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Methylparaben resulting from the formal condensation of the carboxy group of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid with methanol.
Methylparaben is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics.
Methylparaben occurs naturally in several fruits, particularly in blueberries.
CAS Number: 99-76-3
Molecular Formula: C8H8O3
Molecular Weight: 152.15
EINECS Number: 202-785-7
Synonyms: Methylparaben, METHYLPARABEN1, 99-76-3, Methyl paraben, Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate, Nipagin, Methyl parahydroxybenzoate, Tegosept M, Moldex, Maseptol, Preserval M, Methaben, Metoxyde, Preserval, Metaben, Paridol, Septos, Solbrol, Methyl butex, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester, p-Methoxycarbonylphenol, Benzoic acid, 4-hydroxy-, methyl ester, Methyl chemosept, p-Carbomethoxyphenol, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid methyl ester, Methyl parasept, Nipagin M, Aseptoform, Methylben, Abiol, Methyl-p-hydroxybenzoate, Methyl p-oxybenzoate, Solbrol M, 4-(Methoxycarbonyl)phenol, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl ester, FEMA No. 2710, Killitol, p-Hydroxybenzoic methyl ester, FEMA Number 2710, Methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, p-Oxybenzoesauremethylester, Methylparaben e218, NSC 3827, MFCD00002352, CCRIS 3946, Benzoic acid, p-hydroxy-, methyl ester, HSDB 1184, Methyl paraben (e218), methyl 4- hydroxybenzoate, Methyl-d3Paraben, UNII-A2I8C7HI9T, NSC-3827, p-Hydroxybenzoic acid, methyl ester, EINECS 202-785-7, A2I8C7HI9T, EPA Pesticide Chemical Code 061201, NSC-406127, BRN 0509801, methyl hydroxybenzoate, DTXSID4022529, INS number 218, CHEBI:31835, Methylis hydroxybenzoas, AI3-01336, INS-218, 4-HYDROXY-BENZOIC ACID METHYL ESTER, Methylester kyseliny p-hydroxybenzoove, E218, CHEMBL325372, DTXCID402529, INS NO.218, E-218, NSC3827, EC 202-785-7, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-methyl ester, NCGC00159376-02, NCGC00159376-04, E 218, METHYLPARABEN (II), METHYLPARABEN [II], WLN: QR DVO1, METHYLPARABEN (USP-RS), METHYLPARABEN [USP-RS], Methylparaben [USAN], Caswell No. 573PP, 4-Hydroxybenzoic acid-methyl ester 1000 microg/mL in Acetonitrile, METHYL HYDROXYBENZOATE (MART.), METHYL HYDROXYBENZOATE [MART.], CAS-99-76-3, SMR000036660, METHYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE (EP MONOGRAPH), METHYL PARAHYDROXYBENZOATE [EP MONOGRAPH], METHYL SALICYLATE IMPURITY C (EP IMPURITY), METHYL SALICYLATE IMPURITY C [EP IMPURITY], p-Oxybenzoesauremethylester [German], Methylparaben [USAN:NF], PROPYL HYDROXYBENZOATE IMPURITY B (EP IMPURITY), PROPYL HYDROXYBENZOATE IMPURITY B [EP IMPURITY], Metagin, METHYL4-HYDROXYBENZOATE, Lexgard M, Paraben M, Methylester kyseliny p-hydroxybenzoove [Czech], (Methyl Paraben), Methylparaben, NF, Methylparaben, FCC, 4-carbomethoxyphenol, Methylparaben (NF), Methylparaben (TN), Solparol (Salt/Mix), methyl 4-hydoxybenzoate, methyl 4 hydroxybenzoate, methyl 4-hydroxylbenzoate, methyl 4-hydroxy-benzoate, methyl-4-hydroxy-benzoate, Methyl 4-?Hydroxybenzoate, METHYLPARABEN [MI], Preserval MS (Salt/Mix), bmse010009, methyl (4-hydroxy)benzoate, METHYLPARABEN [FCC], cid_7456, SCHEMBL4440, isLeaf Tattoo Eyebrow Brown, METHYLIS HYDROXYBENZOAS [WHO-IP LATIN], D01400, Methylparaben, USP, 98.0-102.0%, A846079, Q229987, Q-200479, Methylparaben, SAJ first grade, >=98.0%, Methylparaben, tested according to Ph.Eur., Z19674820, F1908-0119, Methylparaben, BioXtra, >=99.0% (titration), Methylparaben, certified reference material, TraceCERT(R), Methylparaben, ReagentPlus(R), >=99.0%, crystalline, Methylparaben, United States Pharmacopeia (USP) Reference Standard, InChI=1/C8H8O3/c1-11-8(10)6-2-4-7(9)5-3-6/h2-5,9H,1H, Methylparaben, BioReagent, suitable for insect cell culture, Methyl parahydroxybenzoate, European Pharmacopoeia (EP) Reference Standard, Methylparaben, Pharmaceutical Secondary Standard; Certified Reference Material
Methylparaben has a role as a plant metabolite, an antimicrobial food preservative, a neuroprotective agent and an antifungal agent.
