METHYL METHACRYLATE (MMA)

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is functionally related to a methacrylic acid.
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a colorless liquid acrid, fruity odor, the odor threshold is 0.05
0.083 ppm
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is an organic compound with the formula CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3. 

CAS Number: 80-62-6
Molecular Formula: C5H8O2
Molecular Weight: 100.12
EINECS Number: 201-297-1

Synonyms: Methyl methacrylate, 80-62-6, methyl 2-methylprop-2-enoate, Methylmethacrylate, Methyl methylacrylate, Methyl 2-methylpropenoate, Methacrylic acid methyl ester, Pegalan, Methyl-methacrylat, Diakon, Methyl 2-methyl-2-propenoate, Acryester M, Methacrylate de methyle, Methyl 2-methylacrylate, 2-Propenoic acid 2-methyl- methyl ester, Metakrylan metylu, Metil metacrilato, Methacrylsaeuremethyl ester, Methylmethacrylaat, 2-(Methoxycarbonyl)-1-propene, 2-Methyl-2-propenoic acid methyl ester, RCRA waste number U162, Methyl alpha-methylacrylate, Methyl methacrylate monomer, NCI-C50680, Methacrylic acid methyl ester, Acrylic acid 2-methyl- methyl ester, Monocite methacrylate monomer, Methylester kyseliny methakrylove, CHEBI:34840, 2-methylacrylic acid methyl ester, DTXSID2020844, NSC-4769, DTXCID80844, 196OC77688, Cranioplasts, Kallocryls, Metaplices, Sintices, Methacrylate Methyl Monomer, Methacrylate monomer, Zimmer Bone Cements, Bone Cement Zimmer, Methylmethacrylate Methyl Monomer, Monomer Methacrylate Methyl, Methyl ester of methacrylic acid, Methyl-2-methyl-2-propenoate, 2-methylmethacrylate, RefChem:817845, 2-(Methoxycarbonyl)propene, 2-Methyl Acrylic Acid Methyl Ester, 2-Propenoic acid 2-methyl- methyl ester, 201-297-1, TEB 3K, MFCD00008587, Methacrylic acid-methyl ester, Methyl α-methylacrylate, Cranioplast, Metaplex, Kallocryl A, Simplex P, Methyl methacrylate monomer inhibited, 143476-91-9, Methyl Methacrylate stabilized with 6-tert-Butyl-2,4-xylenol, Methyl ester of 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid, 114512-63-9, 51391-19-6, Methylmethacrylaat [Dutch], Metakrylan metylu [Polish], Methyl-methacrylat [German], Metil metacrilato [Italian], 9065-11-6, CCRIS 1364, HSDB 195, Methacrylate de methyle [French], Methacrylsaeuremethyl ester [German], EINECS 201-297-1, UN1247, RCRA waste U162, BRN 0605459, Plexiglass, Eudragit, Methylester kyseliny methakrylove [Czech], AI3-24946, methoxymethacrolein, UNII-196OC77688, MMA (stabilized), J69, Acrylic resins (PMMA), METHYL METHACTRYLATE, Epitope ID 131321, Methyl 2-methylacrylate#, Methyl methacrylate (MMA), EC 201-297-1, Methyl-α-methacrylate, SCHEMBL1849, CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3, BIDD:ER0634, CHEMBL49996, Methyl methacrylate 99.5%, SCHEMBL217190, SCHEMBL295831, SCHEMBL865215, WLN 1UY1&VO1, Methyl methacrylate stabilized, SCHEMBL3893737, SCHEMBL9375987, SCHEMBL10636466, Methyl methacrylate CP 98%, METHYL METHACRYLATE [HSDB], [IARC], [MART.], [VANDF], [WHO-DD], Tox21_200367, MSK002111, SBB060556, STL283952, AKOS000120216, MMA stabilized 99%, FM34647, CAS-80-62-6, NCGC00091089-01, NCGC00091089-02, NCGC00257921-01, Methacrylic Acid Methyl Ester stabilized, METHACRYLIC ACID METHYL ESTER [MI], DB-013559, CS-0503657, M0087, METHYL 2-METHYL-2-PROPENOATE [FHFI], NS00009302, ST51046719, EN300-19210, C19504, Methyl methacrylate 1000 μg/mL in Methanol, Methyl methacrylate SAJ ≥99%, A839957, F995248, Q382897, F0001-2087, InChI=1/C5H8O2/c1-4(2)5(6)7-3/h1H2,2-3H, Methacrylic acid-methyl ester 100 μg/mL in Cyclohexane, Methyl Methacrylate stabilized with MEHQ, MMA European Pharmacopeia Standard, MMA 99.5% GC, MMA AR 99.0%, Methyl methacrylate monomer inhibited UN1247, Propanoic acid 2-methyl methyl ester (methacrylate), 97555-82-3, Methyl 2-methylacrylate;Methyl alpha-methylacrylate;Methyl ester of 2-methyl-2-propenoic acid;Methyl methylacrylate;Methyl2-methylacrylate;Methyl2-methylpropenate;Methyl-alpha-methacrylate;methylalpha-methylacrylate

