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CAS Number: 25322-68-3
EC Number: 500-038-2
MACROGOL 8000 is a solid water soluble polymer with with excellent solvency for substances that do not readily dissolve in water.
MACROGOL 8000 also can help increase viscosity of a solution.
MACROGOL 8000 is recommended for excipient applications, topical creams, lotions, personal care products, solid oral dose (coating or binder) and dental products.
MACROGOL 8000 also known as polyethylene glycol (PEG), is used as a medication to treat constipation in children and adults.
MACROGOL 8000 is also used to empty the bowels before a colonoscopy.
MACROGOL 8000 is taken by mouth.
Benefits usually occur within three days.
Generally MACROGOL is only recommended for up to two weeks.
MACROGOL 8000 is also used as an excipient.
Side effects may include increased bowel gas, abdominal pain, and nausea.
Rare but serious side effects may include an abnormal heartbeat, seizures, and kidney problems.
Use appears to be safe during pregnancy.
MACROGOL 8000 is classified as an osmotic laxative.
MACROGOL 8000 works by increasing the amount of water in the stool.
MACROGOL 8000 came into use as a bowel prep in 1980 and was approved for medical use in the United States in 1999.
MACROGOL 8000 is available as a generic medication and over the counter.
In 2020, MACROGOL 8000 was the 226th most commonly prescribed medication in the United States, with more than 2 million prescriptions.
Typically MACROGOL 8000 is formulated together with electrolytes.
MACROGOL 8000 is also used to fuse B-cells with myeloma cells in monoclonal antibody production.
MACROGOL 8000 is registered under the REACH Regulation and is manufactured in and / or imported to the European Economic Area, at ≥ 100 to < 1 000 tonnes per annum.
MACROGOL 8000 is used by consumers, in articles, by professional workers (widespread uses), in formulation or re-packing and at industrial sites.
MACROGOL 8000 is a family of linear polymers formed by a base-catalyzed condensation reaction with repeating ethylene oxide units being added to ethylene.
The molecular formula is (C2H4O)multH2O where mult denotes the average number of oxyethylene groups.
The molecular weight can range from 200 to several million corresponding to the number of oxyethylene groups.
The higher-molecular-weight materials (100 000 to 5 000 000) are also referred to as polyethylene oxides.
The average molecular weight of any specific MACROGOL 8000 product falls within quite narrow limits (°5%).
The number of ethylene oxide units or their approximate molecular weight (e.g., PEG-4 or PEG-200) commonly designates the nomenclature of specific polyethylene glycols.
MACROGOL 8000 with amolecular weight less than 600 are liquid, whereas those of molecular weight 1000 and above are solid.
These materials are nonvolatile, water-soluble, tasteless, and odorless.
They are miscible with water, alcohols, esters, ketones, aromatic solvents, and chlorinated hydrocarbons, but immiscible with alkanes, paraffins, waxes, and ethers.
Uses of MACROGOL 8000:
MACROGOL 8000 is used in the following products: cosmetics and personal care products, pharmaceuticals, polymers, air care products, finger paints and washing & cleaning products.
MACROGOL 8000 is used in the following products: polymers, pharmaceuticals, laboratory chemicals and washing & cleaning products.
MACROGOL 8000 is used in the following areas: health services, printing and recorded media reproduction and scientific research and development.
MACROGOL 8000 is used for the manufacture of: food products and rubber products.
Other release to the environment of MACROGOL 8000 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).
Release to the environment of MACROGOL 8000 can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
MACROGOL 8000 is used in the following products: polymers, washing & cleaning products, lubricants and greases, inks and toners and textile treatment products and dyes.
MACROGOL 8000 is used in the following areas: printing and recorded media reproduction.
MACROGOL 8000 is used for the manufacture of: rubber products, plastic products, machinery and vehicles and textile, leather or fur.
MACROGOL 8000 is a binder, coating agent, dispersing agent, flavoring adjuvant, and plasticizing agent that is a clear, colorless, viscous, hygroscopic liquid resembling paraffin (white, waxy, or flakes), with a ph of 4.0–7.5 in 1:20 concentration.
MACROGOL 8000 is soluble in water (mw 1,000) and many organic solvents.
MACROGOL 8000 is a binder, solvent, plasticizing agent, and softener widely used for cosmetic cream bases and pharmaceutical ointments.
MACROGOL 8000 are quite humectant up to a molecular weight of 500.
Beyond this weight, their water uptake diminishes.
MACROGOL 8000 is used in conjunction with carbon black to form a conductive composite.
