumene project with lithium hydroxide output and begun looking for opportunities to invest in other countries.

Australia-based Infinity Lithium is developing a project in Spain and has shifted its focus to producing lithium hydroxide rather than lithium carbonate. The cost of producing lithium hydroxide from spodumene rock deposits is below the cost of production from brines, and in future hydroxide will account for the majority of lithium produced, said Infinity vice-president of European corporate strategy and business development, Vincent Ledoux Pedailles.

Lithium hydroxide

Lithium hydroxide
Lithium hydroxide is a chemical compound. Its chemical formula is LiOH. It contains lithium and hydroxide ions.

Properties
Lithium hydroxide is a white solid.It is totally white in colour. It can be anhydrous (without extra water molecules attached) or hydrated (water added to it). It dissolves in water to make a basic solution. It reacts with acids to make lithium salts.

Preparation
Lithium hydroxide is made by reacting lithium carbonate with calcium hydroxide.[1] A calcium carbonate solid is made and a lithium hydroxide solution is left behind. It can also be made by reacting lithium with water or by reacting lithium oxide with water.

Uses
It is used in spaceships to absorb carbon dioxide. It reacts with carbon dioxide to make lithium carbonate. This prevents people from suffocating in a spaceship. Lithium hydroxide is used to make lithium greases. They are resistant to water and can be used in high or low temperatures. It is used to transfer heat. It can be used in electrolytes. It is also used to prevent corrosion in some nuclear reactors. It can be used to glaze ceramics and make cement.

Safety
Lithium hydroxide is corrosive, like the other alkali metal hydroxides. It is also a little toxic because it has lithium in it. It can burn skin.

The global Lithium Hydroxide Market is estimated to develop at a substantial CAGR of 12.2% for the duration of the prediction. The Lithium Hydroxide [LiOH] is a mineral composite. It is insoluble in water and partially soluble in ethanol. It is existing at a commercial scale as a monohydrate [LiOH.H2O] and in anhydrous condition.

On the source of pureness level, it is existing in technical grade and battery grade. Lithium hydroxide is mass-produced by reaction of metathesis between and lithium carbonate and calcium hydroxide. It discovers a wide-ranging usage in the manufacturing of industrial lubricant and battery.

Due to better-quality possessions of lithium hydroxide, as equated to additional distillates, it is frequently favored in the equipment of new battery. Moreover, there is a possible market for lithium hydroxide in the production of rechargeable battery. The lithium hydroxide market on the source of Type of Purity could span Superior-Grade, Standard-Grade, Battery-Grade.

Browse research report with TOC on "Global Lithium Hydroxide Market" at: https://www.millioninsights.com/industry-reports/lithium-hydroxide-market

The subdivision of Standard-Grade Lithium Hydroxide is mostly suggested for the consumption in industrialized uses. It takes little mineral contaminations. Yet, it takes small water solubility. Battery-Grade Lithium Hydroxide [LiOH] takes purity beyond 99%. It is consumed as a forerunner of Li-ion battery and also in field uses. It takes small water solubility in water along with solubility in HCl. The subdivision of Superior-Grade LiOH encompasses precisely small i.e. below 0.3% of mineral contaminations.

The lithium hydroxide market on the source of Type of End Use Business could span Aerospace, Electronics & Electricals, Marine, Energy Storage, Transportation, Air Purification, Ceramics and Automobile. The lithium hydroxide industry on the source of Type of Application could span Air-Conditioning, Ceramic Glass, Lubricant & Grease, Batteries, Carbon dioxide Scrubbing, Chemical Synthesis, Glass & Ceramics and Portland Cement.

The Lithium Hydroxide [LiOH] is utilized in the manufacture of lithium salts of stearic and additional fatty acids. These are then and there utilized such as thickeners in lubricating greases. A thickener takes possessions for example effectiveness at an extensive variety of temperatures and greater confrontation to water. Lithium grease is classically used up in manufacturing for example automotive and automobile. The lithium hydroxide market on the source of Area with respect to Trades in terms of intake, Profits, Market stake and Development percentage for the duration of the prediction could span North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America and Middle East & Africa.

By the source of geography, the Asia Pacific holds the most important stake of the market owing to the increasing acceptance of lightweight metal in equipment of air conditioning, glass, grease, batteries and others. The subdivision of batteries grips the most important share and is expected to carry on its supremacy in the market owing to amazing features presented for example greater effectiveness, concentration of energy.

The Europe has witnessed an extraordinary development owing to strict guidelines and rules applied by the provincial governments to follow lightweight products in end-use businesses. It is expected that the increasing invention and technical progression in lithium-ion batteries, and additional products are expected to push the development, for the duration of the prediction. Latin America is projected to observe an advanced development in the market owing to growing demand for lithium hydroxide in the end-use businesses.

The Middle East & Africa are projected to observe standard growth in the market owing to the increasing ingestion of low-density materials in tablets, smartphones, and additional electronic devices. The statement revises Trades in terms of intake of Lithium Hydroxide in the market; particularly in North America, Europe, Asia Pacific, Latin America Middle East & Africa. It concentrates on the topmost companies operating in these regions. Some of the important companies operating in the field are Wealth Minerals Ltd, Nemaska Lithium, LITHIUM AMERICAS, Tianqi Lithium Corporation, SQM, Galaxy Resources Limited, MGX Minerals Inc., Jiangxi Ganfeng Lithium Co., Ltd., FMC Lithium, Albemarle Corporation.

Lithium hydroxide monohydrate is white monoclinic crystalline solid; refractive index 1.460; density 1.51 g/cm3; soluble in water, more soluble than the anhydrous salt (22.3g and 26.8g/100g at 10 and 100°C, respectively); slightly soluble in alcohol; insoluble in ether.
[Uses]

Lithium hydroxide is used as an electrolyte in certain alkaline storage batteries; and in the production of lithium soaps. Other uses of this compound include its catalytic applications in esterification reactions in the production of alkyd resins; in photographic developer solutions; and as a starting material to prepare other lithium salts.
[Preparation]

Lithium hydroxide is prepared by the reaction of lithium carbonate with calcium hydroxide:
Li2CO3 + Ca(OH)2 → 2LiOH + CaCO3
Calcium carbonate is filtered out and the solution is evaporated and crystallized.
The product obtained is the monohydrate, LiOH•H2O. The anhydrous compound is obtained by heating the hydrate above 100°C in vacuum or carbon dioxide-free air.
The hydroxide also may be prepared by treating lithium oxide with water.
[Reaction]

Lithium hydroxide is a base. However, it is less basic than sodium or potassium hydroxide.
The compound undergoes neutralization reactions with acids:
LiOH + HCl → LiCl + H2O
Heating the compound above 800°C in vacuum yields lithium oxide:
2LiOH Li2O + H2O
Lithium hydroxide readily absorbs carbon dioxide, forming lithium carbonate:
2LiOH + CO2 → Li2CO3 + H2O
Passing chlorine through a solution of lithium hydroxide yields lithium hypochlorite:
LiOH + Cl2 → LiOCl + HCl
Saponification of fatty acids with lithium hydroxide produces lithium soaps.
LiOH + CH3(CH2)16COOH → CH3(CH2)16COOLi + H2O
(stearic acid)        (lithium stearate)