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is an organic compound with the formula CH2=C(CH3)COOCH3. 
This colourless liquid, the methyl ester of Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a monomer produced on a large scale for the production of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a highly reactive liquid monomer that belongs to the family of methacrylate esters and is widely used as a building block for acrylic plastics.

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) has a distinct sharp odor and evaporates easily because of its relatively high vapor pressure at room temperature.
The compound polymerizes readily, forming strong and transparent plastics that are known for their durability and clarity.
This monomer is best known as the primary raw material used to produce polymethyl methacrylate, a rigid thermoplastic commonly sold as acrylic glass or plexiglass.

Methyl methacrylate (MMA)s polymerized form exhibits excellent optical transparency, impact resistance, and weathering stability, making it suitable for both indoor and outdoor applications.
Because of these performance characteristics, MMA-based polymers have become essential in industries that require lightweight yet strong alternatives to glass.
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is also used to manufacture dental materials, bone cements, and medical-grade resins due to its ability to form strong, stable, and biocompatible polymers.

These medical applications rely on the compound’s rapid polymerization and structural rigidity, which allow it to support implants and restorative devices.
As a result, Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a crucial component in orthopedic surgery, dental prosthetics, and biomedical engineering.
In industrial coatings, Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is used to create tough, weather-resistant surface layers that can withstand UV exposure, temperature changes, and mechanical abrasion.

Its polymers adhere strongly to various substrates and help extend the lifespan of road markings, protective coatings, and construction materials.
This resilience makes Methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based coatings valuable in environments that demand long-term color retention and structural durability.
The monomer is also incorporated into adhesives, sealants, and specialty composites because it provides strong bonding and rapid curing.

These characteristics make it useful in automotive components, electronic housings, and structural panels where quick assembly and long-lasting strength are essential.
Adhesive formulations containing Methyl methacrylate (MMA) can bond metals, plastics, and composites with exceptional stability.
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is often blended with other monomers to create copolymers that offer tailored flexibility, hardness, or chemical resistance for different applications.

Such copolymers are used in paints, inks, floor finishes, and engineered plastics where precise performance tuning is needed.
This versatility allows manufacturers to design materials that perform well in both demanding industrial settings and everyday consumer products.
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) has an acrid, penetrating odor. 

In another report this compound is reported to possess a sharp, fruity odor
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is an enoate ester having methacrylic acid as the carboxylic acid component and methanol as the alcohol component. 
It has a role as an allergen and a polymerisation monomer. 

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is an enoate ester and a methyl ester. 
This colorless liquid, the methyl ester of methacrylic acid (MAA), is a monomer produced on a large scale for the production of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) refers to an organic compound that contains a methyl ester of methacrylic acid. Its chemical formula is C5H8O2. 