Methylparaben is produced through the methanol esterification of p-hydroxybenzoic acid in the presence of sulfuric acid.
Methylparaben one of the parabens, is a preservative with the chemical formula CH3(C6H4(OH)COO).
Methylparaben is a colorless crystalline powder with a faint characteristic odor and a slight burning taste.
One gram can dissolve in 2.5 ml of ethanol, approximately 4 ml of propylene glycol, or 400 ml of water at 25°C or about 50 ml of water at 80°C.
Methylparaben is commonly used as a fungistat in soft drinks, non-leavened bakery products, and other products, with a permissible level of up to 0.1%.
To inhibit Gram-positive bacteria, 1000 to 4000 ppm are required, and its effectiveness increases with decreasing pH, similar to benzoates.
Methylparaben is the methyl ester of 4-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Methylparaben is a white, crystalline powder that is soluble in alcohol and slightly soluble in water.
The materials are heated in a glass-lined reactor and distilled under reflux.
The resulting acid is neutralized with caustic soda, then crystallized through cooling.
The crystallized product is centrifuged, washed, dried under vacuum, milled and blended, all in corrosion-resistant equipment to avoid metallic contamination.
Methylparaben is basically a methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Methylparaben is non-toxic, and non-carcinogenic in nature.
Methylparaben is a stable, non-volatile compound and finds application as an anti-microbial preservative in foods, drugs and cosmetics.
Methylparaben is readily absorbed through the skin and gastrointestinal tract.
Upon hydrolyzation, it is hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzoic acid, and the conjugates formed get rapidly excreted in the urine.
Methylparaben serves as a pheromone for a variety of insects and is a component of queen mandibular pheromone.
Methylparaben is a pheromone in wolves produced during estrus associated with the behavior of alpha male wolves preventing other males from mounting females in heat.
Methylparaben is an anti-fungal agent often used in a variety of cosmetics, personal-care products and food preservatives.
Methylparaben is used as an anti-fungal agent.
Methylparaben is also used as a preservative in foods, beverages and cosmetics.
Methylparaben acts as an inhibitor of growth of molds and to lesser extent bacteria and as a vehicle for ophthalmic solution.
Methylparaben is a standardized methyl paraben allergen isolated from Yunnan hemlock (Tsuga dumosa).
Methylparaben is commonly used as a stable, non-volatile preservative.
Methylparaben increases histamine release and cellular regulation of immunity, blocks sodium channels, and prevents ischemia-reperfusion injury.
Methylparaben, isolated from the barks of Tsuga dumosa the methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, is a standardized chemical allergen.
Methylparaben is a stable, non-volatile compound used as an antimicrobial preservative in foods, drugs and cosmetics.
The physiologic effect of Methylparaben is by means of increased histamine release, and cell-mediated immunity.
Methylparaben is widely used as a preservative in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
Methylparaben helps prevent the growth of bacteria, mold, and yeast in various products, extending their shelf life.
Methylparaben is often used alongside other parabens for enhanced preservative efficacy.
Methylparaben is listed on ingredient labels under various names, including Methylparaben, METHYLPARABEN, and E218.
While it has been widely used, there has been some debate and research regarding the safety of parabens in cosmetic and personal care products, leading to the development of alternative preservatives in some formulations.
