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CAS no.: 25322-68-3
About Macrogol 8000
Macrogol 8000, also known as polyethylene glycol (PEG), is used as a medication to treat constipation in children and adults.
Macrogol 8000 is also used to empty the bowels before a colonoscopy.
Macrogol 8000 is taken by mouth.
Benefits usually occur within three days.
Generally Macrogol 8000 is only recommended for up to two weeks.
Macrogol 8000 is also used as an excipient.
Side effects may include increased bowel gas, abdominal pain, and nausea.
Rare but serious side effects may include an abnormal heartbeat, seizures, and kidney problems.
Macrogol 8000 use appears to be safe during pregnancy.
Macrogol 8000 is classified as an osmotic laxative.
Macrogol 8000 works by increasing the amount of water in the stool.
Macrogol 8000 came into use as a bowel prep in 1980 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1999.
Macrogol 8000 is available as a generic medication and over the counter.
In 2018, Macrogol 8000 was the 163rd most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 3 million prescriptions.
Typically Macrogol 8000 is formulated together with electrolytes.
Macrogol 8000 is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
Macrogol 8000 is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.
Macrogol 8000 is a family of linear polymers formed by a base-catalyzed condensation reaction with repeating ethylene oxide units being added to ethylene.
The molecular formula is (C2H4O)multH2O where mult denotes the average number of oxyethylene groups.
The molecular weight can range from 200 to several million corresponding to the number of oxyethylene groups.
The higher-molecular-weight materials (100 000 to 5 000 000) are also referred to as polyethylene oxides.
The average molecular weight of any specific Macrogol 8000 product falls within quite narrow limits (°5%).
The number of ethylene oxide units or their approximate molecular weight (e.g., PEG-4 or PEG-200) commonly designates the nomenclature of specific polyethylene glycols.
Macrogol 8000 with amolecular weight less than 600 are liquid, whereas those of molecular weight 1000 and above are solid.
These materials are nonvolatile, water-soluble, tasteless, and odorless.
They are miscible with water, alcohols, esters, ketones, aromatic solvents, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, but immiscible with alkanes, paraffins, waxes, and ethers.
USE
Macrogol 8000 is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, pharmaceuticals, polymers, air care products, finger paints and washing & cleaning products.
Other release to the environment of Macrogol 8000 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).
Macrogol 8000 is used in the following products: polymers, pharmaceuticals, laboratory chemicals and washing & cleaning products.
Macrogol 8000 is used in the following areas: health services, printing and recorded media reproduction and scientific research and development.
Macrogol 8000 is used for the manufacture of: food products and rubber products.
Other release to the environment of Macrogol 8000 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).
Macrogol 8000 is used in the following products: polymers, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, inks and toners and textile treatment products and dyes.
Macrogol 8000 is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction.
Macrogol 8000 is used for the manufacture of: rubber products, plastic products, machinery and vehicles and textile, leather or fur.
Release to the environment of Macrogol 8000 can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Macrogol 8000 is a binder, coating agent, dispersing agent, flavoring adjuvant, and plasticizing agent that is a clear, colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid resembling paraffin (white, waxy, or flakes), with a ph of 4.0–7.5 in 1:20 concentration. it is soluble in water (mw 1,000) and many organic solvents.
Macrogol 8000 is a binder, solvent, plasticizing agent, and softener widely used for cosmetic cream bases and pharmaceutical ointments.
Macrogol 8000 are quite humectant up to a molecular weight of 500.
Beyond this weight, their water uptake diminishes.
Used in conjunction with carbon black to form a conductive composite.
Polymer nanospheres of Macrogol 8000 were used for drug delivery.
Macrogol 8000 molecules of approximately 2000 monomers.
Macrogol 8000 is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry.
Recent research has shown Macrogol 8000 m aintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals.
In rats, Macrogol 8000 has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery.
Macrogol 8000 is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction.
Macrogol 8000 is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.
H2 histamine receptor antagonist, anti-ulcer agent.
Article service life
Other release to the environment of Macrogol 8000 is likely to occur from: indoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. flooring, furniture, toys, construction materials, curtains, foot-wear, leather products, paper and cardboard products, electronic equipment) and outdoor use in long-life materials with low release rate (e.g. metal, wooden and plastic construction and building materials).
Macrogol 8000 can be found in complex articles, with no release intended: vehicles and machinery, mechanical appliances and electrical/electronic products (e.g. computers, cameras, lamps, refrigerators, washing machines).
Macrogol 8000 can be found in products with material based on: plastic (e.g. food packaging and storage, toys, mobile phones), fabrics, textiles and apparel (e.g. clothing, mattress, curtains or carpets, textile toys) and paper (e.g. tissues, feminine hygiene products, nappies, books, magazines, wallpaper).
