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Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is slightly soluble in water but easily dissolves in ethanol, ether, acetone, and other organic solvents.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is the methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate, commonly known as Methylparaben, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3.
CAS Number: 99-76-3
Molecular Formula: C8H8O3
Molecular Weight: 152.15
EINECS Number: 202-785-7
Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, METHYLPARABEN, 99-76-3, Methyl paraben, Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, Nipagin, Methyl parahydroxybenzoate, Tegosept M, Moldex, Maseptol, Preserval M, Methaben, Metoxyde, Preserval, Metaben, Paridol, Septos, Solbrol, Methyl butex, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester, p-Methoxycarbonylphenol, Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, methyl ester, Methyl chemosept, p-Carbomethoxyphenol, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester, Methyl parasept, Nipagin M, Aseptoform, Methylben, Abiol, Methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate, Methyl p-oxybenzoate, Solbrol M, 4-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenol, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl ester, FEMA No. 2710, Killitol, p-Hydroxybenzoic methyl ester, FEMA Number 2710, Methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-Oxybenzoesauremethylester, Methylparaben e218, NSC 3827, MFCD00002352, CCRIS 3946, Benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, methyl ester, HSDB 1184, Methyl paraben (e218), methyl 4- hydroxybenzoate, Methyl-d3Paraben, UNII-A2I8C7HI9T, NSC-3827, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl ester, EINECS 202-785-7, A2I8C7HI9T, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 061201, NSC-406127, BRN 0509801, methyl hydroxybenzoate, DTXSID4022529, INS number 218, CHEBI:31835, Methylis hydroxybenzoas, AI3-01336, INS-218, 4-HYDROXY-BENZOIC ACID METHYL ESTER, Methylester kyseliny p-hydroxybenzoove, E218, CHEMBL325372, DTXCID402529, INS NO.218, E-218, NSC3827, EC 202-785-7, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-methyl ester, NCGC00159376-02, NCGC00159376-04, E 218, METHYLPARABEN (II), METHYLPARABEN [II], WLN: QR DVO1, METHYLPARABEN (USP-RS), METHYLPARABEN [USP-RS], Methylparaben [USAN], Caswell No. 573PP, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-methyl ester 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, METHYL HYDROXYBENZOATE (MART.), METHYL HYDROXYBENZOATE [MART.], CAS-99-76-3, SMR000036660, METHYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE (EP MONOGRAPH), METHYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE [EP MONOGRAPH], METHYL SALICYLATE IMPURITY C (EP IMPURITY), METHYL SALICYLATE IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY], p-Oxybenzoesauremethylester [German], Methylparaben [USAN:NF], PROPYL HYDROXYBENZOATE IMPURITY B (EP IMPURITY), PROPYL HYDROXYBENZOATE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY], Metagin, METHYL4-HYDROXYBENZOATE, Lexgard M, Paraben M, Methylester kyseliny p-hydroxybenzoove [Czech], (Methyl Paraben), Methylparaben, NF, Methylparaben, FCC, 4-carbomethoxyphenol, Methylparaben (NF), Methylparaben (TN), Solparol (Salt/Mix), methyl 4-hydoxybenzoate, methyl 4 hydroxybenzoate, methyl 4-hydroxylbenzoate, methyl 4-hydroxy-benzoate, methyl-4-hydroxy-benzoate, Methyl 4-?Hydroxybenzoate, METHYLPARABEN [MI], Preserval MS (Salt/Mix), bmse010009, methyl (4-hydroxy)benzoate, METHYLPARABEN [FCC], cid_7456, SCHEMBL4440, isLeaf Tattoo Eyebrow Brown, METHYLIS HYDROXYBENZOAS [WHO-IP LATIN], D01400, Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, USP, 98.0-102.0%, A846079, Q229987, Q-200479, Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%, Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, tested according to Ph.Eur., Z19674820, F1908-0119, Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, BioXtra, >=99.0% (titration), Methylparaben, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0%, crystalline, Methylparaben, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, InChI=1/C8H8O3/c1-11-8(10)6-2-4-7(9)5-3-6/h2-5,9H,1H, Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate, BioReagent, suitable for insect cell culture, Methyl parahydroxybenzoate, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Methylparaben, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate one of the parabens, is a preservative with the chemical formula CH3(C6H4(OH)COO).
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is the methyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is a white, crystalline powder that is soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in water.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is a colorless crystalline powder with a faint characteristic odor and a slight burning taste.