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is the most important ester of methacrylic acid. 
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) can be homo- and copolymerised to produce acrylic resins with good strength, transparency and with excellent weather resistance. 
The first commercial process for making MMA (1930's), the acetone cyanohydrin route, remains the predominant process in use today. 

In the acetone cyanohydrin route, acetone cyanohydrin reacts with sulfuric acid at low temperature to produce the sulfuric monoester of 2-hydroxy-2-methyl-propionamide, which forms methacrylamide sulphate after exposure to higher temperatures (100° - 140°C). 
The liquid phase is maintained by using an excess of 0.2 - 0.7 moles of 100% sulfuric acid. 
The first step of the reaction is strongly exothermic while the rearrangement of the sulfuric ester is endothermic.

During the synthesis of Methyl methacrylate (MMA), a portion of the acetone cyanohydrin decomposes to carbon monoxide during the first part of the reaction. 
Additionally other by-products are formed and react due to the strength of the acid and high temperature in the second step. 
About 92 - 94% of the acetone cyanohydrin is converted to useful products and 6 - 8% is consumed in the formation of organic by-products (acetone, acetone sulphonates, olygomers, polymers, others). 

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) sulphate is esterified with a mixture of water and methanol to form MMA and an aqueous solution of ammonium hydrogensulphate, sulfuric acid and the organic by-products. 
The ammonium hydrogensulphate is an unavoidable by-product of the reaction.
Slightly soluble in water and floats on water. 

Vapors heavier than air vapors irritate the eyes and respiratory system. 
Containers must be heavily insulated or shipped under refrigeration. 
An inhibitor such as hydroquinone, hydroquinone methyl ester and dimethyl t-butylphenol is added to keep the chemical from initiating polymerization. 

The chemical may polymerize exothermically if heated or contaminated with strong acid or base. 
If the polymerization takes place inside a container, the container may rupture violently is used to make plastics.
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) was discovered by Bernhard Tollens and his student W. A. Caspary in 1873, who noticed and described its tendency to change into a clear, hard, transparent substance especially in sunlight.

Studies on acrylic esters slowly developed until the Staudinger's theory of macromolecules and his research into the nature of polyacrylates allowed control over polymerization. 
Company Rohm and Haas founded by German chemist Otto Röhm, who investigated the topic for three decades, was finally able to start its industrial production in 1931.
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is an organic compound. 

This colourless, volatile liquid, the methyl ester of methacrylic acid (MAA) is a monomer produced on a large scale for the production of poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).
The compound is manufactured by several methods, the principal one being the acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) route, using acetone and hydrogen cyanide as raw materials. 
The intermediate cyanohydrin is converted with sulfuric acid to a sulfate ester of the methacrylamide, methanolysis of which gives ammonium bisulfate and Methyl methacrylate (MMA). 

Although widely used, the ACH route coproduces substantial amounts of ammonium sulfate. 
Some producers start with an isobutylene or, equivalently, tert-butanol, which is sequentially oxidized first to methacrolein and then to methacrylic acid, which is then esterified with methanol. 
Propene can be carbonylated in the presence of acids to isobutyric acid, which undergoes subsequent dehydrogenation. 

The combined technologies afford more than 3 billion kilograms per year. 
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) can also be prepared from methyl propionate and formaldehyde.
Clear, colorless liquid with a slight acrylic or fruity odor. 

Methyl methacrylate (MMA)'s comprised of a polymerizable methacrylate functional group on one end and a reactive ester group on the other end.
It offers significant advantages as a co-monomer in a wide range of copolymer-based products and is used in molding and extruded resins and extruded sheet (PMMA), in mineral surface composites, and coatings.
Methyl Methacrylate (MMA) is produced for use as a building block to make a wide range of polymer-based products that we see and use every day from acrylic glass, car paints, toners and inks, oil additives to dental and medical products to name but a few.

