MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE

MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE

CAS No. : 7786-30-3
EC No. : 232-094-6

Synonyms:
Magnesium chloride; magnezyum klorür; magnezyum klorür heksahidrat; 7791-18-6; Magnesium dichloride hexahydrate; CCRIS 3494; Chlorure de magnesium hydrate; UNII-02F3473H9O; CHEBI:86345; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, HEXAHYDRATE; 02F3473H9O; Chlorure de magnesium hydrate [French]; Magnesium chloride hydrate (MgCl2.6H2O); Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) hydrate (1:6); ACMC-20aklm; magnezyum klorit hekzahidrat; MgCl2.6H2O; Magnesium chloride [USP]; Magnesium Chloride [USAN]; INS NO.511; CHEMBL3185229; DTXSID0020789; CTK3J2475; INS-511; magnesium(II)-chloride hexahydrate; magnesium dichloride--water (1/6); Magnesium chloride hexahydrate A.C.S.reagent; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate 46.5% min MgCl2; MAGNESII CHLORIDUM; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE 6H2O; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, 6-HYDRATE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE HYDRATE; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, HYDROUS; chloruredemagnesiumhydrate; cmh; Magnesiumchloride,mecidinal; magnesiumdichloridehexahydrate; magnesium chloride 25 mm solution*pcr; Magnesium Chloride BP; magnesium chloride sterile filtered*solution; Magnesium Chloride, 6H2O, MB Grade (1.05835); MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE FLAKES PURITY MORE THA; MEGNESIUM CHLORID; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE-6-HYDRATE R. G., REAG . ACS, REAG. ISO; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE ACS &; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE HEXAHYDRATE, 4X10 G; Magnesium chloride (MgCl2), hexahydrate; CAS-7791-18-6; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, AR, >=99%; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, LR, >=98%; D04834; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, BioXtra, >=99.0%; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, BP, Ph. Eur. grade; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, Molecular biology grade; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 99.995% trace metals basis; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, ACS reagent, 99.0-102.0%; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, BioUltra, >=99.0% (KT); Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, p.a. plus, 98.0-101.0%; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0%; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, tested according to Ph.Eur.; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, JIS special grade, >=98.0%; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, meets USP testing specifications; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98% Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, Reag. Ph. Eur., USP, 99.0-101.0%, FCC Magnesium chloride, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.0% (KT) Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, FCC, E511, 99-101%, <=0.0001%; Magnesium chloride anhydrous; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, ANHYDROUS; CHEBI:6636 Magnesium chloride, pure Cl2Mg Chloromagnesite; Magnesiumchlorid; Magnesium chloride, 99.9%, (trace metal basis), pure, anhydrous magnesium(II)chloride Magnesium chloride and Chlorate mixture; Magnesium chloride and Chlorate mixture, solid; Magnesium chloride and Chlorate mixture, solution; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate; magnezyum klorür hegzahidrat; magnezyum klorür hekzahidrat; 7791-18-6; Magnesium dichloride hexahydrate; CCRIS 3494; Chlorure de magnesium hydrate; CHEBI:86345; Chlorure de magnesium hydrate [French]; Magnesium chloride hydrate (MgCl2.6H2O); Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) hydrate (1:6); ACMC-20aklm; magnezyum klorit hekzahidrat; MgCl2.6H2O; Magnesium chloride [USP]; Magnesium Chloride [USAN]; magnesium(II)-chloride hexahydrate; magnesium dichloride--water (1/6); Magnesium chloride hexahydrate A.C.S.reagent; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate 46.5% min MgCl2; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate; magnezyum klorür hegzahidrat; magnezyum klorür hekzahidrat; 7791-18-6; Magnesium dichloride hexahydrate; CCRIS 3494; Chlorure de magnesium hydrate; UNII-02F3473H9O; CHEBI:86345; MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE, HEXAHYDRATE; 02F3473H9O; Chlorure de magnesium hydrate [French]; Magnesium chloride hydrate (MgCl2.6H2O); Magnesium chloride (MgCl2) hydrate (1:6); ACMC-20aklm; magnezyum klorit hekzahidrat; MgCl2.6H2O; Magnesium chloride [USP]; Magnesium Chloride [USAN]; KSC492I7L; INS NO.511; CHEMBL3185229; DTXSID0020789; CTK3J2475; INS-511; magnesium(II)-chloride hexahydrate; magnesium dichloride--water (1/6); Magnesium chloride hexahydrate A.C.S.reagent; KS-00001900; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate 46.5% min MgCl2; Magnesium chloride (MgCl2), hexahydrate; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, AR, >=99%; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, LR, >=98%; D04834; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, BioXtra, >=99.0%; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, BP, Ph. Eur. grade; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, Molecular biology grade; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, 99.995% trace metals basis; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, ACS reagent, 99.0-102.0%; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, BioUltra, >=99.0% (KT); Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, p.a. plus, 98.0-101.0%; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0%; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, tested according to Ph.Eur.; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, JIS special grade, >=98.0%; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, meets USP testing specifications; Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, Vetec(TM) reagent grade, 98% Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, Reag. Ph. Eur., USP, 99.0-101.0%, FCC Magnesium chloride, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, BioUltra, for molecular biology, >=99.0% (KT) Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, BioReagent, suitable for cell culture, suitable for insect cell culture Magnesium chloride hexahydrate, puriss., meets analytical specification of Ph. Eur., BP, FCC, E511, 99-101%, <=0.0001% Magnesium chloride anhydrous; MgCl2 CHEBI:6636 Magnesium chloride, pure Cl2Mg Chloromagnesite Magnesiumchlorid Magnesium chloride, 99.9%, (trace metal basis), pure, anhydrous magnesium(II)chloride Magnesium chloride and Chlorate mixture; Magnesium chloride and Chlorate mixture, solid; Magnesium chloride and Chlorate mixture, solution; chloruredemagnesiumhydrate; cmh; Magnesiumchloride,mecidinal; magnesiumdichloridehexahydrate; magnesium chloride 25 mm solution*pcr; Magnesium Chloride BP; Magnesium chloride (MgCl2), hexahydrate