One gram can dissolve in 2.5 ml of ethanol, approximately 4 ml of propylene glycol, or 400 ml of water at 25°C or about 50 ml of water at 80°C.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is commonly used as a fungistat in soft drinks, non-leavened bakery products, and other products, with a permissible level of up to 0.1%.
To inhibit Gram-positive bacteria, 1000 to 4000 ppm are required, and its effectiveness increases with decreasing pH, similar to benzoates.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate has a role as a plant metabolite, an antimicrobial food preservative, a neuroprotective agent and an antifungal agent.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is produced through the methanol esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid.
The materials are heated in a glass-lined reactor and distilled under reflux.
The resulting acid is neutralized with caustic soda, then crystallized through cooling.
The crystallized product is centrifuged, washed, dried under vacuum, milled and blended, all in corrosion-resistant equipment to avoid metallic contamination.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is basically a methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is non-toxic, and non-carcinogenic in nature.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is a stable, non-volatile compound and finds application as an anti-microbial preservative in foods, drugs and cosmetics.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is readily absorbed through the skin and gastrointestinal tract.
Upon hydrolyzation, it is hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and the conjugates formed get rapidly excreted in the urine.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate serves as a pheromone for a variety of insects and is a component of queen mandibular pheromone.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is a pheromone in wolves produced during estrus associated with the behavior of alpha male wolves preventing other males from mounting females in heat.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is an anti-fungal agent often used in a variety of cosmetics, personal-care products and food preservatives.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is used as an anti-fungal agent.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is also used as a preservative in foods, beverages and cosmetics.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate acts as an inhibitor of growth of molds and to lesser extent bacteria and as a vehicle for ophthalmic solution.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is a standardized methyl paraben allergen isolated from Yunnan hemlock (Tsuga dumosa).
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is commonly used as a stable, non-volatile preservative.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate increases histamine release and cellular regulation of immunity, blocks sodium channels, and prevents ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate, isolated from the barks of Tsuga dumosa the methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, is a standardized chemical allergen.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is a stable, non-volatile compound used as an antimicrobial preservative in foods, drugs and cosmetics.
The physiologic effect of Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is by means of increased histamine release, and cell-mediated immunity.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is widely used as a preservative in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate helps prevent the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast in various products, extending their shelf life.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is often used alongside other parabens for enhanced preservative efficacy.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is listed on ingredient labels under various names, including Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate, METHYLPARABEN, and E218.
While it has been widely used, there has been some debate and research regarding the safety of parabens in cosmetic and personal care products, leading to the development of alternative preservatives in some formulations.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate, also called methyl paraben or nipagin, comprises the ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is present naturally in cloudberry, white wine and bourbon vanilla.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate has antimicrobial and antifungal functionality and is commercially used as a preservative in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate has cytotoxic effects on keratinocytes in the presence of sunlight.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate upon solar irradiation mediates DNA damage and modulates esterase metabolism resulting in skin damage and favors cancer progression.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate has estrogenic functionality and upregulates estrogen-related genes
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate, isolated from the barks of Tsuga dumosa the methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, is a standardized chemical allergen.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate, 99% - one of the parabens, is a preservative with the chemical formula CH3(C6H4(OH)COO).
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is also called methylparaben.
This paraben is a white crystalline powder or colorless crystals.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is freely soluble in alcohol, ether, and acetone and very slightly soluble in water.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate boiling point is 270~280℃.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate by Zhejiang Shengxiao Chemicals is a preservative.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is suitable for cosmetics.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate sulfate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylsulfates.
Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group.
Based on a literature review very few articles have been published on Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate sulfate.
The chemical structure of Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate consists of a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a methyl ester group (-COOCH3) attached to the para position of the ring.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is known by various common names, including Methylparaben, Methaben, Nipagin M, and Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is widely used as a preservative in cosmetics, skincare products, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals to prevent the growth of microorganisms and increase product shelf life.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is also utilized as a preservative in certain food products.
In pharmaceutical formulations, Methylparaben can be used to preserve the stability of drugs.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate, along with other parabens, has been the subject of some research and discussion regarding its safety.
Some studies have suggested potential concerns about parabens being endocrine disruptors, but regulatory bodies have generally deemed them safe for use within established limits.
Regulatory agencies such as the FDA, EFSA, and Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) have reviewed the safety of parabens and set concentration limits for their use in various products.