Macrogol 8000 Chemical Properties
Melting point: 64-66 °C
Boiling point: >250°C
Density: 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: <0.01 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.469
Fp: 270 °C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Form: waxy solid
Color: White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.128
PH 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Water Solubility Soluble in water.
λmax λ: 260 nm Amax: 0.6
λ: 280 nm Amax: 0.3
Sensitive Hygroscopic
Merck 14,7568
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
NIST Chemistry Reference Polyethylene glycol(25322-68-3)
EPA Substance Registry System Polyethylene glycol (25322-68-3)
Chemical properties
Macrogol 8000 is a polymer which is hydrolyzed by ethylene oxide.
Macrogol 8000 has no toxicity and irritation.
Macrogol 8000 is widely used in various pharmaceutical preparations.
The toxicity of low molecular weight Macrogol 8000 is relatively large.
In general, the toxicity of diols is very low.
Topical application of Macrogol 8000, especially mucosal drug, can cause irritant pain.
In topical lotion, Macrogol 8000 can increase the flexibility of the skin, and has a similar moisturizing effect with glycerin.
Diarrhoea can occur in large doses of oral administration.
In injection, the maximum polyethylene glycol 300 concentration is about 30% (V/V).
Hemolysis could occur when the concentration is more than 40% (V/V).
The USP32–NF27 describes Macrogol 8000 as being an addition polymer of ethylene oxide and water.
Macrogol 8000 grades 200–600 are liquids; grades 1000 and above are solids at ambient temperatures.
Liquid grades (PEG 200–600) occur as clear, colorless or slightly yellow-colored, viscous liquids.
Macrogol 8000 has a slight but characteristic odor and a bitter, slightly burning taste.
Macrogol 8000 can occur as a solid at ambient temperatures.
Solid grades (Macrogol 8000>1000) are white or off-white in color, and range in consistency from pastes to waxy flakes.
They have a faint, sweet odor. Grades of PEG 6000 and above are available as freeflowing milled powders.
Application in biomedicine
Macrogol 8000 is also known as polyoxirane (PEO).
Macrogol 8000 is a linear polyether obtained by ring opening polymerization of ethylene oxide.
The main uses in the field of biomedicine are as follows:
Contact lens liquid.
The viscosity of Macrogol 8000 solution is sensitive to the shear rate and Macrogol 8000 is not easy for bacteria to grow on Macrogol 8000.
Synthetic lubricants.
The condensation polymer of ethylene oxide and water.
Macrogol 8000 is a cream matrix for preparing water-soluble drugs.
Macrogol 8000 can also be used as a solvent for acetylsalicylic acid and caffeine, which is difficult to dissolve in water.
Drug sustained-release and immobilized enzyme carrier.
The Macrogol 8000 solution is applied to the outer layer of the pill to control the diffusion of drugs in the pill so as to improve the efficacy.
Surface modification of medical polymer materials.
The biocompatibility of medical polymer materials in contact with blood can be improved by adsorption, interception and grafting of two amphiphilic copolymers containing polyethylene glycol on the surface of medical polymers.
Macrogol 8000 can make the membrane of the alkanol contraceptive pill.
Macrogol 8000 can make hydrophilic anticoagulant polyurethane.
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is an osmotic laxative.
Macrogol 8000 can increase osmotic pressure and absorb moisture in the intestinal cavity, which makes the stool soften and increase in volume, resulting in bowel movement and defecation.
Denture fixing agent.
Macrogol 8000 nontoxic and gelatinous nature can be used as a component of denture fixer.
Macrogol 8000 is commonly used to promote cell fusion or protoplast fusion and help organisms (such as yeasts) to take DNA in transformation.
Macrogol 8000 absorbs water from the solution, so Macrogol 8000 is also used to concentrate the solution.
Manufacturing Process
Macrogol 8000 was obtained by polymerization of ethylene oxide in an autoclave at 80-100°C using as a catalyst dipotassium alcogolate of polyethylene glycol 400.
Dipotassium alcogolate of polyethylene glycol 400 was synthesized by a heating of the dry mixture of polyethylene glycol 400 and potassium hydroxide.
The molecular weight of polymer was regulated by the ratio of monomer:catalyst.
Synonyms
1,2-ethanediol,homopolymer;2-ethanediyl),.alpha.-hydro-.omega.-hydroxy-Poly(oxy-1;Alcox E 160;Alcox E 30;alcoxe30;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 600,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 200,000;Poly(ethylene oxide),approx. M.W. 900,000