Magnesium Chloride

Magnesium chloride is the name for the chemical compound with the formula MgCl2 and its various hydrates MgCl2(H2O)x. Anhydrous MgCl2 contains 25.5% elemental magnesium by mass. These salts are typical ionic halides, being highly soluble in water. The hydrated Magnesium chloride can be extracted from brine or sea water. In North America, Magnesium chloride is produced primarily from Great Salt Lake brine. It is extracted in a similar process from the Dead Sea in the Jordan Valley. Magnesium chloride, as the natural mineral bischofite, is also extracted (by solution mining) out of ancient seabeds, for example, the Zechstein seabed in northwest Europe. Some Magnesium chloride is made from solar evaporation of seawater. Anhydrous Magnesium chloride is the principal precursor to magnesium metal, which is produced on a large scale. Hydrated Magnesium chloride is the form most readily available.

Structure, preparation, and general properties
MgCl2 crystallizes in the cadmium chloride motif, which features octahedral Mg centers. Several hydrates are known with the formula MgCl2(H2O)x, and each loses water at higher temperatures: x = 12 (−16.4 °C), 8 (−3.4 °C), 6 (116.7 °C), 4 (181 °C), 2 (about 300 °C).[1] In the hexahydrate, the Mg2+ is also octahedral, but is coordinated to six water ligands.[2] The thermal dehydration of the hydrates MgCl2(H2O)x (x = 6, 12) does not occur straightforwardly.[3] Anhydrous MgCl2 is produced industrially by heating the chloride salt of hexammine complex [Mg(NH3)6]2+.[4]
As suggested by the existence of some hydrates, anhydrous MgCl2 is a Lewis acid, although a weak one.
In the Dow process, Magnesium chloride is regenerated from magnesium hydroxide using hydrochloric acid:
Mg(OH)2(s) + 2 HCl(aq) → MgCl2(aq) + 2 H2O(l)
It can also be prepared from magnesium carbonate by a similar reaction.
Derivatives with tetrahedral Mg2+ are less common. Examples include salts of (N(C2H5)4)2MgCl4 and adducts such as MgCl2(TMEDA).[5]
Applications
Precursor to Mg metal
MgCl2 is the main precursor to metallic magnesium. The conversion is effected by electrolysis:
MgCl2 → Mg + Cl2
This process is practiced on a substantial scale.
Dust and erosion control
Magnesium chloride is one of many substances used for dust control, soil stabilization, and wind erosion mitigation.[7] When Magnesium chloride is applied to roads and bare soil areas, both positive and negative performance issues occur which are related to many application factors.[8]
Catalyst support
Ziegler-Natta catalysts, used commercially to produce polyolefins, contain MgCl2 as a catalyst support.[9] The introduction of MgCl2 supports increases the activity of traditional catalysts and allowed the development of highly stereospecific catalysts for the production of polypropylene.