Due to consumer preferences and evolving regulations, there has been an increased interest in the development and use of alternative preservatives, such as natural or nature-derived preservatives, in some cosmetic and personal care products.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate exhibits antimicrobial properties, which is the primary reason for its use as a preservative.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate helps prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold in various products.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is part of a family of parabens, which includes ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoates share a similar structure and are used for similar preservative purposes.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is compatible with a wide range of formulations, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and other personal care and cosmetic products.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Methylparaben is sometimes used to preserve the stability of certain medications and prevent microbial contamination.
Regulatory agencies, such as the FDA and the European Commission, have established concentration limits for parabens in cosmetic and personal care products to ensure their safe use.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is also approved for use as a food additive, where it functions as a preservative to extend the shelf life of certain food products.
The safety of Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate has been assessed through various scientific studies, and it has undergone reviews by regulatory bodies to determine its safety for use in cosmetics and other consumer products.
Increased consumer awareness about cosmetic ingredients has led to a demand for transparency in labeling.
Some consumers actively seek products labeled as "paraben-free" due to personal preferences or concerns.
In response to consumer demand, some cosmetic and personal care brands are exploring and using natural or nature-derived preservatives as alternatives to synthetic ones like parabens.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is widely accepted as a preservative in cosmetic and personal care formulations globally.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is use is regulated by various authorities to ensure consumer safety.
Melting point: 125-128 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 298.6 °C
Density: 1,46g/cm
vapor pressure: 0.000005 hPa (20 °C)
refractive index: 1.4447 (estimate)
FEMA: 2710 | METHYL P-HYDROXYBENZOATE
Flash point: 280°C
storage temp.: room temp
solubility: ethanol: soluble0.1M, clear, colorless
pka: pKa 8.15(H2O,t =20.0) (Uncertain)
form: Crystalline Powder
color: White to almost white
PH: 5.8 (H2O, 20°C) (saturated solution)
Odor: odorless or faint char. odor, sl. burning taste
Water Solubility: Slightly soluble in water.
FreezingPoint: 131℃
Merck: 14,6107
BRN: 509801
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases.
InChIKey: LXCFILQKKLGQFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.98 at 20℃
To prepare the drug, p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and methanol were esterified.
First, excess methanol was added to p-hydroxybenzoic acid and stirred to dissolve.
Concentrated sulfuric acid was then slowly added while stirring.
The mixture was heated and refluxed for 10 hours, before being poured into water to precipitate crystallization.
The crude product was then washed with water, sodium carbonate solution, and water, and recrystallized from water or 25% ethanol to obtain the finished product.
Raw material consumption for each tonne of Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate included 1200 kg of p-hydroxybenzoic acid and 1000 kg of methanol.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is one of the parabens family.
Parabens are esters formed by p-hydroxybenzoic acid and an alcohol.
They are largely used as biocides in cosmetics and toiletries, medicaments, or food.
They have synergistic power with other biocides.
Parabens can induce allergic contact dermatitis, mainly in chronic dermatitis and wounded skin.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is soluble in alcohol and acetone but only slightly soluble in water.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate demonstrates good stability under normal storage conditions, which contributes to its effectiveness as a preservative.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is often used in combination with other parabens, such as ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben, to create a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate has been approved for use as a food additive and preservative by regulatory agencies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is also listed in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and other pharmacopeias as a standard for pharmaceutical formulations.
On ingredient labels, Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate may be listed under its chemical name "Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate," as "METHYLPARABEN," or by its E number "E218."
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is widely used globally, and its acceptance as a preservative in various products has led to its inclusion in a wide range of consumer goods.
Ongoing research continues to explore the safety and potential alternatives to parabens in cosmetic and personal care products.
Some companies have opted to formulate products without parabens in response to consumer preferences for "paraben-free" options.
Parabens, including Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate, have been detected in the environment, including in water systems.
Research is ongoing to understand the potential environmental impact of these compounds.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate has been in use since the early 20th century and gained popularity for its effectiveness as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is effective over a wide pH range, making it versatile for use in formulations with varying acidity or alkalinity.
In addition to its antibacterial properties, Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate also exhibits antifungal activity, helping to prevent the growth of mold and yeast in formulations.
Regulatory agencies, such as the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR), have established maximum concentrations for the use of Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate in cosmetic and personal care products to ensure safety.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is generally considered to be biodegradable, but its presence in the environment has led to discussions about its potential accumulation and environmental impact.