Methylparaben, also called methyl paraben or nipagin, comprises the ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Methylparaben is present naturally in cloudberry, white wine and bourbon vanilla.
Methylparaben has antimicrobial and antifungal functionality and is commercially used as a preservative in the food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industry.
Methylparaben has cytotoxic effects on keratinocytes in the presence of sunlight.
Methylparaben upon solar irradiation mediates DNA damage and modulates esterase metabolism resulting in skin damage and favors cancer progression.
Methylparaben has estrogenic functionality and upregulates estrogen-related genes
Methylparaben, isolated from the barks of Tsuga dumosa the methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid, is a standardized chemical allergen.
Methylparaben, 99% - one of the parabens, is a preservative with the chemical formula CH3(C6H4(OH)COO).
Methylparaben is also called methylparaben.
This paraben is a white crystalline powder or colorless crystals.
Methylparaben is freely soluble in alcohol, ether, and acetone and very slightly soluble in water.
Methylparaben boiling point is 270~280℃.
Methylparaben by Zhejiang Shengxiao Chemicals is a preservative.
Methylparaben is suitable for cosmetics.
Methylparaben sulfate belongs to the class of organic compounds known as phenylsulfates.
Phenylsulfates are compounds containing a sulfuric acid group conjugated to a phenyl group.
Based on a literature review very few articles have been published on Methyl-4-hydroxybenzoate sulfate.
The chemical structure of Methylparaben consists of a benzene ring with a hydroxyl group (-OH) and a methyl ester group (-COOCH3) attached to the para position of the ring.
Methylparaben is known by various common names, including Methylparaben, Methaben, Nipagin M, and Methyl p-hydroxybenzoate.
Methylparaben is widely used as a preservative in cosmetics, skincare products, personal care products, and pharmaceuticals to prevent the growth of microorganisms and increase product shelf life.
Methylparaben is also utilized as a preservative in certain food products.
In pharmaceutical formulations, Methylparaben can be used to preserve the stability of drugs.
Methylparaben, along with other parabens, has been the subject of some research and discussion regarding its safety.
Some studies have suggested potential concerns about parabens being endocrine disruptors, but regulatory bodies have generally deemed them safe for use within established limits.
Regulatory agencies such as the FDA, EFSA, and Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR) have reviewed the safety of parabens and set concentration limits for their use in various products.
Due to consumer preferences and evolving regulations, there has been an increased interest in the development and use of alternative preservatives, such as natural or nature-derived preservatives, in some cosmetic and personal care products.
Methylparaben exhibits antimicrobial properties, which is the primary reason for its use as a preservative.
Methylparaben helps prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold in various products.
Methylparaben is part of a family of parabens, which includes ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben.
Methylparabens share a similar structure and are used for similar preservative purposes.
Methylparaben is compatible with a wide range of formulations, including creams, lotions, shampoos, and other personal care and cosmetic products.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Methylparaben is sometimes used to preserve the stability of certain medications and prevent microbial contamination.
Regulatory agencies, such as the FDA and the European Commission, have established concentration limits for parabens in cosmetic and personal care products to ensure their safe use.
Methylparaben is also approved for use as a food additive, where it functions as a preservative to extend the shelf life of certain food products.
The safety of Methylparaben has been assessed through various scientific studies, and it has undergone reviews by regulatory bodies to determine its safety for use in cosmetics and other consumer products.
Increased consumer awareness about cosmetic ingredients has led to a demand for transparency in labeling.
Some consumers actively seek products labeled as "paraben-free" due to personal preferences or concerns.
In response to consumer demand, some cosmetic and personal care brands are exploring and using natural or nature-derived preservatives as alternatives to synthetic ones like parabens.
Methylparaben is widely accepted as a preservative in cosmetic and personal care formulations globally.
Methylparaben is use is regulated by various authorities to ensure consumer safety.
Methylparaben is the methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Methylparaben, commonly known as Methylparaben, is a chemical compound with the molecular formula C8H8O3.
Methylparaben is slightly soluble in water but easily dissolves in ethanol, ether, acetone, and other organic solvents.
Methylparaben one of the parabens, is a preservative with the chemical formula CH3(C6H4(OH)COO).