Ice control
Picture of truck applying liquid de-icer (Magnesium chloride) to city streets
Picture of solid form of rock salt used for ice removal on streets
Magnesium chloride is used for low-temperature de-icing of highways, sidewalks, and parking lots. When highways are treacherous due to icy conditions, Magnesium chloride helps to prevent the ice bond, allowing snow plows to clear the roads more efficiently.
Magnesium chloride is used in three ways for pavement ice control: Anti-icing, when maintenance professionals spread it onto roads before a snow storm to prevent snow from sticking and ice from forming; prewetting, which means a liquid formulation of Magnesium chloride is sprayed directly onto salt as it is being spread onto roadway pavement, wetting the salt so that it sticks to the road; and pretreating, when Magnesium chloride and salt are mixed together before they are loaded onto trucks and spread onto paved roads. Calcium chloride damages concrete twice as fast as Magnesium chloride.[11] It should be noticed that the amount of Magnesium chloride is supposed to be controlled when it is used for de-icing as it may cause pollution to the environment.[12]
Nutrition and medicine
Magnesium chloride is used in nutraceutical and pharmaceutical preparations.

Cuisine
Magnesium chloride (E511[13]) is an important coagulant used in the preparation of tofu from soy milk. In Japan it is sold as nigari (にがり, derived from the Japanese word for "bitter"), a white powder produced from seawater after the sodium chloride has been removed, and the water evaporated. In China, it is called lushui (卤水). Nigari or lushui consists mostly of Magnesium chloride, with some magnesium sulphate and other trace elements. It is also an ingredient in baby formula milk.[14]
Gardening and horticulture
Because magnesium is a mobile nutrient, Magnesium chloride can be effectively used as a substitute for magnesium sulfate (Epsom salt) to help correct magnesium deficiency in plants via foliar feeding. The recommended dose of Magnesium chloride is smaller than the recommended dose of magnesium sulfate (20 g/l).[15] This is due primarily to the chlorine present in Magnesium chloride, which can easily reach toxic levels if over-applied or applied too often.[16]
It has been found that higher concentrations of magnesium in tomato and some pepper plants can make them more susceptible to disease caused by infection of the bacterium Xanthomonas campestris, since magnesium is essential for bacterial growth.[17]

Occurrence
Mass fractions of various salt ions in seawater
Chemical composition of sea salt
Magnesium values in natural seawater are between 1250 and 1350 mg/l, around 3.7% of the total seawater mineral content. Dead Sea minerals contain a significantly higher Magnesium chloride ratio, 50.8%. Carbonates and calcium are essential for all growth of corals, coralline algae, clams, and invertebrates. Magnesium can be depleted by mangrove plants and the use of excessive limewater or by going beyond natural calcium, alkalinity, and pH values.

Toxicology
Magnesium ions are bitter-tasting, and Magnesium chloride solutions are bitter in varying degrees, depending on the concentration of magnesium.
Magnesium toxicity from magnesium salts is rare in healthy individuals with a normal diet, because excess magnesium is readily excreted in urine by the kidneys. A few cases of oral magnesium toxicity have been described in persons with normal renal function ingesting large amounts of magnesium salts, but it is rare. If a large amount of Magnesium chloride is eaten, it will have effects similar to magnesium sulfate, causing diarrhea, although the sulfate also contributes to the laxative effect in magnesium sulfate, so the effect from the chloride is not as severe.

Plant toxicity
Chloride (Cl−) and magnesium (Mg2+) are both essential nutrients important for normal plant growth. Too much of either nutrient may harm a plant, although foliar chloride concentrations are more strongly related with foliar damage than magnesium. High concentrations of MgCl2 ions in the soil may be toxic or change water relationships such that the plant cannot easily accumulate water and nutrients. Once inside the plant, chloride moves through the water-conducting system and accumulates at the margins of leaves or needles, where dieback occurs first. Leaves are weakened or killed, which can lead to the death of the tree.[19]
Locomotive boiler problem
The presence of dissolved Magnesium chloride in the well water (bore water) used in locomotive boilers on the Trans-Australian Railway caused serious and expensive maintenance problems during the steam era. At no point along its route does the line cross a permanent freshwater watercourse, so bore water had to be relied on. No inexpensive treatment for the highly mineralised water was available, and locomotive boilers were lasting less than a quarter of the time normally expected.[20] In the days of steam locomotion, about half the total train load was water for the engine. The line's operator, Commonwealth Railways, was an early adopter of the diesel-electric locomotive.