Formulators often use a combination of preservatives to achieve a broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect while minimizing the concentration of each individual preservative.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is widely accepted in many countries for use in a variety of products, including skincare, haircare, and pharmaceuticals.
The packaging of products containing Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate should be carefully chosen to prevent contamination, as preservatives play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the product during its shelf life.
Increased consumer awareness about cosmetic ingredients has led to greater scrutiny of preservatives like Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate.
Some consumers actively seek products labeled as "paraben-free" or opt for alternatives perceived as more natural.
The safety and use of Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate are subject to ongoing evaluation by regulatory bodies, and any new scientific findings may influence regulations and industry practices.
Uses Of Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate:
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is the ester of methyl alcohol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, It is a bacteriostatic agent and preservative that was added to local anesthetic agents without vasoconstrictors before 1984 to prevent bacterial growth.
Allergic reactions developed from repeated exposures to parabens led to the removal of this agent from dental anesthetic solutions.
Similar products produced by similar production methods, like ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate (paraben B) and propyl p-hydroxybenzoate (Nepalese c), are also disinfectant preservatives.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoates are irritating to the skin.
Methyl 4-hydroxybenzoate is used as an anti-fungal agent.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is also used as a preservative in foods, beverages and cosmetics.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate acts as an inhibitor of growth of molds and to lesser extent bacteria and as a vehicle for ophthalmic solution.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is often used in combination with other parabens, such as ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben, to create a synergistic preservative effect.
This combination broadens the spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is effective in preserving aqueous (water-based) solutions, making it suitable for a wide range of formulations where water is a significant component.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate exhibits stability over a range of pH levels, making it suitable for use in formulations with varying acidity or alkalinity.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate has received regulatory approval for use in cosmetics, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and food items by various regulatory agencies, including the U.S. FDA, European Commission, and other global authorities.
The primary function of Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is to prevent microbial spoilage by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold. This property is crucial for maintaining the safety and quality of various consumer products.
Its solubility in water makes Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate suitable for use in water-based formulations, contributing to its versatility in different types of cosmetic and personal care products.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate undergoes stability testing to ensure its effectiveness over the intended shelf life of products.
This is particularly important in formulations where extended stability is required.
Cosmetic and personal care formulators conduct compatibility testing to ensure that Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate does not interfere with the stability or performance of other ingredients in a formulation.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate has been in use as a preservative for several decades, and its acceptance in various industries reflects its historical effectiveness and reliability.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate and propylparaben are the most common of these. parabens is one of the most commonly used group of preservatives in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
Parabens provide bacteriostatic and fungistatic activity against a diverse number of organisms, and are considered safe for use in cosmetics, particularly in light of their low sensitizing potential.
An evaluation of preservatives for use in leave-on cosmetic preparations lists parabens among the least sensitizing.
The range of concentrations used in cosmetics varies between 0.03 and 0.30 percent, depending on the conditions for use and the product to which the paraben is added.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is one of the most popular preservatives in beauty products and food items.
According to the National Library of Medicine, the ingredient occurs naturally in a handful of fruits—like blueberries—though it can also be created synthetically.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate's found in everything from cream cleansers and moisturizers to primers and foundations and helps these products maintain their effectiveness.
Rabach says that it's chock-full of anti-fungal and antibacterial properties, which work wonders to extend the shelf life of skincare, haircare, and cosmetic products.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is widely used as an antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics, food products, and pharmaceutical formulations; see Table I.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate may be used either alone or in combination with other methylparaben is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative.
The parabens are effective over a wide pH range and have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, although they are most effective against yeasts and molds.
Antimicrobial activity increases as the chain length of the alkyl moiety is increased, but aqueous solubility decreases; therefore a mixture of parabens is frequently used to provide effective preservation.
Preservative efficacy is also improved by the addition of propylene glycol (2–5%), or by using parabens in combination with other antimicrobial agents such as imidurea.
Owing to the poor solubility of the parabens, paraben salts (particularly the sodium salt) are more frequently used in formulations. However, this raises the pH of poorly buffered formulations.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate together with propylparaben (0.02%) has been used for the preservation of various parenteral pharmaceutical formulations;
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is an anti-fungal agent often used in a variety of cosmetics and personal-care products.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is also used as a food preservative and has the E number E218.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is commonly used as a fungicide in Drosophila food media at 0.1%.