Melting point : -48 °C (lit.)
Boiling point : 100 °C (lit.)
Density : 0.936 g/mL at 25 °C (lit.)
Vapor density : 3.5 (vs air)
Vapor pressure : 29 mm Hg (20 °C)
Refractive index : n20/D 1.414 (lit.)
FEMA : 4002 | METHYL 2-METHYL-2-PROPENOATE
Flash point : 50 °F
Storage temp. : 2–8 °C
Solubility : 15 g/L
Form : Crystalline Powder or Crystals
Color : White to pale yellow
Odor : at 0.10% in dipropylene glycol. acrylic aromatic fruity
Odor Type : acrylate
Biological source : synthetic
Odor Threshold : 0.21 ppm
Explosive limit : 2.1–12.5% (V)
Viscosity : 0.564 mm²/s
Water Solubility : 15.9 g/L (20 ºC)
Merck : 14,5941
JECFA Number : 1834
BRN : 605459
Henry's Law Constant : 2.46 × 10⁻⁴ atm·m³/mol at 20 °C
Exposure limits : NIOSH REL TWA 100 ppm (410 mg/m³); IDLH 1,000 ppm; OSHA PEL TWA 100 ppm; ACGIH TLV TWA 100 ppm; intended STEL 100 ppm
Dielectric constant : 2.9 (20 °C)
Stability : Volatile
InChIKey : VVQNEPGJFQJSBK-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP : 1.38 at 20 °C

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) offers hardness, flexibility, clarity, color compatibility, toughness, internal plasticization, and weatherability.
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a methyl ester of methacrylic acid. 
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a colourless, volatile liquid with an acrid fruity odour. 

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) has a relatively high vapour pressure (4 kPa at 20°C), moderate water solubility (15.8 g/litre), and a low log octanol/water partition coefficient (Kow = 1.38). 
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is typically 99.9% pure and contains small amounts of inhibitor to retard polymerization.
The principal application, consuming approximately 75% of the Methyl methacrylate (MMA), is the manufacture of polymethyl methacrylate acrylic plastics (PMMA). 

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is also used for the production of the co-polymer methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS), used as a modifier for PVC. 
Another application is as cement used in total hip replacements as well as total knee replacements. 
Used as the "grout" by orthopedic surgeons to make the bone inserts fix into bone, it greatly reduces post-operative pain from the insertions but has a finite lifespan. 

Typically the lifespan of Methyl methacrylate (MMA) as bone cement is 20 years before revision surgery is required. 
Cemented implants are usually only done in elderly populations that require more immediate short term replacements. 
In younger populations, cementless implants are used because their lifespan is considerably longer.

Also used in fracture repair in small exotic animal species using internal fixation.
Clear, colorless liquid with a penetrating, fruity odor. 
An experimentally determined odor threshold concentration of 210 ppbv was reported by Leonardos et al. 
Experimentally determined detection and recognition odor threshold concentrations were 200 μg/m3 (49 ppbv) and 1.4 mg/m3 (340 ppbv), respectively.

Given the scale of production, many methods have been developed starting from diverse two- to four-carbon precursors.
The principal route begins with the condensation of acetone and hydrogen cyanide: (CH3)2CO + HCN → (CH3)2C(OH)CN
Sulfuric acid then hydrolyzes acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) to a sulfate ester-adduct, which is cracked to the ester: (CH3)2C(OH)CN + 2H2SO4 → ((CH3)2C(OSO3H)C(O)NH2·H2SO4 → (CH3)2C(OSO3H)C(O)NH2 + H2SO4

Methanolysis gives ammonium bisulfate and MMA: (CH3)2C(OSO3H)C(O)NH2 + CH3OH → CH2=C(CH3)C(O)OCH3 + NH4HSO4
Laboratory scale procedures are available for some of these steps.
This technology affords more than 3 billion kilograms per year, and the economics have been optimized.
Nevertheless, the ACH route coproduces substantial amounts of ammonium sulfate: roughly 1.1 kg/(kg MMA). 