Methylparaben is the methyl ester of p-hydroxybenzoic acid.
Methylparaben is a pheromone in wolves produced during estrus associated with the behavior of alpha male wolves preventing other males from mounting females in heat.
Methylparaben is a type of paraben.
Methylparabens are chemicals that are often used as preservatives to give products a longer shelf life.
They’re added to food or cosmetics to prevent the growth of mold and other harmful bacteria.
Many products that contain methylparabens also contain one or two other types of parabens in their ingredients.
Methylparaben serves as a pheromone for a variety of insects and is a component of queen mandibular pheromone.
Melting point: 125-128 °C (lit.)
Boiling point: 298.6 °C
Density: 1,46g/cm
vapor pressure: 0.000005 hPa (20 °C)
refractive index: 1.4447 (estimate)
FEMA: 2710 | METHYL P-HYDROXYBENZOATE
Flash point: 280°C
storage temp.: room temp
solubility: ethanol: soluble0.1M, clear, colorless
pka: pKa 8.15(H2O,t =20.0) (Uncertain)
form: Crystalline Powder
color: White to almost white
PH: 5.8 (H2O, 20°C) (saturated solution)
Odor: odorless or faint char. odor, sl. burning taste
Water Solubility: Slightly soluble in water.
FreezingPoint: 131℃
Merck: 14,6107
BRN: 509801
Stability: Stable. Incompatible with strong oxidizing agents, strong bases.
InChIKey: LXCFILQKKLGQFO-UHFFFAOYSA-N
LogP: 1.98 at 20℃
Methylparaben is generally considered to be biodegradable, but its presence in the environment has led to discussions about its potential accumulation and environmental impact.
Formulators often use a combination of preservatives to achieve a broad-spectrum antimicrobial effect while minimizing the concentration of each individual preservative.
Methylparaben is widely accepted in many countries for use in a variety of products, including skincare, haircare, and pharmaceuticals.
The packaging of products containing Methylparaben should be carefully chosen to prevent contamination, as preservatives play a crucial role in maintaining the integrity of the product during its shelf life.
Increased consumer awareness about cosmetic ingredients has led to greater scrutiny of preservatives like Methylparaben.
Some consumers actively seek products labeled as "paraben-free" or opt for alternatives perceived as more natural.
The safety and use of Methylparaben are subject to ongoing evaluation by regulatory bodies, and any new scientific findings may influence regulations and industry practices.
Parabens are esters formed by p-hydroxybenzoic acid and an alcohol.
They are largely used as biocides in cosmetics and toiletries, medicaments, or food.
They have synergistic power with other biocides.
Parabens can induce allergic contact dermatitis, mainly in chronic dermatitis and wounded skin.
Methylparaben is soluble in alcohol and acetone but only slightly soluble in water.
Methylparaben demonstrates good stability under normal storage conditions, which contributes to its effectiveness as a preservative.
Methylparaben is often used in combination with other parabens, such as ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben, to create a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
Methylparaben has been approved for use as a food additive and preservative by regulatory agencies, including the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the European Food Safety Authority (EFSA).
Methylparaben is one of the parabens family.
Methylparaben is also listed in the United States Pharmacopeia (USP) and other pharmacopeias as a standard for pharmaceutical formulations.
On ingredient labels, Methylparaben may be listed under its chemical name "Methylparaben," as "METHYLPARABEN," or by its E number "E218."
Methylparaben is widely used globally, and its acceptance as a preservative in various products has led to its inclusion in a wide range of consumer goods.
Ongoing research continues to explore the safety and potential alternatives to parabens in cosmetic and personal care products.
Some companies have opted to formulate products without parabens in response to consumer preferences for "paraben-free" options.
Parabens, including Methylparaben, have been detected in the environment, including in water systems.
Research is ongoing to understand the potential environmental impact of these compounds.
Methylparaben has been in use since the early 20th century and gained popularity for its effectiveness as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products.
Methylparaben is effective over a wide pH range, making it versatile for use in formulations with varying acidity or alkalinity.
In addition to its antibacterial properties, Methylparaben also exhibits antifungal activity, helping to prevent the growth of mold and yeast in formulations.