Polymer nanospheres of MACROGOL 8000 were used for drug delivery.
MACROGOL 8000 molecules of approximately 2000 monomers.
MACROGOL 8000 is used in various applications from industrial chemistry to biological chemistry.
Recent research has shown MACROGOL 8000 m aintains the ability to aid the spinal cord injury recovery process, helping the nerve impulse conduction process in animals.
In rats, MACROGOL 8000 has been shown to aid in the repair of severed sciatic axons, helping with nerve damage recovery.
MACROGOL 8000 is industrially produced as a lubricating substance for various surfaces to reduce friction.
MACROGOL 8000 is also used in the preparation of vesicle transport systems in with application towards diagnostic procedures or drug delivery methods.
H2 histamine receptor antagonist, anti-ulcer agent.
Other Uses of MACROGOL 8000:
Pharmaceuticals - excipients
Food contact
Cosmetic
Personal care
Chemical intermediates
Medical Uses of MACROGOL 8000:
A polyethylene glycol (PEG) and electrolytes solution used as a laxative used to cleanse the colon before colonoscopy, lower gastrointestinal series, or colon surgery.
Application in Biomedicine:
MACROGOL 8000 is also known as polyoxirane (PEO).
MACROGOL 8000 is a linear polyether obtained by ring opening polymerization of ethylene oxide.
The main uses in the field of biomedicine are as follows:
Contact lens liquid.
The viscosity of MACROGOL 8000 solution is sensitive to the shear rate and MACROGOL 8000 is not easy for bacteria to grow on MACROGOL 8000.
Synthetic lubricants.
The condensation polymer of ethylene oxide and water.
MACROGOL 8000 is a cream matrix for preparing water-soluble drugs.
MACROGOL 8000 can also be used as a solvent for acetylsalicylic acid and caffeine, which is difficult to dissolve in water.
Drug sustained-release and immobilized enzyme carrier.
The MACROGOL 8000 solution is applied to the outer layer of the pill to control the diffusion of drugs in the pill so as to improve the efficacy.
Surface modification of medical polymer materials.
The biocompatibility of medical polymer materials in contact with blood can be improved by adsorption, interception and grafting of two amphiphilic copolymers containing polyethylene glycol on the surface of medical polymers.
MACROGOL 8000 can make the membrane of the alkanol contraceptive pill.
MACROGOL 8000 can make hydrophilic anticoagulant polyurethane.
Polyethylene glycol 4000 is an osmotic laxative.
MACROGOL 8000 can increase osmotic pressure and absorb moisture in the intestinal cavity, which makes the stool soften and increase in volume, resulting in bowel movement and defecation.
Denture fixing agent.
MACROGOL 8000 nontoxic and gelatinous nature can be used as a component of denture fixer.
MACROGOL 8000 is commonly used to promote cell fusion or protoplast fusion and help organisms (such as yeasts) to take DNA in transformation.
MACROGOL 8000 absorbs water from the solution, so MACROGOL 8000 is also used to concentrate the solution.
Benefits of MACROGOL 8000:
Proven performance in a variety of excipient formulations,
Compliance with USP/NF and Ph. Eur. monographs,
Solubilize / disperse wide variety of components,
Tune formulation to achieve desired form (solid, liquid with certain viscosities and melt-freeze points),
Attract and retain moisture—ideal for ointments and lotions.
Pharmacology of MACROGOL 8000:
MACROGOL 8000 is an osmotically acting laxative.
MACROGOL 8000, an inert substance that passes through the gut without being absorbed into the body.
MACROGOL 8000 relieves constipation because MACROGOL 8000 causes water to be retained in the bowel instead of being absorbed into the body.
This increases the water content and volume of the stools in the bowel, making them softer and easier to pass, as well as improving gut motility.
Available Forms of MACROGOL 8000:
MACROGOL 8000 is sold as a non-prescription preparation in the form of powder.
When sold for gut cleansing (and as a laxative), MACROGOL 8000 is usually in combination with salts such as sodium bicarbonate, sodium chloride and potassium chloride to help mitigate the possibility of electrolyte imbalance and dehydration.
MACROGOL 8000 is dissolved in water to create a clear and odorless solution which is then drunk.
While most consumers find the taste of MACROGOL itself to be very mild and unobjectionable, the electrolytes contained in formulations for purging and cleansing give the solution an extremely salty and bitter taste.
Polyethylene glycol-electrolyte solution is a prescription product sold under various brand names including Colyte, Gavilyte, Golytely, Nulytely, Moviprep, and Trilyte.