Magnesium chloride, known by chemical formula MgCl2, is a type of salt used as a nutritional supplement. It is found naturally in seawater but is most readily harvested from the brine of salt lakes—such as the Great Salt Lake in northern Utah and the Dead Sea situated between Jordan and Israel—where the salt content may be as high as 50%.
Magnesium chloride is thought to improve health, in part by increasing magnesium levels in people with a known deficiency. It is one of several compounds used for this purpose, others of which include magnesium aspartate, magnesium citrate, magnesium gluconate, magnesium glycinate, magnesium lactate, magnesium malate, magnesium oxide, and magnesium sulfate.
Magnesium chloride supplements are commonly found in tablet and capsule forms. Magnesium chloride flakes can also be used for therapeutic baths and foot soaks.

Health Benefits
Magnesium chloride is primarily used to supplement your dietary intake of magnesium. While it doesn't "treat" conditions per se, it can help overcome magnesium deficiency and, by doing so, improve or restore certain physiological functions.
Magnesium Deficiency
Magnesium is a nutrient vital to human health. It is responsible for more than 300 biochemical reactions in the body, including the regulation of blood sugar, blood pressure, and muscle and nerve function. It is also essential to the production of protein, bone mineral, and DNA.
Although magnesium deficiency is often subclinical (meaning without obvious symptoms), it can manifest with generalized or non-specific symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, depression, fasciculations (involuntary twitches), and arrhythmia (irregular heartbeat).
Chronic magnesium deficiencies are closely linked to a wide range of health concerns, including asthma, migraine, type 2 diabetes, metabolic syndrome, hypertension, atherosclerosis, osteoporosis, and colon cancer. 
Though magnesium deficiency is relatively uncommon in the United States, a 2012 study in Nutrition Reviews suggests that half of all Americans consume less than the recommended amount of magnesium from food each day.

There are certain substances and/or situations that are known to induce magnesium deficiency in otherwise healthy people. These include:
Malnutrition
Low-magnesium diet
Severe diarrhea or vomiting
Chronic intestinal diseases, such as Crohn's disease and celiac disease
Pregnancy and lactation
Poorly controlled diabetes
Diuretics ("water pills"), such as Lasix (furosemide)
Alcoholism
Hypoparathyroid disease
Magnesium chloride supplements can help overcome (or, at the very least, mitigate) magnesium deficiency and, by doing so, improve health and physiological function.
Given the range of illnesses that magnesium deficiency can cause, there are some who believe that magnesium supplements may not only prevent certain diseases but actively treat them as well. It is a controversial issue subject to ongoing debate.

Possible Side Effects
Magnesium chloride supplements are considered safe if used as directed. Common side effects include stomach upset, nausea, diarrhea, and vomiting. Many of these side effects can be alleviated by taking the supplement with food.
Nearly all forms of magnesium supplements have a laxative effect. Those that are more readily absorbed in the intestines pose a lesser risk since smaller doses are needed.
On the one end of the spectrum, magnesium oxide is more likely to cause diarrhea because it is so poorly absorbed and requires a larger dose. On the other end, magnesium glycinate is the best-absorbed form and poses little risk. Magnesium chloride falls somewhere in between.
Rare side effects include dizziness, fainting, confusion, allergy, and hematochezia (blood in stools). Call your doctor or seek urgent care if any such symptoms develop after taking a magnesium supplement.

Interactions
Magnesium can bind to certain medication and interfere with their absorption. Possible interactions include:
Aminoglycoside antibiotics, like Gentak (gentamicin) and streptomycin
Bisphosphonates, like Fosamax (alendronate)
Calcium channel blockers, like nifedipine and verapamil
Quinoline antibiotics, like Cipro (ciprofloxacin) and Levaquin (levofloxacin)
Tetracycline antibiotics, like doxycycline and Minocin (minocycline)
Thyroid medications, like Synthroid (levothyroxine)
On the flip side, potassium-sparing diuretics like Aldactone (spironolactone) can increase the concentration of magnesium in the blood and, with it, the risk of side effects.

Separating the doses by two to four hours is often all that is needed to mitigate the interaction. This is especially true with antibiotics that require longer periods of separation.
Among some of the other useful tips:
Magnesium supplements can be taken with or without food. If loose stools occur, try taking a lower dose.
Extended-release tablets should be swallowed whole. Do not chew, split, or crush the tablet.
Magnesium supplements can be stored safely at room temperature.
Discard any supplement that is past its expiration date or shows signs of moisture damage or deterioration.