Regulatory agencies, such as the Cosmetic Ingredient Review (CIR), have established maximum concentrations for the use of Methylparaben in cosmetic and personal care products to ensure safety.
Uses:
Methylparaben is widely used as an antimicrobial preservative in cosmetics, food products, and pharmaceutical formulations; see Table I.
Methylparaben may be used either alone or in combination with other methylparaben is the most frequently used antimicrobial preservative.
The parabens are effective over a wide pH range and have a broad spectrum of antimicrobial activity, although they are most effective against yeasts and molds.
Antimicrobial activity increases as the chain length of the alkyl moiety is increased, but aqueous solubility decreases; therefore a mixture of parabens is frequently used to provide effective preservation.
Preservative efficacy is also improved by the addition of propylene glycol (2–5%), or by using parabens in combination with other antimicrobial agents such as imidurea.
Owing to the poor solubility of the parabens, paraben salts (particularly the sodium salt) are more frequently used in formulations, however, this raises the pH of poorly buffered formulations.
Methylparaben together with propylparaben (0.02%) has been used for the preservation of various parenteral pharmaceutical formulations;
Methylparaben is an anti-fungal agent often used in a variety of cosmetics and personal-care products.
Methylparaben is also used as a food preservative and has the E number E218.
Methylparaben is commonly used as a fungicide in Drosophila food media at 0.1%.
To Drosophila, Methylparaben is toxic at higher concentrations, has an estrogenic effect (mimicking estrogen in rats and having anti-androgenic activity), and slows the growth rate in the larval and pupal stages at 0.2%.
Methylparaben is widely used as a preservative in cosmetics and personal care products, including creams, lotions, shampoos, conditioners, deodorants, and makeup.
Methylparaben helps prevent the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold, extending the shelf life of these products.
In the pharmaceutical industry, Methylparaben is utilized to preserve the stability of certain medications and prevent microbial contamination.
Methylparaben is commonly found in topical formulations, oral medications, and injectables.
Methylparaben is approved as a food additive, where it functions as a preservative to extend the shelf life of certain food products.
Methylparaben is used in some food items, such as baked goods, beverages, and sauces.
Methylparaben may be used in industrial settings where a preservative is needed to prevent microbial growth in products such as adhesives, lubricants, and cutting fluids.
Some medical and healthcare products, such as ointments, creams, and topical solutions, may contain Methylparaben as a preservative to maintain product integrity.
Methylparaben may be used in laboratories and research settings as a preservative for certain solutions and reagents to prevent contamination.
Methylparaben is often used in combination with other parabens (such as ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben) to create a synergistic preservative effect, providing a broader spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
This combination enhances the overall efficacy of the preservative system.
In addition to its preservative role, Methylparaben may contribute to the stabilization of formulations.
Methylparaben helps maintain the chemical and physical stability of products over time.
Methylparaben is effective over a range of pH levels, making it versatile for use in various formulations that may have acidic, neutral, or slightly alkaline conditions.
Methylparaben helps prevent the spoilage of cosmetic and personal care products by inhibiting the growth of microorganisms that can lead to changes in color, odor, and texture.
Methylparaben has received regulatory approval from authorities such as the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), the European Commission, and other regulatory bodies worldwide for its use as a preservative in cosmetics, pharmaceuticals, and food products.
Due to its solubility in water, Methylparaben is commonly used in water-based formulations, including aqueous solutions, creams, and lotions.
Beyond cosmetics and personal care items, Methylparaben may be present in various consumer goods, including household products, to prevent microbial growth and ensure product longevity.
Methylparaben is compatible with a wide range of ingredients commonly found in cosmetic and personal care formulations, making it a versatile choice for product preservation.
Methylparaben is the ester of methyl alcohol and p-hydroxybenzoic acid, It is a bacteriostatic agent and preservative that was added to local anesthetic agents without vasoconstrictors before 1984 to prevent bacterial growth.
Allergic reactions developed from repeated exposures to parabens led to the removal of this agent from dental anesthetic solutions.
Similar products produced by similar production methods, like ethyl p-hydroxybenzoate (paraben B) and propyl p-hydroxybenzoate (Nepalese c), are also disinfectant preservatives.
Methylparabens are irritating to the skin.