Cancer Prevention of MACROGOL 8000:
High-molecular-weight MACROGOL (e.g., 8000 g/mol) has been shown to be a dietary preventive agent against colorectal cancer in animal models.
The Chemoprevention Database shows MACROGOL is the most effective known agent for the suppression of chemical carcinogenesis in rats.
Cancer prevention applications in humans, however, have not yet been tested in clinical trials.
Chemical Properties of MACROGOL 8000:
MACROGOL 8000 is a polymer which is hydrolyzed by ethylene oxide.
MACROGOL 8000 has no toxicity and irritation.
MACROGOL 8000 is widely used in various pharmaceutical preparations.
The toxicity of low molecular weight MACROGOL 8000 is relatively large.
In general, the toxicity of diols is very low.
Topical application of MACROGOL 8000, especially mucosal drug, can cause irritant pain.
In topical lotion, MACROGOL 8000 can increase the flexibility of the skin, and has a similar moisturizing effect with glycerin.
Diarrhoea can occur in large doses of oral administration.
In injection, the maximum polyethylene glycol 300 concentration is about 30% (V/V).
Hemolysis could occur when the concentration is more than 40% (V/V).
The USP32–NF27 describes MACROGOL 8000 as being an addition polymer of ethylene oxide and water.
MACROGOL 8000 grades 200–600 are liquids; grades 1000 and above are solids at ambient temperatures.
Liquid grades (PEG 200–600) occur as clear, colorless or slightly yellow-colored, viscous liquids.
MACROGOL 8000 has a slight but characteristic odor and a bitter, slightly burning taste.
MACROGOL 8000 can occur as a solid at ambient temperatures.
Solid grades (MACROGOL 8000>1000) are white or off-white in color, and range in consistency from pastes to waxy flakes.
They have a faint, sweet odor.
Grades of PEG 6000 and above are available as freeflowing milled powders.
Manufacturing Process of MACROGOL 8000:
MACROGOL 8000 was obtained by polymerization of ethylene oxide in an autoclave at 80-100°C using as a catalyst dipotassium alcogolate of polyethylene glycol 400.
Dipotassium alcogolate of polyethylene glycol 400 was synthesized by a heating of the dry mixture of polyethylene glycol 400 and potassium hydroxide.
The molecular weight of polymer was regulated by the ratio of monomer:catalyst.
Release to the Environment of MACROGOL 8000:
Other release to the environment of MACROGOL 8000 is likely to occur from: indoor use (e.g. machine wash liquids/detergents, automotive care products, paints and coating or adhesives, fragrances and air fresheners), outdoor use and indoor use in close systems with minimal release (e.g. cooling liquids in refrigerators, oil-based electric heaters).
Release to the environment of MACROGOL 8000 can occur from industrial use: as processing aid, in the production of articles, in processing aids at industrial sites and of substances in closed systems with minimal release.
Properties of MACROGOL 8000:
Melting point: 64-66 °C
Boiling point: >250°C
Density: 1.27 g/mL at 25 °C
Vapor density: >1 (vs air)
Vapor pressure: <0.01 mm Hg ( 20 °C)
Refractive index: n20/D 1.469
Fp: 270 °C
Storage temp.: 2-8°C
Solubility: H2O: 50 mg/mL, clear, colorless
Form: waxy solid
Color: White to very pale yellow
Specific Gravity: 1.128
PH: 5.5-7.0 (25℃, 50mg/mL in H2O)
Water Solubility: Soluble in water.
Sensitive: Hygroscopic
Merck: 14,7568
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents.
NIST Chemistry Reference: Polyethylene glycol(25322-68-3)
EPA Substance Registry System: Polyethylene glycol (25322-68-3)
Specifications of MACROGOL 8000:
CAS RN: 25322-68-3
EC Number: 500-038-2
MDL Number: MFCD00081839
Storage Temperature: +20°C
Shipping Temperature: Ambient
Harmonised Tariff Code: 39072011
Names of MACROGOL 8000:
INCI Name:
PEG-180
Trade names:
MiraLax
ClearLax
Golytely
Other names:
Polyethylene glycol (PEG)
PEG 3350
PEG 4000
PEG 6000
Synonyms of MACROGOL 8000:
PEG
Poly(ethylene glycol)
Polyethyleneglycol 8000
MACROGOL 8000
MACROGOLs 8000
PEG
Poly(ethylene glycol)
Polyethyleneglycol 8000
MACROGOL 8000
MACROGOLs 8000
PEG 8000
PEG 8k