To Drosophila, Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is toxic at higher concentrations, has an estrogenic effect (mimicking estrogen in rats and having anti-androgenic activity), and slows the growth rate in the larval and pupal stages at 0.2%.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is widely used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, conditioners, deodorants, and makeup.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate helps prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold, extending the shelf life of these products.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is utilized to preserve the stability of certain medications and prevent microbial contamination.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is commonly found in topical formulations, oral medications, and injectables.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is approved as a food additive, where it functions as a preservative to extend the shelf life of certain food products.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is used in some food items, such as baked goods, beverages, and sauces.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate may be used in industrial settings where a preservative is needed to prevent microbial growth in products such as adhesives, lubricants, and cutting fluids.
Some medical and healthcare products, such as ointments, creams, and topical solutions, may contain Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate as a preservative to maintain product integrity.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate may be used in laboratories and research settings as a preservative for certain solutions and reagents to prevent contamination.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is often used in combination with other parabens (such as ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben) to create a synergistic preservative effect, providing a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
This combination enhances the overall efficacy of the preservative system.
In addition to its preservative role, Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate may contribute to the stabilization of formulations.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate helps maintain the chemical and physical stability of products over time.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is effective over a range of pH levels, making it versatile for use in various formulations that may have acidic, neutral, or slightly alkaline conditions.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate helps prevent the spoilage of cosmetic and personal care products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can lead to changes in color, odor, and texture.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate has received regulatory approval from authorities such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Commission, and other regulatory bodies worldwide for its use as a preservative in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products.
Due to its solubility in water, Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is commonly used in water-based formulations, including aqueous solutions, creams, and lotions.
Beyond cosmetics and personal care items, Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate may be present in various consumer goods, including household products, to prevent microbial growth and ensure product longevity.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is compatible with a wide range of ingredients commonly found in cosmetic and personal care formulations, making it a versatile choice for product preservation.
Storage Of Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate:
Aqueous solutions of Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate at pH 3–6 may be sterilized by autoclaving at 120°C for 20 minutes, without decomposition.
Aqueous solutions at pH 3–6 are stable (less than 10% decomposition) for up to about 4 years at room temperature, while aqueous solutions at pH 8 or above are subject to rapid hydrolysis (10% or more after about 60 days storage at room temperature);
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate should be stored in a well-closed container in a cool, dry place.
Safety Of Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate:
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate and other parabens are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics and oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.
Although parabens have also been used as preservatives in injections and ophthalmic preparations, they are now generally regarded as being unsuitable for these types of formulations owing to the irritant potential of the parabens.
These experiences may depend on immune responses to enzymatically formed metabolites of the parabens in the skin.
Parabens are nonmutagenic, nonteratogenic, and noncarcinogenic.
Sensitization to the parabens is rare, and these compounds do not exhibit significant levels of photocontact sensitization or phototoxicity.
Hypersensitivity reactions to parabens, generally of the delayed type and appearing as contact dermatitis, have been reported.
However, given the widespread use of parabens as preservatives, such reactions are relatively uncommon; the classification of overstated.
Immediate hypersensitivity reactions following injection of preparations containing parabens have also been reported.
Delayed-contact dermatitis occurs more frequently when parabens are used topically, but has also been reported to occur after oral administration.
Unexpectedly, preparations containing parabens may be used by patients who have reacted previously with contact dermatitis provided they are applied to another, unaffected, site.
This has been termed the paraben paradox.
Concern has been expressed over the use of methylparaben in infant parenteral products because bilirubin binding may be affected, which is potentially hazardous in hyperbilirubinemic neonates.
There is controversy about whether methylparaben or propylparabens are harmful at concentrations typically used in body care or cosmetics.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate and propylparaben are considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the USFDA for food and cosmetic antibacterial preservation.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoateis readily metabolized by common soil bacteria, making it completely biodegradable.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or through the skin.
Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzoic acid and rapidly excreted in urine without accumulating in the body.
Acute toxicity studies have shown that Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is practically non-toxic by both oral and parenteral administration in animals.
In a population with normal skin, Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate is practically non-irritating and non-sensitizing; however, allergic reactions to ingested parabens have been reported.
A 2008 study found no competitive binding for human estrogen and androgen receptors for Methyl 4-Hydroxybenzoate, but varying levels of competitive binding were seen with butyl- and isobutyl-paraben.