The ammonium sulfate can be converted to diammonium sulfate, which is a common fertilizer.
Also it can be combusted to give sulfuric acid.
The first stage involves carboalkoxylation of ethylene to produce methyl propionate (MeP): C2H4 + CO + CH3OH → CH3CH2CO2CH3

The MeP synthesis is conducted in a continuous-stirred tank reactor at moderate temperature and pressure using proprietary agitation and gas-liquid mixing arrangement.
In a second set of reactions, MeP is condensed with formaldehyde in a single heterogeneous reaction step to form MMA: CH3CH2CO2CH3 + CH2O → CH3(CH2)CCO2CH3 + H2O
The reaction of MeP and formaldehyde takes place over a fixed bed of catalyst. 

This catalyst, caesium oxide on silica, achieves good selectivity to MMA from MeP. 
The formation of a small amount of heavy, relatively involatile compounds poisons the catalyst. 
The coke is easily removed and catalyst activity and selectivity restored by controlled, in-situ regeneration. 

The reactor product stream is separated in a primary distillation so that a crude Methyl methacrylate (MMA) product stream, free from water, MeP and formaldehyde, is produced. Unreacted MeP and water are recycled via the formaldehyde dehydration process. 
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) (>99.9%) is purified by vacuum distillations. 
The separated streams are returned to the process; there being only a small heavy ester purge stream, which is disposed of in a thermal oxidizer with heat recovered for use in the process.

In 2008, Lucite International commissioned an Alpha Methyl methacrylate (MMA) plant on Jurong Island in Singapore. 
This process plant was cheaper to build and run than conventional systems, produces virtually no waste and the feedstocks can even be made from biomass.
The compound is manufactured by several methods, the principal one being the acetone cyanohydrin (ACH) route, using acetone and hydrogen cyanide as raw materials. 

The intermediate cyanohydrin is converted with sulfuric acid to a sulfate ester of the Methyl methacrylate (MMA), methanolysis of which gives ammonium bisulfate and Methyl methacrylate (MMA). 
Although widely used, the ACH route coproduces substantial amounts of ammonium sulfate. 
Some producers start with an isobutylene or, equivalently, tert-butanol, which is sequentially oxidized first to methacrolein and then to methacrylic acid, which is then esterified with methanol. 

Propene can be carbonylated in the presence of acids to iso butyric acid, which undergoes subsequent dehydrogenation. 
The combined technologies afford more than 3 billion kilograms per year. 
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) can also be prepared from methyl propionate and formaldehyde.

Methyl methacrylate (MMA), may polymerize if contaminated or subjected to heat. 
If polymerization takes place in a container, the container is subject to violent rupture. 
Oxidizes readily in air to form unstable peroxides that may explode spontaneously. 

Peroxides may also initiate exothermic polymierization of the bulk material. 
Benzoyl peroxide was weighed into a beaker that had previously been rinsed with methyl methacrylate. 
The peroxide catalyzed polymerization of the methyl methacrylate and the build-up of heat ignited the remaining peroxide.

If this chemical gets into the eyes, remove any contact lenses at once and irrigate immediately for at least15 min, occasionally lifting upper and lower lids.
If this chemical contacts the skin, remove contaminated clothing and wash immediately with soap and water. 
If this chemical has been inhaled, remove from exposure,begin rescue breathing (using universal precautions, including resuscitation mask) if breathing has stopped and CPR ifheart action has stopped. 

Transfer promptly to a medicalfacility, when this chemical has been swallowed, get medical attention. 
Give large quantities of water and inducevomiting, do not make an unconscious person vomit.
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a reactive chemical that must be stored and handled with care. 

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is stable under recommended storage conditions. Heat can cause polymerization. 
Inhibitor is added to methyl methacrylate monomer to prevent polymerization. 
For the inhibitor to be effective, the oxygen concentration in the vapor space must be at least 5%. 

Store material in containers made of stainless steel, carbon steel, glass, or aluminum. 
Avoid contact with acids, bases, oxidizing agents, reducing agents, UV light (ultraviolet light, which is found in sunlight), free-radical initiators, and organic peroxides.