USES of Magnesium chloride
Magnesium chloride is a mineral supplement used to prevent and treat low amounts of magnesium in the blood. Some brands are also used to treat symptoms of too much stomach acid such as stomach upset, heartburn, and acid indigestion. Magnesium is very important for the normal functioning of cells, nerves, muscles, bones, and the heart. Usually, a well-balanced diet provides normal blood levels of magnesium. However, certain situations cause your body to lose magnesium faster than you can replace it from your diet. These situations include treatment with "water pills" (diuretics such as furosemide, hydrochlorothiazide), a poor diet, alcoholism, or other medical conditions (e.g., severe diarrhea/vomiting, stomach/intestinal absorption problems, poorly controlled diabetes).

Magnesium Chloride Uses
A quick search of Pub Med yields thousands of scientific studies highlighting the benefits of various magnesium compounds in human biochemistry. From migraines and pain management to depression, anxiety, sleeplessness and memory, magnesium has clearly demonstrated enormous versatility as a healing mineral.

However, magnesium chloride has expressed unique characteristics beyond the scope of other inorganic magnesium salts that are of special interest. As discovered in 1915 by French surgeon Pierre Delbet, M.D.:
The application of a magnesium chloride solution to external wounds had favorable effects over leucocytic activity and phagocytosis, making it ideal for wound cleansing.
Oral magnesium chloride was a powerful immuno-stimulant, exhibiting a broad tonic effect on the host.
Thirty years later, another French doctor, A. Neveu, M.D., used magnesium chloride orally for a broad spectrum of disorders benefiting from the immune bolstering effects that magnesium chloride offered. 6
magnesium oil

Dr. Jose Perez Albela Beraun, M.D., director of the Instituto Bien de Salud in Lima, Peru, is a zealous supporter of magnesium, where magnesium chloride is the form used almost exclusively in his work. Dr. Albela spreads the word of magnesium chloride and health through his various radio shows, public lectures, and colleagues, and in fact manufactures and distributes single dose packets of magnesium chloride, often giving them away to the needy. Success stories from the patients of Dr. Albela could fill an entire book. 7
Magnesium oil, liquid magnesium, and magnesium spray — all names which refer to a concentrated solution of magnesium chloride applied to the skin — are the new darlings of many holistic health professionals. Dr. Carolyn Dean, M.D., N.D., describes the unique benefits of topical magnesium chloride oil:
A very exciting addition to the magnesium family is a product loosely referred to as magnesium oil. It’s not actually an oil at all, but a super saturated solution of magnesium chloride. Magnesium oil can be sprayed or rubbed on the body, and is readily absorbed through the skin. It helps to greatly increase the amount of magnesium in body tissues and overcomes the problems and adverse effects that some people have with loose stools when they try to take enough magnesium to meet their needs. This can be especially important in cases of severe magnesium deficiency that were only treatable with IV magnesium before magnesium oil came along.” 

Magnesium chloride is an excellent water soluble crystalline Magnesium source for uses compatible with chlorides. Hydrate or anhydrous forms may be purchased. Chloride compounds can conduct electricity when fused or dissolved in water. Chloride materials can be decomposed by electrolysis to chlorine gas and the metal. They are formed through various chlorination processes whereby at least one chlorine anion (Cl-) is covalently bonded to the relevant metal or cation. Ultra high purity and proprietary formulations can be prepared. The chloride ion controls fluid equilibrium and pH levels in metabolic systems. They can form either inorganic or organic compounds. Magnesium chloride is generally immediately available in most volumes. Ultra high purity, high purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. We also produce Magnesium chloride Solution.
Magnesium chloride is widely used as a source of magnesium ion in chemistry and molecular biology applications. In biological systems, magnesium is a co-factor for many enzymes including deoxyribonuclease (DNase) and various restriction enzymes. Also plays a role in cell membrane integrity, muscle cell physiology, cardiovascular and muscular activity, and nucleic acid structure. Magnesium chloride solution is a favorable choice as an elution buffer for antibody affinity column purifications; it is much milder on most antigens than acid elution, allowing reuse of the antigen column. Also an essential cofactor for the DNA polymerase in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification.
Magnesium chloride is used in several medical and topical (skin related) applications. Magnesium chloride usp, anhydrous uses as electrolyte replenisher, pharmaceutic necessity for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis fluids. Parenteral Magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate are used in conditions that require an increase in magnesium ions for electrolyte adjustment.
Ten patients with angiographically documented /coronary artery disease received an IV injection of 5 ml of a soln containing 17% Magnesium chloride/. After Magnesium chloride injection, the /left ventricular end-diastolic pressure/ was significantly reduced in all patients, from a mean of 24 +/- 3 to 16 +/- 3 mmHg (P<0.001). Under the short term conditions of the study, the injection of Magnesium chloride effectively improved left ventricular diastolic function.