Methylparaben is used as an anti-fungal agent.
Methylparaben is also used as a preservative in foods, beverages and cosmetics.
Methylparaben acts as an inhibitor of growth of molds and to lesser extent bacteria and as a vehicle for ophthalmic solution.
Methylparaben is often used in combination with other parabens, such as ethylparaben, propylparaben, and butylparaben, to create a synergistic preservative effect.
This combination broadens the spectrum of antimicrobial activity.
Methylparaben is effective in preserving aqueous (water-based) solutions, making it suitable for a wide range of formulations where water is a significant component.
Methylparaben exhibits stability over a range of pH levels, making it suitable for use in formulations with varying acidity or alkalinity.
Methylparaben has received regulatory approval for use in cosmetics, personal care products, pharmaceuticals, and food items by various regulatory agencies, including the U.S. FDA, European Commission, and other global authorities.
The primary function of Methylparaben is to prevent microbial spoilage by inhibiting the growth of bacteria, yeast, and mold. This property is crucial for maintaining the safety and quality of various consumer products.
Its solubility in water makes Methylparaben suitable for use in water-based formulations, contributing to its versatility in different types of cosmetic and personal care products.
Methylparaben undergoes stability testing to ensure its effectiveness over the intended shelf life of products.
This is particularly important in formulations where extended stability is required.
Cosmetic and personal care formulators conduct compatibility testing to ensure that Methylparaben does not interfere with the stability or performance of other ingredients in a formulation.
Methylparaben has been in use as a preservative for several decades, and its acceptance in various industries reflects its historical effectiveness and reliability.
Methylparaben and propylparaben are the most common of these. parabens is one of the most commonly used group of preservatives in the cosmetic, pharmaceutical, and food industries.
Parabens provide bacteriostatic and fungistatic activity against a diverse number of organisms, and are considered safe for use in cosmetics, particularly in light of their low sensitizing potential.
An evaluation of preservatives for use in leave-on cosmetic preparations lists parabens among the least sensitizing.
The range of concentrations used in cosmetics varies between 0.03 and 0.30 percent, depending on the conditions for use and the product to which the paraben is added.
Methylparaben is one of the most popular preservatives in beauty products and food items.
According to the National Library of Medicine, the ingredient occurs naturally in a handful of fruits—like blueberries—though it can also be created synthetically.
Methylparaben's found in everything from cream cleansers and moisturizers to primers and foundations and helps these products maintain their effectiveness.
Rabach says that it's chock-full of anti-fungal and antibacterial properties, which work wonders to extend the shelf life of skincare, haircare, and cosmetic products.
Safety Profile:
Methylparaben and other parabens are widely used as antimicrobial preservatives in cosmetics and oral and topical pharmaceutical formulations.
Although parabens have also been used as preservatives in injections and ophthalmic preparations, they are now generally regarded as being unsuitable for these types of formulations owing to the irritant potential of the parabens.
These experiences may depend on immune responses to enzymatically formed metabolites of the parabens in the skin.
Unexpectedly, preparations containing parabens may be used by patients who have reacted previously with contact dermatitis provided they are applied to another, unaffected, site.
This has been termed the paraben paradox.
Concern has been expressed over the use of methylparaben in infant parenteral products because bilirubin binding may be affected, which is potentially hazardous in hyperbilirubinemic neonates.
There is controversy about whether methylparaben or propylparabens are harmful at concentrations typically used in body care or cosmetics.
Methylparaben and propylparaben are considered generally recognized as safe (GRAS) by the USFDA for food and cosmetic antibacterial preservation.
Methylparabenis readily metabolized by common soil bacteria, making it completely biodegradable.
Methylparaben is readily absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or through the skin.
Methylparaben is hydrolyzed to p-hydroxybenzoic acid and rapidly excreted in urine without accumulating in the body.
Acute toxicity studies have shown that Methylparaben is practically non-toxic by both oral and parenteral administration in animals.
In a population with normal skin, Methylparaben is practically non-irritating and non-sensitizing; however, allergic reactions to ingested parabens have been reported.
A 2008 study found no competitive binding for human estrogen and androgen receptors for Methylparaben, but varying levels of competitive binding were seen with butyl- and isobutyl-paraben.