Uses Of Methyl methacrylate (MMA):
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is primarily used to produce polymethyl methacrylate, a transparent and durable plastic widely known as acrylic glass or plexiglass.
This polymer is valued for its excellent clarity, high impact resistance, and weatherability, making it a strong alternative to traditional glass in many applications.
As a result, Methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based acrylic sheets are extensively used in windows, protective barriers, signage, displays, and lighting fixtures.

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is also a key ingredient in the formulation of automotive and transportation materials where lightweight, aesthetically stable, and weather-resistant plastics are required.
The polymer’s ability to maintain clarity and resist UV degradation makes it ideal for tail lamps, instrument panels, and interior decorative elements.
These characteristics help manufacturers create components that remain visually appealing and structurally stable over long service lifetimes.

In construction and infrastructure, Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is used to create durable coatings, sealants, and road-marking paints that withstand harsh outdoor exposure.
Its polymers form tough protective films that resist abrasion, fading, and chemical attack even under heavy traffic or extreme weather conditions.
Because of this resilience, MMA-based materials are chosen for bridges, stadiums, tunnels, and high-performance flooring systems.

The compound plays a vital role in medical and dental applications, particularly in bone cements and prosthetic materials.
Its rapid polymerization and strong mechanical properties enable surgeons to anchor implants securely and create structural supports within the body.
These features make Methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based bone cements essential in orthopedic procedures, dental restorations, and medical device manufacturing.

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is widely used in adhesives and structural bonding formulations that require fast curing and high strength.
These adhesives bond metals, composites, and plastics with excellent durability, even in environments exposed to vibration or thermal stress.
Such properties have made Methyl methacrylate (MMA)-based adhesives important in automotive assembly, aerospace components, and industrial manufacturing lines.

The monomer is also blended with other acrylic monomers to create specialty copolymers that exhibit tailored flexibility, hardness, or chemical resistance.
These copolymers appear in paints, inks, coatings, and engineered plastics where precise performance characteristics are required.
This adaptability allows Methyl methacrylate (MMA) to support a wide range of consumer products and technical materials.

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is used in casting resins and specialty composites that require excellent clarity and dimensional stability.
These resins are used to create display items, art pieces, optical components, and high-end decorative materials.
The resulting products retain color, transparency, and strength even after years of exposure to light and heat.

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is used in acrylic bone cements used in orthopedic surgery; in the production of acrylic polymers, polymethylmethacrylate and copolymers used in acrylic surface coatings; in the manufaeture of emulsion polymers; in the modification of unsaturated polyester resins; in the production of higher methacrylate, acrylic fibers, acrylic film, inks, radiation-polymerized impregnants for wood, and solvent-based adhesives and binders; as an impact modifier of PVC; in medicinal spray adhesives; in nonirritant bandage solvents; in dental technology as ceramic filler or cement; to coat corneal contact lenses; in intraocular lenses, artificial nails, and hearing aids; as a monomer for polymethaerylate resins; in the impregnation of concretc.
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is a volatile synthetic chemical that is used principally in the production of cast acrylic sheet, acrylic emulsions, and moulding and extrusion resins.

In the manufacture of methacrylate resins and plastics. 
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is transesterified into higher methacrylates such as n-butyl methacrylate or 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate.
methyl methacrylate monomer is used in the production of methylmethacrylate polymers and copolymers, polymers and copolymers are also used in waterborne, solvent, and undissolved surface coatings, adhesives, sealants, leather and paper coatings, inks, floor polishes, textile finishes, dental prostheses, surgical bone cements, and leaded acrylic radiation shields and in the preparation of synthetic fingernails and orthotic shoe inserts. 

Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is also used as a starting material to manufacture other esters of methacrylic acid.
Granules for injection and extrusion blow moulding which for their outstanding optical clarity, weathering and scratch resistance are used in lighting, office equipment and electronics (cell phone displays and hi-fi equipment), building and construction (glazing and window frames), contemporary design (furniture, jewellery and tableware), cars and transportation (lights and instrument panels), health and safety (jars and test tubes) and household appliances (microwave oven doors and mixer bowls).
Impact modifiers for clear rigid polyvinyl chloride.

The principal application, consuming approximately 80% of the Methyl methacrylate (MMA), is the manufacture of poly methyl methacrylate acrylic plastics (PMMA).
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is also used for the production of the co-polymer methyl methacrylate-butadiene-styrene (MBS), used as a modifier for PVC. 
Another application is as cement used in total hip replacements as well as total knee replacements. 

Used as the "grout" by orthopedic surgeons to make the bone inserts fix into bone, it greatly reduces post-operative pain from the insertions but has a finite lifespan. 
Typically the lifespan of methyl methacrylate as bone cement is 20 years before revision surgery is required. 

Cemented implants are usually only done in elderly populations that require more immediate short term replacements. 
In younger populations, cementless implants are used because their lifespan is considerably longer. 
Also used in fracture repair in small exotic animal species using internal fixation.

Health Hazard Of Methyl methacrylate (MMA):
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) may cause slight eye irritation or moderate skin irritation. 
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) is considered a skin sensitizer; allergic reactions may result from contact. 
Inhalation of vapor or mist can cause irritation of the nose, throat, and lungs and can be fatal in high concentrations. 

Prolonged or repeated overexposure has been reported to affect the kidneys, liver, gastrointestinal tract, nervous system and lung.
Methyl methacrylate is moderately toxic to aquatic organisms on an acute basis. 
The bioconcentration potential (tendency to accumulate in the food chain) is low. 

If released to surface water, methyl methacrylate will readily biodegrade. 
A portion may evaporate to the air. 
Methyl methacrylate (MMA) will not persist in the environment.

Irritation of eyes, nose, and throat. Nausea and vomiting. 
Liquid may cause skin irritation.

Safety Profile Of Methyl methacrylate (MMA):
Moderately toxic by inhalation and intraperitoneal routes. 
Mildly toxic by ingestion, human systemic effects by inhalation: sleep effects, excitement, anorexia, and blood pressure decrease. 
Experimental teratogenic and reproductive effects, mutation data reported. 
A skin and eye irritant questionable carcinogen with experimental tumorigenic data. 

A common air contaminant a very dangerous fire hazard when exposed to heat or flame; can react with oxidizing materials. 
Explosive in the form of vapor when exposed to heat or flame, the monomer may undergo spontaneous, explosive polymerization. 
Reacts in air to form a heat-sensitive explosive product (explodes on evaporation at 6OOC). 

May ignite on contact with benzoyl peroxide potentially violent reaction with the polymerization initiators azoisobutyronitrile, dibenzoyl peroxide, di-tert-butyl peroxide, propionaldehyde. 
To fight fire, use foam, CO2, dry chemical when heated to decomposition it emits acrid smoke and irritating fumes.
The mitochondria are regarded as the main intracellular target of Methyl methacrylate (MMA). 

If isolated rat liver mitochondria are incubated with Methyl methacrylate (MMA), oxygen consumption increases. 
This is the result of an uncoupling of the mitochondrial respiratory chain, as seen from the expected influence on state 4 and state 3 respiration. 
State 4 respiration is stimulated as has been reported for organic solvents, Methyl methacrylate (MMA) attacks complex I of the respiratory chain close to the rotenonebinding site. 

This means that substrates which are oxidized in conjunction with nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide inhibit the flow of electrons and thus also ATP synthesis. 
Unlike classical uncouplers, Methyl methacrylate (MMA) stimulates the Mg2+- dependent ATPase bound to the inner mitochondrial membrane. 

Structural changes in the inner membrane, as found with nonionic detergents, were observed by electron micro scopy. 
The release of enzymes indicates disintegration of the membrane.