The effect of magnesium, given orally as enteric-coated Magnesium chloride tablets, on the ECG of 25 randomly selected patients was investigated. 
Cardioprotective role of intravenous administration of Magnesium chloride was evaluated in rabbits by biochemical and histopathological parameters. Myocardial damage was induced by injecting (iv) isoprenaline 1, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg body weight of animal. ...Verapamil (5 uM) injected prior to 2.5 mg isoprenaline administration revealed significant reduction of CK /(the cardiac enzyme creatinine kinase)/ (C Max) activity (P<0.05) compared to animals infused with isoprenaline alone. T-max value did not show any alteration in both the groups. Histopathological findings showed no areas of necrosis and cellular infiltrates in animals primed with 2.5 mg isoprenaline following verapamil. Highly significant reduction in CK (C-max) activity was observed in animals administered with 40 mg Magnesium chloride prior to isoprenaline compared to animals treated with isoprenaline alone (P<0.001). In addition to this, significant delay in T-max of CK activity was observed in group treated with 40 mg Magnesium chloride and isoprenaline compared to group treated with only isoprenaline (P<0.01). The study clearly highlighted and confirmed the valuable role of Magnesium chloride as a cardioprotective agent.

Mechanism of action of Magnesium chloride studied in 10 adult volunteers. Results suggested magnesium ion in duodenum is relatively weak stimulus to pancreas and gall bladder. It is weak stimulant to cholecystokinin release and inhibits net jejunal water absorption. The oral administration of a single 800 mg dose of Magnesium chloride in healthy volunteers resulted in a diminished rate of intraluminal lipid and protein digestion. The most pronounced effect of Magnesium chloride, however, was a decreased gastric emptying rate of both test meals. After correction for gastric emptying, no differences were noted in intraluminal lipid or protein digestion. Therefore, the lower lipid levels noted after magnesium supplementation are unlikely to be the result of altered lipid assimilation. Magnesium chloride slows gastric emptying but does not influence lipid digestion.
The oral administration of a single /800 mg/ dose of Magnesium chloride /in healthy volunteers/ resulted in a diminished rate of intraluminal lipid and protein digestion. The most pronounced effect of Magnesium chloride, however, was a decreased gastric emptying rate of both test meals. After correction for gastric emptying, no differences were noted in intraluminal lipid or protein digestion. Therefore, the lower lipid levels noted after magnesium supplementation are unlikely to be the result of altered lipid assimilation. Magnesium chloride slows gastric emptying but does not influence lipid digestion.
Magnesium chloride is a component of fire extinguishers, ceramics, textile and paper manufacture.
Molten Magnesium chloride can be formed by the direct carbochlorination of magnesium oxide obtained from the calcination of magnesium carbonate ores or magnesium hydroxide.
Magnesium chloride can be produced in large quantities from (1) carnallite or the end brines of the potash industry; (2) magnesium hydroxide precipitated from seawater; (3) by chlorination of magnesium oxide from various sources in the presence of carbon or carbonaceous materials; and (4) as a by-product in the manufacture of titanium.

Residues of Magnesium chloride are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a safener in accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest.
A large steel evaporator used for Magnesium chloride soln was shut down for maintenance. During maintenance operations a fatality occurred from atmospheric oxygen deficiency inside the evaporator. It was found later that the oxygen content in the evaporator fell from the nomral 21% to about 1% in under 24 hr, & this was confirmed in lab tests. This was attributed to very rapid rusting of the steel under warm humid conditions in the presence of traces of Magnesium chloride. Further work shows that ... presence of scale is a contributory factor. Magnetite scale (Fe3O4) on mild steel increases the depletion rate by a factor of 10, while the rust formed during the corrosion has little effect.
Fire or Explosion: These substances will accelerate burning when involved in a fire. Some may decompose explosively when heated or involved in a fire. May explode from heat or contamination. Some will react explosively with hydrocarbons (fuels). May ignite combustibles (wood, paper, oil, clothing, etc.). Containers may explode when heated. Runoff may create fire or explosion hazard. /Magnesium chloride and Chlorate mixture; Magnesium chloride and Chlorate mixture, solid; Magnesium chloride and Chlorate mixture, solution/
Health: Inhalation, ingestion or contact (skin, eyes) with vapors or substance may cause severe injury, burns or death. Fire may produce irritating, corrosive and/or toxic gases. Runoff from fire control or dilution water may cause pollution. /Magnesium chloride and Chlorate mixture; Magnesium chloride and Chlorate mixture, solid; Magnesium chloride and Chlorate mixture, solution/Magnesium chloride is found on List D. Case No: 4051; Pesticide type: insecticide (molluscicide), fungicide, herbicide, antimicrobial; Case Status: RED Approved 09/93; OPP has made a decision that some/all uses of the pesticide are eligible for reregistration, as reflected in a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document.; Active ingredient (AI): Magnesium chloride; AI Status: RED Completed - OPP has completed a Reregistration Eligibility Decision (RED) document for the case/AI.

Residues of Magnesium chloride are exempted from the requirement of a tolerance when used as a safener in accordance with good agricultural practices as inert (or occasionally active) ingredients in pesticide formulations applied to growing crops or to raw agricultural commodities after harvest.
The effects of intracerebroventricular administration of calcium or magnesium on the blood pressure regulation in the brain were investigated. The systolic blood pressure in spontaneously hypertensive rats (male, 13-wk-old) was decreased by calcium chloride (100 ug/rat) and increased by Magnesium chloride (20, 100, or 500 ug/rat). The depressor response induced by calcium was inhibited by Magnesium chloride in a dose-dependent manner. Combining these results with those previously reported, it is suggested that magnesium inhibits the ability of calcium to reduce blood pressure through calmodulin- and dopamine-dependent functions in the brain.
 The effect of Magnesium chloride on the ventricular fibrillation threshold (VFT) and the threshold for the ventricular premature contraction (VPCT) was studied in 20 dogs. Seven of the dogs were pre-treated with digitalis and four were in the form of heart-lung preparations. In the anesthetized, intact dogs, the VPCT was 0.19 +/- 0.01 mV. After treatment with Magnesium chloride (100 mg/kg iv), the VPCT increased by 53% (P<0.01). In the same group of animals, the VFT averaged 0.50 +/- 0.06 mV., which more than doubled after administration of magnesium.
The minimum concn of K and Mg in cardioplegic solution to get cardiac arrest was studied. The isolated rat hearts were perfused by Langendorf perfusion with modified Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer solution, and their heart rates were measured. The perfusion of infusate of 15 mM/l of K-aspartate stopped the heart beat completely; it took 25 mM/l of Magnesium chloride to get cardiac arrest. By their combination, however, heart was arrested with infusate of 10 mM/l of K-aspartate and 15 mM/l of Magnesium chloride, which were lower concn than K-aspartate or Magnesium chloride alone.

The production and use of magnesium compounds as refractories, as chemical intermediates, and in construction materials(1,2) result in their release to the environment through various waste streams(SRC). The production and use of magnesium compounds in environmental applications and in agriculture(1,2) results in their direct release to the environment(SRC). About 69% of the magnesium compounds used in the United States were used for refractories (e.g., olivine)(1). The remaining 31% of magnesium compounds were used in agriculture as fertilizer or animal feed (e.g, magnesium oxide, magnesium sulfate), as chemical intermediates (e.g., Magnesium chloride, magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide) , construction materials (e.g., magnesium oxide), environmental (e.g., magnesium oxide, magnesium hydroxide), and industrial applications (e.g., magnesium oxide)(1,2). Other uses include road dust and ice control (e.g., Magnesium chloride), pulp and paper applications (e.g.,magnesium sulfate), pharmaceuticals (e.g., magnesium sulfate, magnesium carbonate, magnesium oxide), and cosmetics (e.g., magnesium carbonate)(1,2).
Magnesium chloride is an excellent water soluble crystalline Magnesium source for uses compatible with chlorides. Hydrate or anhydrous forms may be purchased. Chloride compounds can conduct electricity when fused or dissolved in water. Chloride materials can be decomposed by electrolysis to chlorine gas and the metal. They are formed through various chlorination processes whereby at least one chlorine anion (Cl-) is covalently bonded to the relevant metal or cation. Ultra high purity and proprietary formulations can be prepared. The chloride ion controls fluid equilibrium and pH levels in metabolic systems. They can form either inorganic or organic compounds. Magnesium chloride is generally immediately available in most volumes. Ultra high purity, high purity, submicron and nanopowder forms may be considered. We also produce Magnesium chloride Solution.

Magnesium chloride is widely used as a source of magnesium ion in chemistry and molecular biology applications. In biological systems, magnesium is a co-factor for many enzymes including deoxyribonuclease (DNase) and various restriction enzymes. Also plays a role in cell membrane integrity, muscle cell physiology, cardiovascular and muscular activity, and nucleic acid structure. Magnesium chloride solution is a favorable choice as an elution buffer for antibody affinity column purifications; it is much milder on most antigens than acid elution, allowing reuse of the antigen column. Also an essential cofactor for the DNA polymerase in polymerase chain reaction (PCR) amplification.
Magnesium chloride is used in several medical and topical (skin related) applications. Magnesium chloride usp, anhydrous uses as electrolyte replenisher, pharmaceutic necessity for hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis fluids. Parenteral Magnesium chloride and magnesium sulfate are used in conditions that require an increase in magnesium ions for electrolyte adjustment.
Ten patients with angiographically documented /coronary artery disease received an IV injection of 5 ml of a soln containing 17% Magnesium chloride/. After Magnesium chloride injection, the /left ventricular end-diastolic pressure/ was significantly reduced in all patients, from a mean of 24 +/- 3 to 16 +/- 3 mmHg (P<0.001). Under the short term conditions of the study, the injection of Magnesium chloride effectively improved left ventricular diastolic function.

The effect of magnesium, given orally as enteric-coated Magnesium chloride tablets, on the ECG of 25 randomly selected patients was investigated. 
Cardioprotective role of intravenous administration of Magnesium chloride was evaluated in rabbits by biochemical and histopathological parameters. Myocardial damage was induced by injecting (iv) isoprenaline 1, 2.5, 5 and 7.5 mg/kg body weight of animal. ...Verapamil (5 uM) injected prior to 2.5 mg isoprenaline administration revealed significant reduction of CK /(the cardiac enzyme creatinine kinase)/ (C Max) activity (P<0.05) compared to animals infused with isoprenaline alone. T-max value did not show any alteration in both the groups. Histopathological findings showed no areas of necrosis and cellular infiltrates in animals primed with 2.5 mg isoprenaline following verapamil. Highly significant reduction in CK (C-max) activity was observed in animals administered with 40 mg Magnesium chloride prior to isoprenaline compared to animals treated with isoprenaline alone (P<0.001). In addition to this, significant delay in T-max of CK activity was observed in group treated with 40 mg Magnesium chloride and isoprenaline compared to group treated with only isoprenaline (P<0.01). The study clearly highlighted and confirmed the valuable role of Magnesium chloride as a cardioprotective agent.

Mechanism of action of Magnesium chloride studied in 10 adult volunteers. Results suggested magnesium ion in duodenum is relatively weak stimulus to pancreas and gall bladder. It is weak stimulant to cholecystokinin release and inhibits net jejunal water absorption. The oral administration of a single 800 mg dose of Magnesium chloride in healthy volunteers resulted in a diminished rate of intraluminal lipid and protein digestion. The most pronounced effect of Magnesium chloride, however, was a decreased gastric emptying rate of both test meals. After correction for gastric emptying, no differences were noted in intraluminal lipid or protein digestion. Therefore, the lower lipid levels noted after magnesium supplementation are unlikely to be the result of altered lipid assimilation. Magnesium chloride slows gastric emptying but does not influence lipid digestion.
Magnesium chloride is used for low-temperature de-icing of highways, sidewalks, and parking lots. When highways are treacherous due to icy conditions, Magnesium chloride helps to prevent the ice bond, allowing snow plows to clear the roads more efficiently.
Magnesium chloride is used in three ways for pavement ice control: Anti-icing, when maintenance professionals spread it onto roads before a snow storm to prevent snow from sticking and ice from forming; prewetting, which means a liquid formulation of Magnesium chloride is sprayed directly onto salt as it is being spread onto roadway pavement, wetting the salt so that it sticks to the road; and pretreating, when Magnesium chloride and salt are mixed together before they are loaded onto trucks and spread onto paved roads. Calcium chloride damages concrete twice as fast as Magnesium chloride.[11] It should be noticed that the amount of Magnesium chloride is supposed to be controlled when it is used for de-icing as it may cause pollution to the environment.